小分子药物索非布韦对牛病毒性腹泻病毒体外复制的影响

试验旨在研究小分子药物索非布韦是否具有抑制牛病毒性腹泻病毒（Bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV）复制的作用。通过MTT法测定了不同时间和不同浓度索非布韦对牛肾细胞（MDBK）增殖的影响;采用免疫荧光染色试验筛选出能有效抑制BVDV复制的索非布韦最适浓度,用实时荧光定量PCR、致细胞病变作用（CPE）和病毒半数组织细胞感染量（TCID₅₀）测定的方法检测索非布韦对BVDV复制的影响。结果显示,索非布韦处理MDBK细胞24和48 h能极显著抑制细胞增殖（P<0.01）;与对照组相比,当索非布韦浓度为800 μmol/L时免疫荧光染色检测BVDV感染MDBK细胞的双链RNA（dsRNA）含量极显著降低（P<0.01）;实时荧光定量PCR检测发现,与DMSO处理组相比,BVDV感染索非布韦处理组MDBK细胞,BVDV 5'UTR mRNA含量在病毒感染24和48 h时极显著降低（P<0.01）;BVDV感染索非布韦处理组MDBK细胞病变现象明显减弱;索非布韦处理24 h后能极显著减弱BVDV感染MDBK细胞后子代病毒颗粒的形成组与释放（P<0.01）,降低病毒滴度。综合上述结果表明,小分子药物索非布韦能有效抑制BVDV体外复制。     

Pooled-sample testing as a herd-screening tool for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus persistently infected cattle.

The study was conducted to develop methodology for least-cost strategies for using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/probe testing of pooled blood samples to identify animals in a herd persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Cost was estimated for 5 protocols using Monte Carlo simulations for herd prevalences of BVDV persistent infection (BVDV-PI) ranging from 0.5% to 3%, assuming a cost for a PCR/probe test of $20. The protocol associated with the least cost per cow involved an initial testing of pools followed by repooling and testing of positive pools. For a herd prevalence of 1%, the least cost per cow was $2.64 (95% prediction interval = $1.72, $3.68), where pool sizes for the initial and repooled testing were 20 and 5 blood samples per pool, respectively. Optimization of the least cost for pooled-sample testing depended on how well a presumed prevalence of BVDV-PI approximated the true prevalence of BVDV infection in the herd. As prevalence increased beyond 3%, the least cost increased, thereby diminishing the competitive benefit of pooled testing. The protocols presented for sample pooling have general application to screening or surveillance using a sensitive diagnostic test to detect very low prevalence diseases or pathogens in flocks or herds.     

检测牛5种腹泻病毒的多重RT-PCR方法的建立及应用

牛A群轮状病毒(BRVA)、牛冠状病毒(BCoV)、牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)、牛诺瓦病毒(BNoV)和牛纽布病毒(BNeV)是引起犊牛腹泻的常见病毒,且临床上多存在混合感染的情况.本试验的目的 是建立可以同时检测上述5种病毒的多重PCR方法.通过设计引物,优化反应体系和条件,成功建立了可同时检测BRVA、BCoV、...     

猪轮状病毒VP4基因重组腺病毒的构建及抗体水平评价

【目的】构建猪轮状病毒（Porcine rotavirus,PoRV）流行株PoRV G9P[23]型的VP4基因重组腺病毒,为开发PoRV候选基因工程疫苗奠定基础。【方法】参考GenBank中流行株PoRV G9P[23]型的VP4基因序列（登录号：MH898990.1）合成PoRV VP4基因,将得到的目的基因与腺病毒穿梭载体pAdTrack-CMV进行重组,转化大肠杆菌Top10感受态细胞,构建腺病毒穿梭载体pAdTrack-CMV-VP4;腺病毒穿梭载体经过Pme Ⅰ内切酶线性化处理后与含有腺病毒骨架pAdEasy-1的大肠杆菌BJ5183感受态细胞进行同源重组获得重组质粒pAd-VP4,对重组质粒进行Pac Ⅰ酶切鉴定,并转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞。将重组质粒转染HEK293A细胞获得重组腺病毒rAd-VP4,对该重组腺病毒进行扩大培养并测定重组腺病毒的半数组织培养感染剂量（TCID₅₀）;通过RT-PCR检测其体外表达情况,Western blotting检测其反应原性;将制备的重组腺病毒用不同病毒滴度和不同免疫次数对小鼠进行腹腔免疫,收集血清通过ELISA法测定IgG抗体水平。【结果】RT-PCR扩增出1条大小为2 343 bp的rAd-VP4重组腺病毒条带,测序结果正确,表明重组腺病毒rAd-VP4构建成功,测得rAd-VP4病毒滴度为10^6.5 TCID₅₀,Western blotting结果表明,重组腺病毒rAd-VP4在蛋白水平上得到了正确表达,蛋白的分子质量约为87 ku。小鼠IgG抗体检测结果表明,在用10^6.5 TCID₅₀ rAd-VP4免疫后的第35和42天,小鼠血清中的IgG抗体水平显著高于10^5.3 TCID₅₀ TGE-PED-PRV三联活疫苗IgG抗体水平（P<0.05）;10^6.5 TCID₅₀ rAd-VP4在免疫后第35和42天产生的抗体水平显著高于10^5.5和10^4.5 TCID₅₀ rAd-VP4（P<0.05）,而10^5.5 TCID₅₀ rAd-VP4在免疫后第28天产生的抗体水平显著高于10^6.5和10^4.5 TCID₅₀ rAd-VP4（P<0.05）。10^6.5 TCID₅₀ rAd-VP4的2次免疫和3次免疫产生的IgG抗体在不同免疫时间均差异不显著（P>0.05）。【结论】本研究成功构建了重组腺病毒rAd-VP4,其病毒滴度为10^6.5 TCID₅₀。10^6.5和10^5.5 TCID₅₀ rAd-VP4分别在第42和28天产生较高的IgG抗体水平,2次免疫和3次免疫对产生IgG抗体水平均无显著影响。试验结果可为开发PoRV重组腺病毒候选疫苗提供参考。     

A monoclonal antibody-based immunoperoxidase monolayer (micro-isolation) assay for detection of type 1 and type 2 bovine viral diarrhea viruses.

A monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was developed and compared with an existing bovine polyclonal antibody (pAb)-based IPMA. A pool of 5 mAbs, 4 mAbs produced to a type 1 BVDV and 1 mAb produced to a type 2 BVDV, was utilized in the mAb-IPMA. The mAbs were chosen for inclusion in the pool because of their broad cross-reactivities with type 1 and/or type 2 BVDV, their apparent avidities for antigen, their reactivity to different BVDV proteins, and their lack of competition for binding sites or their binding to unusual BVDV isolates. The mAb-IPMA outperformed the pAb-IPMA in staining, ease of reading test results, and relative sensitivity with a panel of known BVDV positive and negative sera. The relative sensitivities of the mAb-IPMA and pAb-IPMA were 100% and 93.5%, respectively, for 62 positive samples including several that were known to contain type 2 BVDV. With retesting, the pAb-IPMA gave a similar level of sensitivity as that of the mAb-IPMA. Both tests gave a specificity of 100% for 40 negative serum samples obtained from a BVDV-free herd.     

热休克蛋白HSP90B1影响牛病毒性腹泻病毒复制的研究

旨在探究热休克蛋白90 β家族成员1(heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1,HSP90B1)对牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus, BVDV)复制的影响。本研究通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR)和Western blot检测BVDV感染MDBK细胞后HSP90B1 mRNA和蛋白的表达情况,利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建HSP90B1 KO细胞,计数检测敲除HSP90B1对细胞生长的影响,BVDV TC株感染HSP90B1 KO和对照组Scramble细胞后,使用qRT-PCR、免疫荧光、病毒滴度以及细胞病变效应(cytopathic effects, CPE)检测BVDV的复制情况。结果表明,qRT-PCR检测显示BVDV感染24 h时与空白组相比HSP90B1 mRNA转录水平显著升高(P<0.05),36 h后极显著升高(P<0.01),同时Western blot显...     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒对新西兰白兔致病性分析及E2蛋白免疫效果的评价

【目的】 研究牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）感染对新西兰白兔的致病性以及BVDV E2重组蛋白的免疫效果。【方法】 将实验室培养保存的BVDV病毒纯化并按照Reed-Muench法测定其病毒滴度。在致病性试验中,将10只新西兰白兔随机分为感染组和对照组,每组5只。感染组用1 mL纯化的BVDV病毒攻毒（滴鼻500 μL、耳缘静脉注射500 μL）,对照组用等体积的生理盐水处理,连续3 d,每天1次,每天观察各组兔的临床症状并测量体温;分别于接种病毒后第6、9、12、15、17天通过耳缘静脉采集血液检测血常规;感染病毒第17天采集鼻拭子进行RT-PCR鉴定,采集后剖杀并采集气管、肺脏、脾脏和小肠组织,制备病理切片观察病理变化。在免疫效果评价试验中,将10只新西兰白兔随机分为免疫组和对照组,每组5只,免疫组用E2重组蛋白（1 mg/只）与佐剂混合后经肌内多点注射免疫新西兰白兔,对照组接种等体积生理盐水;共免疫2次,2次免疫间隔为14 d。在一免后0、7、14、21、28 d采集血清,通过间接ELISA方法检测血清中抗重组蛋白特异性抗体水平;在一免后第28天按致病性试验中方法攻毒,在攻毒第17天采集鼻拭子进行RT-PCR鉴定,采集气管、肺脏、脾脏和小肠组织制备病理切片观察病理变化及免疫组织化学检测。【结果】 纯化后BVDV的病毒滴度为4.16×10⁶ TCID₅₀/mL。与对照组相比,感染组部分新西兰白兔6 d内活动减少,采食略微减少,6 d后逐渐恢复正常,在感染第13天出现腹泻症状,从第5天开始体温略微升高,但均在正常范围内波动。与对照组相比,在攻毒第6和9天,感染组白细胞和血小板分别显著和极显著降低（P<0.05;P<0.01）;在攻毒第12、15和17天,感染组白细胞、血小板和淋巴细胞均极显著降低（P<0.01）。鼻拭子RT-PCR检测为阳性,气管、肺脏、脾脏及小肠组织表现出轻度至重度的组织病理学变化。间接ELISA检测结果表明,在一免后7 d时,血清抗体滴度为1：16~1：32;在一免后28 d时,血清抗体滴度为1：256~1：512;免疫攻毒组新西兰白兔鼻拭子经RT-PCR检测为阴性;组织病理学观察显示,免疫攻毒组气管及肺脏表现出轻微的组织病理学变化。免疫组化检测结果显示,免疫组结果均呈阴性,对照组结果均为阳性。【结论】 通过滴鼻及耳缘静脉注射BVDV的方式可以构建新西兰白兔致病模型,BVDV E2亚单位疫苗能够刺激机体产生特异性抗体,起到免疫防御的作用。     

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) subgenotypes in diagnostic laboratory accessions: distribution of BVDV1a, 1b, and 2a subgenotypes

The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) biotypes and subgenotypes was determined from 131 BVDV positive samples from a diagnostic laboratory. The majority of the isolates were from Oklahoma; however, other states including Kansas, Texas, and Arkansas were represented. These BVDV samples were from submissions of 76 live animals and 55 necropsy samples. There were 131 BVDV samples represented by 117 noncytopathic (NCP), 11 cytopathic (CP) and 3 cases with mixed NCP and CP biotypes. The NCP isolates were more common (P < 0.05) than the CP and NCP/CP combination. The BVDV samples were segregated into three subgenotypes by differential PCR and sequencing of a viral genomic region, 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR). There were more BVDV1b subgenotypes 60/131 (45.8%) than BVDV1a, 37/131 (28.2%) or BVDV2a, 34/131 (26.0%) (P < 0.05). The organ system involvement included the major categories such as respiratory, digestive, mixed/multiple organs, abortions, and persistent infections (PI). All three BVDV subgenotypes were found in persistently infected (PI) cattle and respiratory diseases, both major requests for BVDV diagnosis. Only one of the 131 viruses was genetically similar to the strains present in U.S. vaccines.     

The use of even-chain alkanes sprayed onto herbage as rate of passage markers in goats

An experiment was conducted with Saanen goats fed fresh grass ad libitum to compare ⁵¹Cr-mordanted fibre and even-chain alkanes sprayed onto either grass leaves or stems to estimate faecal output, total mean retention time (TMRT) and parameters obtained from faecal marker concentration curves, such as k₁ (slow rate of passage), k₂ (fast rate of passage) and transit time (TT). ⁵¹Cr-mordanted grass showed the lowest fractional rates of passage (k₁ and k₂) and hence the largest value of TMRT. There were not significant (P > 0.05) differences between even-chain alkanes sprayed onto leaves or stems for k₂, TT and TMRT, but k₁ estimates were higher (P < 0.05) for stems than for sprayed leaves. Despite the marker used, TMRT values were negatively correlated with the level of dry matter intake (r = − 0.81, − 0.80 and − 0.80 for ⁵¹Cr-mordanted fibre and even-chain alkanes adsorbed onto leaves or stems, respectively). Average faecal outputs estimated from faecal concentrations of ⁵¹Cr-mordanted fibre and even-chain alkanes were not different from the actual outputs but there were differences between markers in the accuracy of estimation. The highest mean square prediction error (MSPE) and the poorest correlation between observed and estimated faecal output values corresponded to even-chain alkanes adsorbed onto stems. Values estimated using ⁵¹Cr-mordanted fibre and even-chain alkanes adsorbed onto leaves were significantly correlated with faecal outputs (r = 0.94 and r = 0.92, respectively), with MSPE being greater for the latter marker.     

Evaluation of two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in serum and skin biopsies of cattle

AIM: To assess the ability of two commercial bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus (BVDV) antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to detect virus in serum and skin biopsies. METHODS: Thirty cattle persistently infected (PI) with BVDV were identified using routine diagnostic laboratory testing. Additional ear-notch skin biopsies and blood samples were collected from these animals to confirm the diagnosis, and from 246 cohorts, to determine their BVDV status. Skin biopsies were soaked overnight in buffer and the eluate collected. All sera and eluate were tested using two commercially available ELISAs for detecting BVDV antigen, and a subsample of positive and negative sera was tested using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. A study was also performed to ascertain the risk of cross contamination occurring during the collection and processing of skin biopsies. RESULTS: Both serum and skin samples tested using either ELISA resulted in the detection of all cattle identified as PI and no non-infected cattle were incorrectly classified as infected using either method. Agreement between all assays (ELISAs, whether performed on serum or skin, and PCR) was 100%. No cross-contamination of skin samples between animals was evident using routine biopsy methods. CONCLUSIONS: Viraemic cattle infected with BVDV were accurately identified using either of the two commercial ELISAs evaluated on either serum or skin samples. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Either skin biopsies or serum samples can be collected from cattle to determine their BVDV status. This should overcome problems in accurately identifying the infection status of young calves in which colostral antibodies might interfere with the antigen-capture ELISA.     

The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in a population of feedlot calves in western Canada.

The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection was examined in a population of 5129 recently weaned steer calves entering a large feedlot in central Saskatchewan from September to December 1991. Serum samples were collected within 24 h of arrival at the feedlot from every fifth calf processed and again 96 d postarrival. A microtiter virus isolation test was used to determine the prevalence of calves viremic with BVDV on entry to the feedlot. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which detects antibody against glycoprotein 53 of the BVDV was used on paired sera to determine the seroconversion risk during the first 96 d in the feedlot. A virus neutralization (VN) test for BVDV was conducted on a sub-sample of paired sera to measure agreement in determination of seroconversion risk with the ELISA. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test which detects BVDV was used to determine if cattle were acutely viremic when treated for disease. The estimated prevalence of persistently infected calves in this population was < 0.1%. The seroconversion risk for BVDV was 27% (236/864) according to the ELISA and it varied from 0 to 63% among the 20 pens sampled. According to the VN test, the seroconversion risk for BVDV was 40% (132/327) and it varied from 0 to 100% among the 11 pens tested. The agreement between the ELISA and VN tests in seroconversion risk to BVDV was very poor (kappa = 0.15 +/- 0.039 SE). The prevalence of acute viremia in calves treated at the feedlot hospital was low at 4% (6/149).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Prevalence of Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae,bovine viral diarrhoea virus,and gastrointestinal parasitism in a sample of adult New Zealand alpaca (Vicugna pacos)

AIM: To determine the prevalence of infection with Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae (Mhl), antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), and BVDV antigen, and the prevalence of animals with elevated faecal nematode egg counts (FEC) in a sample of adult New Zealand alpaca (Vicugna pacos).

METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from 175 alpaca, collected from 15 farms around New Zealand, and from 31 samples sent to a diagnostic laboratory for routine haematology. Blood smears (n=170) were examined microscopically for the presence of haemoplasma, and DNA was extracted from whole blood (n=206) for real-time PCR testing for Mhl. Packed cell volume (PCV) was determined for 193 samples. Serum samples (n=195) were tested for BVDV antibody using ELISA, and for BVDV antigen using a real-time PCR assay. Faecal samples were collected from 143 animals; FEC were measured, and samples pooled for larval culture.

RESULTS: No haemoplasma organisms were present on blood smear examination. Of the 206 blood samples, two (from the same farm) were positive for Mhl by real-time PCR testing, giving a prevalence of infection with Mhl of 0.97%. Of the 195 serum samples tested, four (2.1%) were positive for antibodies to BVDV; animals with BVDV antibodies were from 3/15 (20%) farms, none of which farmed cattle. None of the serum samples were positive by PCR for BVDV antigen. The median FEC was 50?epg (min 0, max 4,700), with 55/143 (38.5%) samples having 0?epg, and 33/143 (23.1%) having ≥250?epg. Haemonchus spp. were the most common nematodes present in faecal larval cultures from the North Island. Log₁₀ FEC was negatively associated with PCV (p=0.02), and was higher in males than females (p<0.001), and in animals that were positive compared with negative for Mhl (p=0.022).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The number of alpaca infected with Mhl was low, as was the seroprevalence of BVDV. Gastrointestinal parasitism was, however, a common finding in this sample of New Zealand alpaca.     

弓形虫和新孢子虫交叉反应抗原MIC7A对小鼠的免疫保护效力分析

弓形虫和新孢子虫是两种亲缘关系接近的顶复亚门原虫,二者之间存在一定程度的交叉免疫保护作用,这种作用可能是基于交叉反应抗原产生的。本研究旨在表达并鉴定弓形虫和新孢子虫的交叉反应抗原TgMIC17A,通过将其应用于小鼠的免疫保护试验,评估该抗原对弓形虫和新孢子虫感染产生的交叉免疫保护作用。对TgMIC17A进行基因克隆和原核表达,通过免疫印迹试验鉴定其反应原性和交叉反应性。重组蛋白免疫小鼠后测定血清特异性IgG抗体水平,评价其免疫原性。二免后,分别用1×10³个弓形虫Pru速殖子、1.5×10⁷个新孢子虫Nc1速殖子攻虫,对小鼠的体重变化、存活率进行监测,并在攻虫30 d后检测各组存活小鼠的脑荷虫量,评价TgMIC17A重组蛋白免疫小鼠后对弓形虫和新孢子虫的交叉免疫保护效果。结果显示,rTgMIC17A可以被弓形虫和新孢子虫的阳性血清识别,相较于未免疫组小鼠,免疫组小鼠体内可产生高水平特异性IgG抗体(P＜0.01),且感染弓形虫或新孢子虫的脑荷虫量均显著降低(P＜0.01)。本研究克隆并表达了TgMIC17A,鉴定其为新孢子虫和弓形虫的交叉反应抗原。该抗原可以刺激小鼠产生较好的体液免疫反应,并对弓形虫和新孢子虫的感染产生一定的交叉免疫保护作用,可以为弓形虫和新孢子虫共感染的防治,以及筛选具有交叉免疫保护力的重组疫苗提供可借鉴的研究资料。     

新疆栽培与野生一枝蒿粗多糖对口蹄疫疫苗免疫小鼠的佐剂活性比较

基于总物质量和多糖含量比较栽培/野生一枝蒿粗多糖（cultivated/wild Artemisia rupestris L.crude polysaccharides,CARCP/WARCP）作为口蹄疫灭活疫苗（foot-and-mouth disease inactivated vaccine,FMDV）佐剂对小鼠抗体水平及T细胞亚群的影响,探究CARCP/WARCP的佐剂活性和安全性。CARCP/WARCP配伍FMDV肌肉途径免疫ICR小鼠,检测免疫后小鼠血清中FMDV特异性抗体及分型,脾中T细胞亚群比例,血清中IgE水平,观察临床症状和注射部位反应以及小鼠体重。结果显示,总物质量一致时,CARCP1/WARCP1均能极显著提高FMDV特异性IgG、IgG_2a反应（P<0.01）,极显著促进脾T细胞CD3⁺CD4⁺、CD4⁺CD44⁺、CD8⁺CD44⁺CD62L⁺百分比（P<0.05）,显著提高IgG₁、IgG_2a/IgG₁比值,显著促进CD3⁺CD8⁺、CD8⁺CD44⁺、CD8⁺CD44⁺CD62L^-比例（P<0.05）,且除28 d IgG和IgG₁指标外,CARCP1的佐剂活性显著高于WARCP1（P<0.05）。多糖含量一致时,与FMDV相比,CARCP2/WARCP2均极显著增强了28 d IgG水平、IgG_2a/IgG₁比值（P<0.01）,显著提高了21 d IgG、28 d IgG_2a及CD4⁺CD44⁺（P<0.05）,且CARCP2/WARCP2之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。CARCP/WARCP没有引起小鼠脱毛等临床症状,也没有产生肉芽肿、肿胀等注射部位不良反应;CARCP/WARCP免疫后各组小鼠体重之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;各组小鼠血清均没有检测到IgE抗体（P>0.05）;这些结果表明CARCP/WARCP有一定的安全性。综上,当总物质量一致时,CARCP/WARCP均能增强FMDV免疫小鼠体液和细胞免疫反应,且CARCP的佐剂活性优于WARCP;多糖含量一致时,CARCP/WARCP作为FMDV佐剂的免疫增强效果相当,是安全佐剂候选物。     

Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus antibodies among the industrial dairy cattle herds in suburb of Mashhad-Iran

Mashhad is a major dairy production in Iran. The subject of this study was to survey the seroprevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) infection using an indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test in industrial dairy cattle herds in suburb of Mashhad-Iran. Totally, 141 serum samples were tested. None of the herds had been vaccinated against BVDV. Commercial indirect ELISA kit was used. The herds divided to 3 sizes as cow population. They were included: small, medium and large herds. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test. Ninety-seven (68.79%) cows were ELISA seropositive. However, the true BVDV seroprevalence was 72.25%. All of the herds were antibody positive against BVDV. The prevalence ranged from 66 to 100% within the herds. There were no significant differences between the presence of antibodies to BVDV and the herd size (P > 0.05). The prevalence in animals lower than 2 years old differed significantly with cows higher than 2 years old (P < 0.05). According to the results, it is concluded that it is likely the presence of persistently infection (PI) animal(s) within the herds in suburb of Mashhad-Iran, which is responsible for the presence antibody.     

青藏高原牦牛感染BVDV和BEV的分子流行病学调查

为了解青藏高原地区牦牛牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)和牛肠道病毒(BEV)的感染情况,应用RT-PCR对青藏高原地区(西藏、青海、四川和云南)共计222份出现腹泻症状的牦牛粪便样品开展了分子流行病学调查。从222份样品中,检出44份BVDV阳性,BVDV阳性检出率为20%(95%CI:15.5%~25.6%);检出65份BEV阳性,BEV阳性检出率为29.4%(95%CI:24.1%~35.0%);BVDV/BEV混合感染阳性率为4.8%(95%CI:2.5%~8.0%)。结果表明,所有被检地区牦牛均存在BVDV和BEV感染,且部分地区感染较为严重,有混合感染的情况。研究结果旨在为青藏地区牦牛腹泻的综合防控措施提供基本数据,丰富BVDV和BEV的分子流行病学调查资料。     

Evaluation of hunter-harvested white-tailed deer for evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in Alabama.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most relevant pathogens affecting today's cattle industries. Although great strides have been made in understanding this virus in cattle, little is known about the role of wildlife in the epidemiology of BVDV. While persistently infected cattle are the most important reservoir, free-ranging ungulates may become infected with BVDV as demonstrated by serosurveys and experimental infections. Therefore, free-ranging wildlife may maintain BVDV as the result of an independent cycle and may serve as a reservoir for the virus. Systematic studies on prevalence of BVDV-specific antibodies or frequency of persistent BVDV infection in North American wildlife are sparse, and no information is available from the southeastern United States. The objective of this study was to evaluate blood and skin samples from hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) for evidence of BVDV infection. Virus-neutralizing antibodies were detected in 2 of 165 serum samples. Skin biopsy immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on samples from 406 deer using a BVDV-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) (15c5), and BVDV antigen was detected in one sample. A similar IHC staining pattern was obtained using a second BVDV MAb (3.12F1). Viral antigen distribution in the skin sample of this deer resembled that found in persistently infected cattle and in a previously described persistently infected white-tailed deer; thus, the deer was presumed to be persistently infected. Evidence of BVDV infection in free-ranging white-tailed deer should encourage further systematic investigation of the prevalence of BVDV in wildlife.