玉米的综合加工与利用

我国是一个农业大国,玉米总产量位居世界第二位。长期以来,由于受种种因素困扰,我国的玉米工业一直未得到良好发展。本文对国内外玉米工业的发展历史、现状及方向进行了介绍、分析,并针对我国玉米工业的生产状况探讨了玉米综合加工与利用的途径。     

拓宽玉米C型细胞质雄性不育系的利用途径

本文通过我所对C型细胞质雄性不育系选育研究的总结,进一步阐述了C型不育系的可利用性,并利用遗传杂交分离规律的理论,探讨了对C型不育系的多种利用形式,为拓宽C型不育系的利用途径提供了理论依据。     

浅谈我国玉米杂交种种质来源及其利用途径

整理分析了373份我国各地育种家选育的优良自交系材料,这些优系均为我国玉米主产区主推品种或苗头组合的亲本.通过研究,对我国育种家科学利用多种种质选育优系的成功经验加以探讨,以期为今后的选育工作提供参考。     

黑玉米种质资源的研究与利用

对４４份黑玉米种质资源和６份本所自选品系进行了农艺性鉴定,从中选出４份综合农艺性状较好又有代表性的黑玉米材料进行品质分析,并对黑玉米的利用进行了探讨。     

甜菜碱的加工与利用

综述了甜菜碱的生产工艺、营养功能与机理.及在饲料、食品、化学等行业中的应用.     

国内外蓖麻杂种优势利用和蓖麻加工研究现状

综述了国内外蓖麻的杂种优势利用和蓖麻加工研究现状，论述了国内外对蓖麻的需求及我国蓖麻研究面临的重大课题。     

湖南省发展玉米生产的途径与对策

分析了湖南省发展玉米生产的潜力，提出了发展玉米生产的主要途径，并对发展玉米生产的技术对策——玉米科研应解决的关键技术问题提出了意见。     

美国玉米加工业的历史与现状

美国玉米加工业始建于1848年,第一、二次世界大战刺激了玉米加工业的发展,并使美国玉米加工企业获得了大量的经济利益.本世纪50年代前,美国玉米加工业就已实现了综合利用,并开发了多种变性淀粉.60年代以后实现了从淀粉到生物技术产品的转化.首先,玉米高果糖浆实现了工业化生产,并成为目前玉米加工业的主要产品.此外,以葡萄糖为原料,生产有机酸、醇等化工原料.目前,美国加工业正致力于开发替代石油制品的玉米深加工产品。     

国内外蓖麻杂种优势利用和蓖麻加工研究现状

综述了国内外蓖麻的杂种优势利用和蓖麻加工研究现状,论述了国内外对蓖麻的需求及我国蓖麻研究面临的重大课题.     

提高春玉米主产区玉米单产的技术途径

针对制约春玉米单产进一步提高的主要因素,研究了发展耐密型玉米单交种,推行"夏季深松、春季不翻动土壤直接播种"的保护性耕作技术,坚持基肥、种肥与追肥相结合施肥原则,增加钾肥用量,将追肥期后移,增加追肥深度,改善与提高耕地质量等提高春玉米主产区玉米单产的主要技术途径。     

Elucidation of maize endosperm starch granule channel proteins and evidence for plastoskeletal structures in maize endosperm amyloplasts

Previously, starch granules of maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and millet (Pennisetum americanum) were found to contain channels connecting the interior cavity with the outside surface, and the channels of maize starch channels were found to contain, presumably to be lined with, proteins. One objective of this study was to identify and characterize channel proteins of maize starch granules. A putative starch granule channel protein extract was subjected to 2D-PAGE. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry was used to identify the proteins. Data analysis indicated the presence of actin-like and tubulin-like (FtsZ) proteins, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large and small subunits (Shrunken2 [Sh2] and Brittle2 [Bt2], respectively), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), and Brittle1 (Bt1, an adenylate translocator). A combination of Western blot analysis and immunolocalization confirmed the presence of an actin-like protein within the starch granule structure. Another objective was to determine the origin of maize starch granule channels. TEM examination of maize endosperm amyloplasts that did not contain a formed starch granule revealed structures that were connected to the amyloplast membrane and extended inward to the center of the plastid.     

浅谈泰顺茶叶深加工现状与发展前景

本文对泰顺茶叶深加工产品开发现状资源优势与存在的不足现象进行了分析,得出泰顺茶叶深加工具有较大的发展潜力。     

南方亚麻制纤技术及制纤设备

本文介绍了南方亚麻小型制纤加工机组的操作技术要领、设备主要技术参数及其维护方法；并通过亚麻的制纤加工试验，提出了南方亚麻规模化生产中尚需解决的几个关键技术问题。     

干旱胁迫对玉米产量和品质的影响研究

干旱胁迫不仅影响玉米生长发育和产量,而且影响了玉米的子粒品质。研究结果表明,干旱胁迫对玉米产量的危害顺序为开花期干旱＞孕穗期干旱＞灌浆期干旱。干旱胁迫虽降低了玉米子粒产量,但使子粒有效养分含量提高。灌浆期干旱胁迫使子粒蛋白质中的各种氨基酸含量提高,孕穗期干旱胁迫使子粒蛋白质中的必需氨基酸含量下降。干旱胁迫使子粒脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸含量下降,饱和脂肪酸含量提高。     

耐旱丰产玉米育种的探讨

本文依据自己的育种实践,对耐旱丰产玉米育种的几个问题进行了讨论。认为玉米的耐旱性和丰产性在适当的选择环境下,运用相应的选择方法是可以有机结合在一起的;在育种实践中,田间相对萎蔫度、ASI、RI(修)是评价材料耐旱性的有效方法。发现目前广泛应用的骨干系中不乏玉米耐旱基因。认为水旱平行交替环境是选育耐旱、高配自交系的必要条件。并对耐旱丰产玉米杂交种的性状特点进行了研究。     

中国玉米主要种质的改良与杂优模式的利用

本文通过对中国玉米生产和育种用种质的分析,发现我国玉米种质主要集中在四大杂优群,利用的主要模式有５种。重点讨论了各玉米区主要杂优群和杂优模式的选择、改良与利用等问题,并根据各地成功的经验和自己的育种实践,对其与地方种质、外来种质结合利用等提出了意见和建议。     

Enhancing the mineral and vitamin content of wheat and maize through plant breeding

More than half of the world's population suffers micronutrient undernourishment. The main sources of vitamins and minerals (iron, zinc, and vitamin A) for low-income rural and urban populations are staple foods of plant origin that often contain low levels or low bioavailability of these micronutrients. Biofortification aims to develop micronutrient-enhanced crop varieties through conventional plant breeding. HarvestPlus, the CGIAR's biofortification initiative, seeks to breed and disseminate crop varieties with enhanced micronutrient content that can improve the nutrition of the “hard to reach” (by fortification or supplementation programmes) rural and urban poor in targeted countries/regions. In attempting to enhance micronutrient levels in maize and wheat through conventional plant breeding, it is important to identify genetic resources with high levels of the targeted micronutrients, to consider the heritability of the targeted traits, to explore the availability of high throughput screening tools and to gain a better understanding of genotype by environment interactions. Biofortified maize and wheat varieties must have the trait combinations which encourage adoption such as high yield potential, disease resistance, and consumer acceptability. When defining breeding strategies and targeting micronutrient levels, researchers need to consider the desired micronutrient increases, food intake and retention and bioavailability as they relate to food processing, anti-nutritional factors and promoters. Finally, ex ante studies are required to quantify the burden of micronutrient deficiency and the potential of biofortification to achieve a significant improvement in human micronutrient status in the deficient target population in order to determine whether a biofortification program is cost-effective.     

Production of bioethanol from steam-flaked sorghum and maize

The aim was to study the effect of steam-flaking of sorghum and maize on bioethanol production and the performance of their ground meals during liquefaction, saccharification and yeast fermentation. A bifactorial experiment with a level of confidence of P < 0.05 was designed to study differences between sorghum and maize and the effectiveness of steam-flaking. Grains were steam-flaked to increase starch bioavailability and disrupt the protein matrix that envelopes starch granules. The steam-flaked sorghum had significantly higher and faster starch hydrolysis compared to the regular kernel during liquefaction. This hydrolysate contained about 33% more reducing sugars compared to the untreated counterpart and similar amounts compared to both maize treatments. At the end of saccharification, the sorghum spent grains contained more residual starch compared to the maize counterparts. Steam-flaking significantly reduced residual starch especially in steam-flaked sorghum. The final glucose concentration in steam-flaked sorghum was similar to the concentration obtained in both maize mashes and 26.5% higher compared to the untreated sorghum. The yield of ethanol in steam-flaked sorghum was 44.2% higher compared to the untreated counterpart and similar to both maize treatments. Therefore, steam-flaking is a treatment useful to increase ethanol production especially in sorghum due to the higher starch bioavailability.     

The composition of floury and vitreous endosperm affects starch digestibility kinetics of the whole maize kernel

Maize grain starch is the major energy source in animal nutrition, and its high digestion and utilization largely depend on endosperm traits and the structure of the starch-lipoprotein matrix. The aim of this work was to determine floury and vitreous endosperm traits and its relation to starch digestibility rate. In total, kernels of 30 hybrids were manually dissected, and amylose, total zein and starch and non-starch lipids were determined in both vitreous and floury endosperm. Starch digestibility of the whole kernel was determined based on glucose released during a two-step in vitro pig model of enzymatic digestion, and starch digestibility rate was calculated according to the first-order kinetics. The vitreous endosperm of tested hybrids had higher contents of amylose (204.6 vs 190.4 g/kg), zein (63.2 vs 40.4 k/kg) and starch lipids (5.6 vs 4.9 g/kg), and lower content of non-starch lipids (7.3 vs 9.6 g/kg) than floury endosperm. Digestibility coefficients varied among hybrids, and starch digestibility rate varied from 0.73 to 1.63 1/h. Lipids in both vitreous and floury endosperm negatively correlated with the most of digestion coefficients, whereas zein correlated in vitreous and amylose in the floury endosperm (P < 0.05). Starch digestibility rate negatively correlated with all traits, except amylose content in vitreous endosperm. As a result, a linear regression model with four variables including contents of zein and starch lipids in vitreous and zein and amylose in floury endosperm can predict more than 65% variability of starch digestibility rate of tested hybrids.     

Diallel analysis of aflatoxin accumulation in maize

Since its discovery in numerous feedstuffs, aflatoxin, a carcinogenic compound produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries, has caused much concern among consumers and producers alike. This toxin poses a serious economic threat to maize (Zea mays L.) producers of the southeastern and midwestern regions of the United States. Efforts to identify maize germplasm that is resistant to aflatoxin accumulation and to investigate the genetic basis of this resistance have been undertaken at numerous research institutions. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate aflatoxin accumulation in grain harvested from maize inbred lines and a diallel cross among these lines, (2) determine the importance of general and specific combining abilities in inheritance of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation, and (3) estimate general and specific combining ability effects associated with resistance to aflatoxin accumulation in the inbred lines and crosses among them. Eight inbred lines and a diallel cross of the maize lines were inoculated with an A. flavus spore suspension 12–14 d after silk emergence. Following harvest, aflatoxin content was determined from samples of grain. Statistical analyses performed using SAS general linear models (GLM) and DIALLEL-SAS indicated that general and specific combining ability were significant sources of variation in the inheritance of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation. The inbred line Mp313E, which was developed and released as a source of resistance to aflatoxin contamination, had significantly lower aflatoxin accumulation than other lines. Mo18W exhibited excellent general combining ability for reduced aflatoxin accumulation when crossed with the other lines. Both Mp313E and Mo18W could be useful in breeding programs to develop aflatoxin-resistant maize hybrids. Mp339, SC212M, and Ab24E demonstrated aflatoxin susceptibility as both inbreds and in single crosses.