冬季乳房的健康管理

乳品质量和乳房健康的管理是一项长期的挑战，但是当严冬降临的时候，这项挑战又有了不同的意义。保持乳头皮肤状况的良好是全年的重点，特别是在寒冷、多风和潮湿的情况下。澳洲塔斯曼公司中国代表处致力于发展奶牛健康保健事业，特别是对奶牛乳房的保健。下面就针对秋冬季奶牛乳房的保健提几点建议，或许可以帮助你的奶牛场应付“寒冬”。     

冬季奶牛乳房的健康管理

乳品质量和奶牛乳房健康的管理是一项长期的工作，但是当严冬降临的时候，这项挑战又有了不同的意义。保持乳头皮肤状况的良好是全年的重点，特别是在寒冷、多风和潮湿的情况下。下面就针对秋冬季奶牛乳房的保健提几点建议，或许可以帮助你的奶牛场应付“寒冬”。     

合理补微量元素有益于奶牛乳房健康

给奶牛提供适宜而足够的营养和控制奶牛乳房炎的发生，是促进奶牛多产奶、产好奶的关键，而适宜的微量元素供给对奶牛乳房健康和产奶质量有相当大的影响，特别是微量元素硒、锌和铜，能够减少产犊和泌乳早期临床乳房炎的感染和发病率，从而获得较好的经济效益。     

奶牛蹄部的保健与疾病的防治

奶牛蹄部疾病的发病率仅次于乳房疾病，是影响奶牛健康和生产性能的常见病。加强奶牛蹄部保健，及时防治蹄部疾病，可有效减少奶牛蹄部疾病的发生，提高奶牛养殖业经济效益。     

奶牛乳房炎的防治

乳房炎是奶牛三大常见疾病之一，且发病率较高，它不仅严重影响患病牛的产乳量、乳品质，延长产后发情时间和妊娠时间，而且还危及人类健康。我国的奶牛养殖比西方国家起步晚，对奶牛各种疾病的研究也相对落后于西方国家，特别是乳房炎的防治，据调查我国奶牛乳房炎发病率普遍高于国外。本文将从临床的角度去讨论奶牛乳房炎防治。     

奶牛蹄部保健与疾病防治

临床上奶牛蹄部疾病的发病率仅次于乳房疾病。奶牛蹄病是影响奶牛健康和生产性能的常见病。加强奶牛蹄部保健,及时防治蹄病可有效地保护牛只健康。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的危害及防控措施

奶牛隐性乳房炎是一种奶牛乳房与乳汁均没有临床肉眼可见症状和病理变化的非临床型乳房炎。它发生范围广，感染率高，对奶业生产和经济效益及人体健康影响很大的疾病。国外和国内大中型乳牛场都很重视，有一套较为完善的防治措施，但国内一些企业。特别是个体养牛户，对其危害性认识不足。不够重视，没有采取有效防控措施，还在继续危害奶业。     

乳房保护是生产优质奶基本保障

养好奶牛最终目的是产好奶,而乳房健康是达到这一目的的基础。如果基础保护不好．产奶量自然就会受到影响．因此保持乳房健康在奶牛生产中就显得至关重要。牛群中有相当一部分牛乳房都不同程度感染了乳房炎,但往往因在生产中得不到重视。从而影响了奶牛潜力的发挥。     

奶牛慢性乳房炎的治疗与体会

奶牛乳房炎是危害奶牛业健康发展最严重的疾病之一，按照病程和症状可分为急性乳房炎、慢性乳房炎和隐形乳房炎三种。     

基因药物、中药、抗生素治疗奶牛乳房炎效果比较

随着奶牛业的发展．乳房炎作为一种常见多发病，日益困扰奶牛生产，严重影响经济效益和人体健康。为准确掌握奶牛乳房炎发生现状，探索奶牛乳房炎有效防治手段，筛选高效防治药物，我们于2007年3-5月对奶牛乳房炎进行了普查、病原检测和药物对比治疗试验。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.