Effect of Lactose as a Prebiotic on Turkey Body Weight Under Commercial Conditions

The effect of a commercially available lactic acid bacteria probiotic (FM-B11) alone and supplemented with lactose as prebiotic was evaluated for effects on turkey BW during the brooding and growout phases under commercial conditions in 2 experiments. Tag-numbered turkey poults were given the probiotic in either drinking water or feed, and lactose was given in feed. Turkeys were reared in wire pens (4 per treatment) within the brooding house. Experiments were designed for a duration of 26 and 28 d. Only animals from experiment 1 were weighed again before slaughter. Results from both experiments indicate that groups treated with the combination of probiotic and lactose and lactose alone were heavier (P < 0.05) by 15.5 and 17.5% in experiments 1 and 2, respectively, as compared with the control groups. Market BW of turkeys from experiment 1 was higher (P < 0.05) with the combination of probiotic and lactose than the control group by 436 g. Turkeys on the probiotic alone tended to be heavier than the controls (P = 0.0693). The administration of this lactic acid bacteria-based probiotic, supplemented with lactose as prebiotic to turkey poults during the brooding phase, increased BW, and this advantage was further maintained or augmented during the growout phase.     

Use of Camelina sativa in the Diets of Young Turkeys

Camelina sativa is one of various oilseed crops being studied for its potential value in biofuel production. The resultant by-product of oil extraction, camelina meal (CM), could be marketable as a livestock feed. Our study evaluated the potential use of CM as a feed ingredient in turkey poult starter diets. This was a pilot study to determine whether further work investigating inclusion of CM as a potential feed ingredient in turkey diets might be of value if a least-cost formulation warranted its integration. Results indicate that CM may be a potentially useful minor ingredient in turkey diets if economically feasible, but caution should be exercised in using CM above 5% of finished feed in a poult starter diet. In an appended test, similar weight gain and feed conversion were attained with a diet containing camelina oil as a replacement for vegetable oil compared with the control diet.     

Effect of a Lactobacillus Species-Based Probiotic and Dietary Lactose Prebiotic on Turkey Poult Performance With or Without Salmonella Enteritidis Challenge

To evaluate the effect of a probiotic culture in combination with dietary lactose as a prebiotic, 2 experiments were performed. Treated poults (Lactobacillus spp.-based probiotic culture) received dietary lactose (0.1%) continuously in the feed and probiotic culture (~10⁶ cfu/mL) in the drinking water. Controls received no treatments. Three hundred twenty selected female poults were tagged and randomly divided in 2 treatments with 4 replicates each (n = 40). In experiment 1, poults were challenged with ~10⁴ cfu of Salmonella Enteritidis; however, in experiment 2, no challenge was provided to poults. Body weight was evaluated on d 1, 7, and 14 (experiment 1, trial 1 and 2, experiment 2, trial 3) and on d 1, 8, and 18 (experiment 2, trial 4). Body weight and FCR were significantly (P < 0.05) improved by treatment in Salmonella-challenged poults (trials 1 and 2). In contrast, unchallenged turkey poults (trials 3 and 4) showed no difference (P > 0.05) in either BW or FCR. These data suggest that dietary lactose with appropriate probiotic organisms may enhance performance of poults following a mild pathogenic challenge.     

高精料日粮下添加阿卡波糖对奶牛瘤胃及后肠发酵的影响研究

本试验旨在探讨高精料日粮下添加阿卡波糖对奶牛瘤胃和后肠发酵的影响。试验选用3头干奶期荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,阿卡波糖添加剂量为0,0.5和1.0 g/d,试验分3期进行,每期21 d。结果表明,与对照组比较,添加阿卡波糖显著降低了奶牛瘤胃液中丙酸浓度(P<0.05),提高了乙丙比(P<0.05),但对瘤胃pH值、乳酸、乙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和氨氮浓度无显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组比较,添加阿卡波糖显著降低了粪便pH值和氨氮浓度(P<0.05),提高了乳酸、丁酸和异戊酸浓度(P<0.05),但对乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、戊酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和乙丙比无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果说明,高精料日粮下长期添加阿卡波糖虽可影响瘤胃液中个别挥发性脂肪酸的浓度,但对瘤胃整体发酵和瘤胃pH值无显著影响,此外,添加阿卡波糖可增加后肠发酵,并可能对后肠健康带来潜在危害。     

Efficacy of Spray-Dried Bovine Serum on Health and Performance of Turkeys Challenged with Pasteurella multocida

Improvements in survival and performance during enteric challenges have been reported when plasma proteins have been consumed. However, the effect of plasma proteins during respiratory challenge has not been studied. The current study used 80 Nicholas turkey poults allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of challenge or no challenge and Innavax (INX)-treated water or untreated water. Tap water was mixed daily with 0 or 1.30, 0.65, 0.325, and 1.30% (wt/wt) INX on d 0 to 7, 8 to 14, 15 to 21, and 22 to 49, respectively. Spray-dried bovine serum was mixed with other ingredients (lactose, citric acid, lecithin, propylene glycol, and mineral oil) used as processing and mixing aids to produce INX. Poults were challenged on d 35 by swabbing the tonsils with Pasteurella multocida Type III. Consumption of INX during the first week improved performance in poults; whereas from d 8 to 35 performance was not affected by water treatment. After the challenge (d 35), INX did improve average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency. Innavax improved survival (d 35 to 49) of challenged poults (94.1% survival) compared with challenged poults consuming untreated water (63.2% survival). These data suggest that addition of INX to drinking water systems will increase performance of poults the first week after placement. Furthermore, addition of INX to drinking water reduced mortality in turkeys exposed to Pasteurella multocida in the present study.     

日粮中添加酸制剂对肉仔鸡生长性能及肠道健康的影响

为了研究酸制剂在肉仔鸡日粮中的添加效果,试验选用126只1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡,随机分为对照组(不添加酸制剂组)和试验组(添加酸制剂),对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加酸制剂,试验期为49 d,分为前、中、后期(1～21、22～42和43～49日龄)。结果表明,在肉仔鸡的生产前期1～21日龄添加酸制剂有降低平均日采食量,增加平均日增重,提高21日龄末体重,降低料重比的趋势,但对22～49日龄肉仔鸡生长性能没有显著影响。添加酸制剂有提高49日龄回肠食糜中有益挥发性脂肪酸(乙酸)含量,降低有害挥发性盐基氮的趋势。因此,酸制剂能够改善肉仔鸡的肠道健康,且在肉仔鸡前期日粮中添加酸制剂对肉仔鸡生长性能的效果要优于在后期日粮中的添加效果。     

饲粮蛋白质水平对雏雉鸡生产性能的影响

试验用１５００只１日龄七彩山鸡,研究了饲粮蛋白质水平（２２％、２４％和２６％ＣＰ）对１～４１日龄雉鸡生产性能的影响。结果表明,饲粮蛋白质水平显著影响雉鸡的增重（Ｐ＜００５）,对饲料转化效率不显著影响（Ｐ＞００５）。随蛋白质水平提高,雉鸡羽毛生长明显改善。三组雉鸡的增重和料肉比分别为２８５０ｇ和２６２、３０８５ｇ和２６０、３２３２ｇ和２４８。综合各项指标,１～４１日龄雉鸡适宜饲粮蛋白质水平为２４％。     

添加不同脂肪酸对填饲朗德鹅产肝性能、屠宰性能及体脂沉积的影响*

将14周龄、体重相近的健壮朗德鹅120只随机分成6组,每组20只,以玉米作为主要填饲饲料。试验组在对照组日填饲量的基础上分别添加一定量的脂肪酸：6％葵花籽油（葵花籽油组）、6％菜籽油（菜籽油组）、6％牛油（牛油组）、3％鹅油（鹅油Ⅰ组）、2％鹅油（鹅油Ⅱ组）。试验结果表明：添加脂肪酸能影响填饲朗德鹅的产肝性能,其中以葵花籽油效果最好,肝重是对照组的1．37倍,差异显著（P〈0.05）,牛油使填饲朗德鹅产肝下降。添加油脂组对屠宰性能影响不如产肝性能影响明显,菜籽油组在试验中屠宰性能最好且腹脂沉积能力最强,与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）,但是添加脂肪酸组之间差异不显著（P〉0.05）。     

饲粮物理有效中性洗涤纤维水平对8～10月龄奶牛瘤胃发酵参数和纤维降解菌的影响

本文旨在研究不同物理有效中性洗涤纤维(peNDF)水平饲粮对8~10月龄奶牛采食量、瘤胃发酵参数和纤维降解菌的影响。选取24头月龄和体重相近的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛后备奶牛,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头。通过改变饲粮中粗料羊草的长度来改变peNDF水平。采用单因子试验设计,分别饲喂peNDF1.18实测水平为22.73%、23.92%、25.85%和28.39%的4种饲粮,预试期10d,正试期60d。结果显示:1)peNDF水平对各组干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)采食量均无显著影响(P0.05)。2)瘤胃液pH随着peNDF水平的增加而增加,22.73%组极显著低于其他3组(P0.01);peNDF水平对总挥发性脂肪酸浓度、乙酸和丁酸含量的影响不显著(P0.05);丙酸含量总体上随着peNDF水平的增加而降低,22.73%组极显著高于23.92%组(P0.01)、显著高于28.39%组(P0.05);23.92%组的乙酸/丙酸极显著高于22.73%组(P0.01)、显著高于25.85%组(P0.05);25.85%组氨态氮浓度显著或极显著高于其他3组(P0.05或P0.01)。3)以22.73%组为对照,其他3组产琥珀酸丝状杆菌的相对含量随peNDF水平的增加而增加,28.39%组最高,但仍极显著低于22.73%组(P0.01);随peNDF水平的增加,黄色瘤胃球菌、白色瘤胃球菌和溶纤维丁酸弧菌相对含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,均为25.85%组最高,显著或极显著高于其他3组(P0.05或P0.01)。综上,适当提高饲粮peNDF水平,有利于提高8~10月龄奶牛瘤胃液pH,改善瘤胃发酵,增加瘤胃中纤维降解菌的含量;本试验条件下,peNDF1.18为25.85%是8~10月龄荷斯坦奶牛适宜的peNDF水平。     

酵母培养物对公猪生产性能的影响试验研究

旨在评价酵母培养物(YC)对公猪生产性能的影响。将90头体重约为80kg的公猪随机分为3组,即对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组;对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组基础日粮中分别添加5kg/t和7kg/t的酵母培养物,预试期5d,正试期45d,试验期间,3组饲养管理条件一致;试验结束时,评定各组公猪精液的颜色、气味,测定并比较各组公猪的精液量、精液pH值、精子活力、精子密度、精子畸形率、抗力指数。结果表明,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组公猪的精液颜色和精液气味与对照组相比没有明显差异;3组公猪的精子抗力指数一致;试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的精液量、精子活力、精子密度均显著大于对照组(P<0.05),精子畸形率均显著小于对照组(P<0.05),但这4项指标在2个试验组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);3组公猪的精液pH值差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综上提示,基础日粮中添加一定量的酵母培养物能够提高公猪部分生产性能指标。     

不同加工处理日粮对绵羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸的影响

选用3只健康并安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的杂种羯羊,平均体重为24 kg,采用3×3无重复拉丁方试验设计,用3种不同日粮(全混合颗粒料日粮、粉碎精料+铡短粗料日粮和未粉碎精料+铡短粗料日粮)来研究对绵羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度的影响。结果表明,采食未粉碎精料+铡短粗料日粮绵羊的瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度显著高于采食全混合颗粒料日粮绵羊(P＜0.05),采食未粉碎精料+铡短粗料及粉碎精料+铡短粗料日粮的绵羊瘤胃丙酸摩尔比显著或极显著高于采食全混合颗粒料日粮绵羊(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),而(戊酸+异戊酸)摩尔比极显著低于全混合颗粒料日粮绵羊(P＜0.01),乙酸/丙酸显著或极显著低于采食全混合颗粒料日粮绵羊(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)。因此,用粉碎精料+铡短粗料或未粉碎精料+铡短粗料日粮饲喂绵羊能改善绵羊瘤胃发酵类型。     

不同日龄火鸡胸腺组织形态结构的研究

为了探索火鸡胸腺随日龄变化的规律,协助做好火鸡的免疫与疾病研究,分别取28,58和88日龄火鸡的胸腺,采用石蜡组织制片,H-E染色,在显微镜下进行对比观察,比较不同日龄火鸡胸腺的组织形态结构。结果表明,火鸡胸腺由表面的被膜和中央的实质构成,被膜伸入实质将其分成许多大小不等的胸腺小叶,每一个小叶又由外周的皮质和中央的髓质组成。且随着火鸡日龄的不断增加,胸腺小叶的面积逐渐增大,数量逐渐增多,皮质部和髓质部的面积也同时增大,皮质内胸腺细胞和巨噬细胞及髓质内胸腺小体和髓质上皮细胞的数量逐渐增多。     

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Oil on Broiler Health

Insects are a potential source of proteins and fats which can be incorporated into diets of broiler chickens. Accordingly, black soldier fly larvae oil (BSFLO) needs to be tested as an appropriate fat source to produce healthy chickens for consumers. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the replacement of soybean oil (SBO) with BSFLO in broiler diets on intestinal health and blood profiles. A total of 210 one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments (10 replicates of seven birds per group): a control diet and two experimental diets in which SBO was replaced with 50% (50 BSFLO) or 100% (100 BSFLO) BSFLO. At the end of the study (35 days), 18 birds (six broilers per treatment) were slaughtered to determine the intestinal morphology, digestibility, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile. Blood samples were collected from 24 randomly selected birds (eight broilers per treatment) to determine the blood profiles. BSFLO supplementation positively affected villus height but did not affect digestibility. BSFLO showed no adverse effects on the VFA and blood profiles. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that SBO can be replaced by BSFLO without any adverse effects on broiler health.     

高体细胞数低乳糖含量时牛乳清蛋白组分变化的研究

旨在分析奶牛牛乳中体细胞数升高乳糖含量降低的同时乳清蛋白的表达变化.依据牛乳中体细胞数和乳糖含量,分为高体细胞数低乳糖含量组和正常牛奶组,超速离心分离乳清,采用二维凝胶电泳技术分离了高体细胞数低乳糖和正常牛乳清蛋白,考马斯亮蓝G-250溶液染色,基质辅助激光解析飞行时间质谱检测表达变化的蛋白点.高体细胞数低乳糖含量的牛乳中β酪蛋白含量降低,而白蛋白、结合珠蛋白、乳铁蛋白、转铁蛋白和抗菌肽1等乳清蛋白表达量增加.表明随着牛乳中乳糖含量的降低,乳清蛋白组分表达量增加,这可能是奶牛乳腺在乳糖合成降低时乳腺上皮细胞完整性破坏引起的防御应答.     

日粮脂肪酸组成对生长期银狐生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮脂肪酸组成对生长期银狐生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响.选取12周龄左右、体重相近的健康雄性银狐20只,随机分成2组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加10%豆油(豆油组)和10%混合油脂(鸡油:豆油=1:1)(混合油脂组)的试验日粮.试验期151 d,分为育成期(90～145日龄)和冬毛期(146～240日龄)2个阶段.结果表明,日粮脂肪酸组成对育成期和冬毛期银狐的干物质采食量和料重比均无显著影响(P>0.05),但对育成期银狐日增重有显著影响(P<0.05),表现为豆油组显著高于混合油脂组(P<0.05);日粮脂肪酸组成对育成期和冬毛期银狐的蛋白质表观消化率和碳水化合物表观消化率均无显著影响(P>0.05),但对育成期银狐脂肪表观消化率有显著影响(P<0.05),表现为豆油组显著高于混合油脂组(P<0.05);日粮脂肪酸组成对育成期银狐的氮代谢无显著影响(P>0.05),但对冬毛期银狐的蛋白质生物学效价和氮沉积有显著影响(P<0.05),表现为混合油脂组分别显著和极显著高于豆油组(P<0.05;P<0.01).综合本试验测定指标,建议育成期银狐以豆油作为日粮脂肪主要来源生产性能较好,而冬毛期以混合油脂(鸡油:豆油=1:1)作为日粮脂肪主要来源效果最佳.     

饲粮全棉籽比例对奶牛泌乳性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮全棉籽比例对奶牛泌乳性能和乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响.试验采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,选择8头泌乳早期的经产中国荷斯坦奶牛(产奶量、胎次、产犊日期接近,健康无疾病),分为4组,每组2个重复,每个重复1头牛.A组饲喂基础饲粮,B、C和D组分别饲喂含5％、10％、15％全棉籽的试验饲粮.每期试验28 d,其中预试期为7d,正试期为21 d.结果表明:随着饲粮全棉籽比例的增加,奶牛产奶量有提高趋势(P＞0.05),校正乳产量极显著提高(P＜0.01).全棉籽极显著地提高了奶牛的乳脂率(P＜0.01),对乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳非脂固形物率无显著影响(P＞0.05).全棉籽极显著降低了饱和脂肪酸( SFA)的含量(P＜0.01),不同程度地提高了乳中多不饱和脂肪酸( PUFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)的含量(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);短链脂肪酸和中链脂肪酸含量都显著降低(P＜0.05),长链脂肪酸含量有不同程度的提高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结果提示,饲粮中添加全棉籽可以提高奶牛产奶量,优化乳脂脂肪酸组成,改善乳脂品质,并以10％为泌乳早期奶牛最佳饲粮全棉籽比例.     

Depletion of the residues of colistin and amoxicillin in Turkeys following simultaneous subcutaneous administration

The tissue distribution and depletion of colistin and amoxicillin were studied in 84 turkeys dosed subcutaneously on 4 consecutive days with a formulation containing the two drugs at 0.2 ml/kg per day, corresponding to 50 000 IU of colistin sulphate/kg and 20 mg of amoxicillin trihydrate/kg. All the turkeys were killed 1–30 days after the final dose and samples of muscle, liver, kidney and cutaneous-subcutaneous tissues and of the injection site were taken for analysis for colistin and amoxicillin residues. The colistin concentrations in the liver (117.5±26.0 ng/g) and cutaneous-subcutaneous tissue (100.0±35.6 ng/g) were higher than those in kidney (92.0±34.4 ng/g) or muscle (67.5±16.9 ng/g) 1 day after the final dose. The concentration of this drug then increased for 9–14 days, followed by a slow decrease. The antibiotic was still present at low concentrations in the kidneys of all the treated birds and in the livers of two turkeys 30 days after the end of treatment. Amoxicillin concentrations were greatest in muscle (389.2±195.0 ng/g) and at the injection sites (440.3±213.9 ng/g) 1 day after treatment ceased, with a subsequent rapid decline. This drug was undetectable in the livers and kidneys by 10 days after dosing ceased.Abbreviations IU international units - i.v. intravenous     

热应激条件下日粮阴阳离子平衡对奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验在北京安定棚沨奶牛养殖场选取75头健康的泌乳中期（104.8±12 DIM）中国荷斯坦奶牛,根据胎次（2.0±0.2）、产奶量（26.52±0.33 kg）、体重相近的原则随机分为5组,分别以添加不同水平的阴阳离子平衡盐来调整日粮DCAB值,试验共设5个处理,分别为试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组和对照组,分别饲喂DCAB值为195.76、186.68、177.77、166.94、239.12 m Eq/kg DM的日粮。试验期为67 d,其中预试期7 d,正式试验期60 d。试验通过改变日粮DCAB值来研究在热应激条件下,不同DCAB值对奶牛生产性能的影响。试验结果表明,在热应激条件下,饲喂不同DCAB日粮对奶牛生产性能及乳品质产生了一定的影响,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组产奶量分别提高了1.6%和0.8%,然而试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的产奶量分别下降了2.2%和1.7%,但各试验组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;通过改变日粮DCAB值对乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖、总固形物及体细胞无显著影响。对牛奶中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐浓度的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。