Washington Update

Theresia LaVergne was the recipient of the 2006 Poultry Extension Special Recognition Award for her exceptional contributions to regional and national extension programs. A new responsibility for national program leaders is being named as co-liaison to one or more land-grant universities. Continuing responsibilities include: departmental review team leader; liaison to several multistate research committees; review of grant proposals, plans of work and accomplishment reports, and Hatch projects; and evaluate Current Research Information System reports. The National Extension Workshop has been possible only through the dedicated efforts of volunteers. The Future Trends in Animal Agriculture 2006 symposium was “Addressing International Trade Complexities of Animal Welfare.” The 2005 Triennial Poultry Extension Workshop was considered very successful, with the next workshop to be held in 2009. The National Poultry Waste Management Symposium coordinator for 2006 was Susan Watkins, University of Arkansas, with Casey Ritz (GA) the coordinator for 2008. The USDA grants, deadlines, and procedure can be found on the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service Web site (http://www.csrees.usda.gov). The Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service Plant and Animal Systems Unit now has yearly internal reviews of their various portfolios. Program accountability requires documentation by everyone. Michigan State University and Purdue University are providing leadership in several animal welfare educational areas, including assessment and distance education programs. Coordination of the Animal Welfare Assessment Contest will be at Michigan State University for the next few years. Tyson Foods has taken over sponsorship of the Poultry Science Association Support Personnel Award, beginning in 2006 with Karen Schwean-Lardner of the University of Saskatchewan as the 2006 recipient. Cooperation, networking, teamwork, and participation in multistate research committees are essential to the ability of extension personnel to continue to make meaningful contributions to the poultry system.     

Washington update

Jesse and Doris Lyons are the recipients of the 2008 Poultry Extension Special Recognition Award for their exceptional contributions to state, regional, and national extension programs. The National Poultry Extension Workshop continues to be possible only through the dedicated efforts of volunteers. In a welcome break from tradition, the workshop was moved from Sunday to Monday morning, which reduced personal conflicts related to Saturday travel and early Sunday meetings. The Future Trends in Animal Agriculture 2008 Symposium was “Complementary Relationships in Animal Agriculture.” The 2009 Quadrennial Poultry Extension Workshop will be held in Raleigh, North Carolina. The National Poultry Waste Management Symposium coordinator for 2008 is Casey Ritz, University of Georgia. The USDA grants, deadlines, and procedures can be found on the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service Internet site (http://www.csrees.usda.gov). The Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, Plant and Animal Systems has yearly internal reviews of its various portfolios that summarize the accomplishments and impacts of system personnel. Program accountability requires documentation by everyone. Now and in the future, cooperation, networking, teamwork, and participation in multistate research committees are essential to our ability to make meaningful contributions to the poultry system. Several universities now provide animal welfare education programs, including participation in assessment competitions and distance education. The Animal Welfare Assessment Contest will be coordinated by Michigan State University for the next few years. Tyson Foods sponsors the Poultry Science Association Support Personnel Award, and Felicity Dennis of the University of Alberta was the 2008 recipient.     

Washington Update

Opportunities and change continue to occur at an accelerating rate. The exotic Newcastle disease (END) crisis in the traditional commercial industry led to a related problem for game bird producers due to confusion in defining a game bird, which is also a commercial venture. Time spent planning rather than reacting to situations is often a luxury but must be moved to a higher priority. One example is the Triennial Extension Workshop, which is proposed to become a biennial event. We continue to develop and implement innovative programs based on relevance to animal agriculture and societal requirements. As a team, we have achieved an excellent synergy and impressive results through our cooperation and networking. A special award is provided to an extension person each year to ensure contributions are recognized that might otherwise be overlooked. The Texture Technologies Corporation Support Personnel Award is new this year and recognizes the essential contributions of farm, laboratory, and other personnel. Also, the American Poultry Historical Society (APHS) continues to recognize career contributions to the poultry system through the Hall of Fame. As always, anyone wishing to be part of program planning and development is welcome. If you are not called, take the initiative and volunteer.     

A亚型禽白血病的遗传抗性位点与肉鸡重要经济性状的关联分析

为了研究A亚型禽白血病病毒遗传抗性与重要经济性状的关联性,本试验组建了肉鸡F_2代资源群体,在788只健康鸡中筛选了tva基因的抗性位点,分别测量记录每只鸡6、8、10、12周龄体重、屠宰体重、胸肌重、腿肌重等重要经济性状指标,并与tva基因位点进行关联分析。研究发现,在该试验群体中存在3个突变型tva^r3、tva^r5和tva^r6,命名为tva^mut502-516。通过关联分析发现,tva^mut502-516位点在屠体性状方面,只与腹脂重(AFW)和腹脂率(AFR)呈显著相关(P<0.05),与生长、饲料转化率及其他屠宰性状的相关性均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。研究结果表明,A亚型禽白血病病毒的抗性遗传突变可以显著降低肉鸡的腹脂重(AFW)和腹脂率(AFR),并且对肉鸡的生长、饲料转化率等其他重要经济性状没有产生不良的影响,因此,该抗性位点可以兼顾抗性和生长发育,可应用于A亚型禽白血病抗病育种。     

肠黏膜自然杀伤细胞的免疫功能及其调控

自然杀伤(NK)细胞是肠黏膜免疫屏障的重要组分。本文从NK细胞的发育学特征、分子表型切入,分析了其在维护肠道屏障完整性中发挥的功能,以及肠道微生物对其免疫功能的调节作用,旨在为疾病预防和肠道健康的营养调控提供理论依据。     

尿苷酸的营养代谢与生理功能研究进展

在猪乳的5种核苷酸(尿苷酸、胞苷酸、肌苷酸、鸟苷酸以及腺苷酸)中,尿苷酸的含量最为丰富,占乳汁中总核苷酸的90%以上。与母猪乳汁相比,仔猪教槽料中尿苷酸最为缺乏,这种现象在仔猪断奶早期尤其明显,因此,尿苷酸可能对仔猪正常的生长发育起着重要的作用。尿苷酸作为一种基础的嘧啶核苷酸类化合物,具有非常重要的生理功能。本文从尿苷酸的结构、吸收代谢、生理功能、与三大营养物质代谢关系及在动物生产中的潜在应用等方面予以综述,旨在为单核苷酸在动物生产中的添加和单核苷酸营养提供参考。     

丝兰提取物生理功能及其在养殖生产上的应用

丝兰属是一类集观赏、食用、药用、饲料添加剂于一体的多功能植物。丝兰提取物的活性成分包含甾体皂苷、多酚类、多糖等物质,具有抗氧化、抗炎抑菌、抗肿瘤、免疫刺激活性、降糖、降低胆固醇、促进生长等多种功能。本文从丝兰提取物的主要活性成分、生理功能及其在养殖生产上的应用等方面进行阐述,深入探讨丝兰属植物在食用、药用及动物生产中可能的作用机制及潜在的应用价值。     

合生素替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道黏膜形态与免疫性能及结肠微生态的影响

本试验旨在研究合生素替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道黏膜形态、空肠黏膜免疫因子含量和结肠内容物微生物组成的影响。选取72头21日龄的健康杜×长×大三元杂阉公猪,按体重分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复4头仔猪。抗生素组饲喂添加抗生素的饲粮,试验组分别添加500(0.05%)、1 000 mg/kg(0.10%)的合生素替代抗生素。试验期为28 d,分为2个阶段(第1～14天和第15～28天)。结果表明:1)各组间不同阶段的平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、料重比(F/G)和腹泻频率均没有显著差异(P>0.05),但0.05%合生素组第1～14天的平均日增重与抗生素组相比有提高的趋势(P=0.07)。2) 0.05%、0.10%合生素组空肠绒毛高度显著高于抗生素组(P<0.05);十二指肠、空肠、回肠隐窝深度各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。3) 0.05%、0.10%合生素组空肠黏膜中白细胞介素-4 (IL-4)的含量显著高于抗生素组(P<0.05);空肠黏膜中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、干扰素-γ(INF-γ)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的含量各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)与抗生素组相比,0.05%合生素组结肠内容物中乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量显著增加(P<0.05),0.10%合生素组结肠内容物中双歧杆菌的数量显著增加(P<0.05);结肠内容物中总细菌和大肠杆菌的数量各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加合生素替代抗生素不会降低断奶仔猪的生长性能,还可控制腹泻,提高空肠绒毛高度和免疫性能,维持肠道微生态平衡,其适宜添加量为0.05%。     

猪LYRM1基因对脂肪沉积的影响研究

旨在探究LYRM 1对脂肪沉积的影响。本研究采用qRT-PCR法检测LYRM1基因在10月龄白洗猪不同组织中的表达水平;PCR扩增白洗猪LYRM1基因的CDS区,构建pEGFP-N3-LYRM1重组质粒,利用脂质体转染法转染pEGFP-N3-LYRM1重组质粒进入白洗猪皮下脂肪前体细胞,通过检测细胞培养基中三酰甘油浓度,利用血清饥饿法和MTT法检测细胞凋亡水平;qRT-PCR检测LYRM1、PPARγ、ATGL、FAS基因的mRNA表达水平。结果显示,LYRM1基因在白洗猪脂肪组织中表达量最高;成功转染pEGFP-N3-LYRM1重组质粒进入白洗猪皮下脂肪前体细胞,转染试验组培养基中三酰甘油浓度大于空白对照组,试验组与空白对照组的细胞凋亡速率一致,未见显著差异;试验组LYRM1、PPARγ、ATGL、FAS基因的mRNA表达量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。综上表明,LYRM1基因超表达可提高三酰甘油的浓度,促进脂肪沉积,提高脂肪沉积相关基因mRNA的表达水平,间接提高脂肪沉积水平。因此认为,LYRM1基因可作为探究影响脂肪沉积的候选基因,为研究脂肪沉积机制提供理论基础。     

黑水虻幼虫粉对育肥猪营养物质消化率、血清生化指标和氨基酸组成的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加黑水虻幼虫粉对育肥猪营养物质消化率、血清生化指标和氨基酸组成的影响。选取72头初始体重相近且健康的“杜×长×大”三元杂交母猪,随机分成3组,按照等能等氮的原则,在饲粮中分别添加0(对照组)、4%和8%的黑水虻幼虫粉,每组8个重复,每个重复3头猪,进行为期46d的试验(其中预试期4d)。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉显著提高了有机物的消化率(P<0.05),而添加8%黑水虻幼虫粉显著降低了粗蛋白质的消化率(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉显著增加血清中总蛋白、白蛋白和葡萄糖的含量(P<0.05),但显著减少了血清中尿素氮的含量(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉显著增加了血清中缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和总必需氨基酸的含量(P<0.05)。由此可见,本试验条件下,在饲粮中添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉,可调控机体与氮代谢和糖代谢相关的血清生化指标,促进机体对营养物质的消化吸收,改善机体氨基酸平衡,说明黑水虻幼虫粉可作为新型优质蛋白质原料应用于育肥猪饲粮中。     

柑橘提取物对黄羽肉鸡器官指数、屠宰性能、肉品质和肌肉抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究柑橘提取物对黄羽肉鸡器官指数、屠宰性能、肉品质和肌肉抗氧化指标的影响。选取540只28日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡,随机分为3组(每组6个重复,每个重复30只)。对照组饲喂不含抗生素的基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加10 mg/kg柑橘提取物和10 mg/kg杆菌肽锌的饲粮。试验期35 d,试验结束后,每个重复选2只鸡进行屠宰取样。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,柑橘提取物组肉鸡脾脏指数和肝脏指数分别提高了56.25%和21.15%(P<0.05);与抗生素组相比,柑橘提取物组脾脏指数提高了56.25%(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,柑橘提取物组肉鸡腿肌率和胸肌率分别提高了16.40%和21.18%(P<0.05),抗生素组肉鸡胸肌率提高了19.48%(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,柑橘提取物组肉鸡屠宰后45 min胸肌肉色的红度(a*)值提高了11.21%(P<0.05),亮度(L*)值和黄度(b*)值分别降低了3.87%和18.95%(P<0.05),抗生素组肉鸡屠宰后45 min胸肌肉色的b*值降低了16.77%(P<0.05);与抗生素组相比,柑橘提取物组肉鸡屠宰后45 min胸肌肉色的L*值降低了3.74%(P<0.05)。4)与对照组和抗生素组相比,柑橘提取物组肉鸡肌肉中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性分别提高了15.57%和32.03%(P<0.01)。由此可见,柑橘提取物具有提高肉鸡器官指数和屠宰性能、改善肉品质和提高肌肉抗氧化能力的作用,且其改善效果优于杆菌肽锌。     

脂肪酸移位酶CD36/SR-B2及其介导的长链脂肪酸跨膜转运

长链脂肪酸是维持机体正常代谢的重要营养素,其吸收、转运和代谢对动物的健康、生长和生产具有重要意义。近年来,研究发现一些脂肪酸转运蛋白介导长链脂肪酸的跨膜转运。脂肪酸移位酶CD36/SR-B2是一种整合膜蛋白,能特异性介导脂肪酸在多种细胞中的跨膜转运。本文对CD36/SR-B2的由来、亚细胞定位、功能调控及其介导的长链脂肪酸跨膜转运进行概述,探讨其对脂质代谢的调控机制。     

有机锌对哺乳动物先天性免疫的调控机制研究进展

锌作为动物机体一种不可缺少的微量元素,在加强机体免疫方面起着重要作用。基于微量元素锌对动物机体免疫功能的调节作用机理研究的日益深入,文中通过阐述有机锌作用、功效以及在哺乳动物生产中的应用,探究有机锌单独添加对哺乳动物先天性免疫的影响,旨在探究锌对动物机体先天性免疫的调控机制。     

家禽饲料原料有效能和氨基酸消化率评定体系及影响因素

饲料是家禽所需能量和蛋白质的物质基础,饲粮中碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪在体内经生物氧化供能,而家禽所需的蛋白质实际上是饲料中的各种氨基酸。准确测定家禽饲料原料有效能和可利用氨基酸是确定家禽营养需要量及优化饲粮配方的关键。在家禽营养研究中,科学合理的评定体系及方法对准确测定饲料原料有效能和可利用氨基酸至关重要。然而,家禽饲料原料营养价值评定受诸多因素影响,如动物因素、评定体系及方法、饲料及原料因素、饲料加工工艺和饲料添加剂等。为此,本文就家禽饲料原料有效能和氨基酸消化率评定体系及影响因素进行综述,且就近3年来本课题组开展的有关肉仔鸡饲料原料营养价值评价工作进行了介绍。     

无抗发酵饲粮对猪小肠黏膜形态和杯状细胞的影响

本试验旨在研究无抗发酵饲粮对猪小肠黏膜形态和杯状细胞的影响。试验选取遗传背景相似的初生健康乳猪120头,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组6个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组饲喂含抗生素的基础饲粮,试验组饲喂以10%发酵饲粮代替部分无抗生素基础饲粮的试验饲粮,营养和能量水平调到与对照组相当。结果表明:1)试验组和对照组在小肠黏膜形态上有一定的差异。2)在44日龄时,试验组空肠绒毛高度比对照组提高7.19%(P<0.05)。在44和75日龄时,试验组回肠绒毛高度显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。3)对照组十二指肠、空肠、回肠隐窝深度均高于试验组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。4)在44日龄时,试验组回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)比对照组提高17.18%(P<0.01)。5)在44日龄时,对照组十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜上皮间杯状细胞数量极显著高于试验组(P<0.01)。在75日龄时,对照组十二指肠黏膜上皮间杯状细胞数量极显著高于试验组(P<0.01)。综上所述,无抗发酵饲粮能改善小肠黏膜形态,增大吸收面积,从而促进小肠对营养物质的吸收。     

茶多酚的生物学特性及其在畜牧生产中的应用

茶作为一种具有保健功能的天然饮品,在我国有着悠久的历史,被称为"茶文化"。茶多酚是一类从茶叶中提取的多酚类化合物的总称,具有抗氧化、抑菌、抗癌、防止遗传物质损伤等诸多优势,常做为抗氧化剂添加入饲料中,广泛应用于畜禽生产实践中。本文对于茶多酚的理化性质、生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的实际应用效果进行了综述,目的在于评价茶多酚在畜禽养殖中的效果,并为其进一步应用提供理论基础。     

过瘤胃葡萄糖对围产期奶牛空肠微生物群落和黏膜代谢及免疫相关基因表达的影响

本试验旨在探究过瘤胃葡萄糖对围产期奶牛空肠微生物群落和黏膜代谢及免疫相关基因表达的影响。选择10头围产期荷斯坦奶牛[4~5岁、体重(515±42)kg]随机分为2组,每组5头。对照组和过瘤胃葡萄糖组奶牛饲喂相同的基础饲粮,同时对照组每头每日给予90 g过瘤胃脂肪,过瘤胃葡萄糖组每头每日给予200 g过瘤胃葡萄糖。预试期14 d(产前第21天到产前第8天),正试期21d(产前第7天到产后第14天)。正式期结束后,将所有奶牛(10头)屠宰并取空肠食糜样品,测定其中挥发性脂肪酸的含量和微生物群落;同时取空肠黏膜样品,进行代谢及免疫相关基因表达分析。结果显示:与对照组相比,添加过瘤胃葡萄糖有降低空肠食糜中总挥发性脂肪酸含量的趋势(P=0.094)。与对照组相比,添加过瘤胃葡萄糖有上调空肠黏膜中葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)表达量的趋势(P=0.063),有下调Toll样受体4(TLR4)(P=0.063)、白细胞介素-17A(IL 17A)(P=0.063)和白细胞介素-26(IL 26)(P=0.063)表达量的趋势,同时显著性地上调了丙酮酸羧化酶(PC)(P=0.016)、闭合蛋白(occludin)(P=0.016)和胰岛素生长因子结合蛋白5(IGFBP5)(P=0.032)的表达量,显著性地下调了白细胞介素-22(IL 22)(P=0.016)、基质金属蛋白酶1(MMP1)(P=0.016)和基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9)(P=0.032)的表达量。此外,与对照组相比,添加过瘤胃葡萄糖显著性地增加了空肠食糜中梭菌属ⅪⅤ子集的数量(P=0.036)。由此可见,围产期奶牛饲粮中添加过瘤胃葡萄糖可以改善葡萄糖在机体的代谢以及提高免疫力,同时促进免疫相关有益菌梭菌属ⅪⅤ子集的定植,从而缓解围产期能量负平衡导致的不良影响。     

Endemic disease control and regulation in Australia 1901-2010

At Federation in 1901, Australia retained separate State veterinary services responsible for the control of endemic animal diseases. By 2010 the Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments and the livestock industries had coordinated a structure with supporting activities and shared finances that provides Australia's veterinary services and its livestock industries with preparedness and control programs for nominated exotic and endemic animal diseases. Animal Health Australia operates as the coordinating body for these programs. Since 1901, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, bovine brucellosis and bovine tuberculosis have been eradicated, providing considerable industry benefits. While the entry of exotic diseases has been restricted, tick fevers, tick infestation, bluetongue infection, avirulent and velogenic Newcastle disease, Hendra virus, lyssavirus infection and Menagle virus infection have arisen from either hosts within Australia or from insect incursion from neighbouring countries. The control of endemic livestock diseases has been accompanied by the development of veterinary laboratory services by the Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments. The Australian Animal Health Laboratory operating since 1985 in Geelong has ensured Australia remains at the forefront of technological advances in veterinary diagnostic techniques. From the 1970s animal welfare has become an important component of national initiatives that remain focussed on satisfying community and international expectations.     

Non-commercial poultry industries: surveys of backyard and gamefowl breeder flocks in the United States

The National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) Poultry '04 study was conducted to better describe non-commercial United States poultry populations, in particular, backyard and gamefowl breeder flocks. To estimate the density of backyard flocks in close proximity to commercial operations, a sample of 350 commercial poultry operations in 18 top poultry producing states was selected from the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) list of poultry operations. A 1 mile radius circle was drawn around each operation, and door-to-door canvassing was conducted within these circles to enumerate premises with all species of birds. Premises with backyard poultry flocks completed a questionnaire focusing on bird health, bird movement, and biosecurity practices. A similar questionnaire, provided in both English and Spanish, was mailed to all members of State affiliates of the United Gamefowl Breeders Association (UGBA) as well as to members of State associations not affiliated with UGBA. An average of 29.4 residences was found within a 1 mile radius of commercial operations, of which 1.9 residences per circle had backyard poultry flocks. Gamefowl breeder flocks were larger, used more health care and biosecurity practices, and moved birds more frequently compared to backyard flocks.     

Student perceptions of an animal-welfare and ethics course taught early in the veterinary curriculum

Animal welfare and veterinary ethics are two subjects that have been acknowledged as necessary for inclusion in the veterinary curriculum. In fact, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Council on Education has mandated that veterinary ethics be taught to all students in US veterinary colleges. Animal welfare was recently included in the US veterinarian's oath, and AVMA established a committee to create a model curriculum on the subject. At US veterinary colleges, the number of animal-welfare courses has more than doubled from five in 2004 to more than 10 in 2011. How and what is taught with regard to these two subjects may be as important as whether they are taught at all, and a variety of approaches and varying amounts and types of content are currently being offered on them. At Michigan State University's College of Veterinary Medicine, students were introduced to animal welfare and veterinary ethics during their first semester in a mandatory two-credit course. To assess their perception of the course, students completed an online evaluation at the end of the semester. Most students found the course to be challenging and effective and felt that they improved their ability to identify and discuss ethical dilemmas.