霸王、沙木蓼和银水牛果在不同水分条件下的生理研究

简单分析了霸王、银水牛果和沙木蓼在不同土壤水分条件下,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)的变化规律;霸王、银水牛果和沙木蓼的最适于光合作用的土壤含水量分别为18.50%、17.62%和19.30%;最适于蒸腾作用的土壤含水量分别为15.08%、21.63%和19.21%。光饱和点分别为41.7 KLux、51.4 KLux和55.6 KLux。从而证明3树种为耐旱性树种,其中沙木蓼的抗旱性最高,且耐贫瘠,霸王居中,银水牛果最低。     

不同杨树品系光合作用的研究

对13个杨树品系1 a生苗木的净光合速率、蒸腾速率进行测试与分析,结果表明:不同品系的净光合速率差异较大,杂1号、杂2号、A5-13、A5-17的净光合速率较对照大青杨分别高出15.07%、17.15%、5.25%和11.52%。长势较好的6个品系和对照的净光合速率日变化明显,杂1号、杂2号、A5-17、自选1号和对照呈现"双峰"曲线,峰值出现在10:00时和14:00时;A5-13、辉南5号呈现"单峰"曲线,峰值出现在14:00时。6个品系蒸腾速率的日变化基本相同,在11:00~13:00时达到最大值,之后迅速下降;同对照比较,A5-13、A5-17、杂1号、杂2号为高光合、高蒸腾类型,辉南5号为高光合、低蒸腾类型,自选1号为低光合、匀速蒸腾类型。在光合有效辐射为0~800μmol.m-2.s-1范围内,6个品系的净光合速率随着光合有效辐射的增加而增强,基本呈正相关;在光合有效辐射为1 500μmol.m-2.s-1左右时,达到光饱和点。     

杨树无性系幼苗光合作用和PV水分参数对水分胁迫的响应

比较研究了不同水分条件下杨树2个无性系幼苗的生长、光合特性和多种水分参数等，探讨其对水分胁迫的适应机制。结果表明，水分胁迫下2个无性系幼苗的生长减慢．净光合速率降低，昭林杨6号受水分胁迫影响较小，欧美杨64号受水分胁迫影响较大。胁迫初期，2个无性系光合作用受气孔限制，胁迫后期及复水后的恢复期，光合作用受非气孔限制。胁迫时杨树呼吸速率降低，尤其是昭林杨6号，以保持碳平衡。胁迫时2个无性系的ψs^100、ψs^0、ROWC^0均降低，ψs^100与ψs^0差值增大，表明杨树可以通过渗透调节维持压力势，对水分胁迫作出适应性反应，与欧美杨64号相比昭林杨6号这种能力更强，表明其抗旱性强。     

8种园林树种光合作用特征与水分利用效率比较

以光合蒸腾测定系统测定了夏季生长期内 8种 2-3年生园林树种叶片气体交换特征参数的日变化。结果如下:(1)净光合速率 (Pn)、气孔导度 (gs)、蒸腾速率 (E)、水分利用效率 (WUE)日变化明显,且存在明显的种间差异。 (2)净光合速率日均值 (μmol·m-2 ·s-1)依次为鸡冠刺桐 (11.2) 水翁(9.7)、印度紫檀 (8.6)、柳叶垂榕 (8.5) 假苹婆 (6.3) 水瓜栗 (5.8)、南洋樱花 (5.6) 中国无忧树(3.4),前 4个树种固定CO2 的能力高于其它树种。 (3)蒸腾速率 (mmol·m-2 ·s-1)日均值分别是鸡冠刺桐 (3.4 0) 柳叶垂榕 (2.79) 水翁 (2.5 5) 假苹婆 (2.32)、水瓜栗 (2.32) 中国无忧树 (2.2 5)、印度紫檀 (2.2 5) 南洋樱花 (1.5 7),前 3个树种比其它树种消耗更多的水分。 (4)印度紫檀、水翁、南洋樱花和鸡冠刺桐具有较高的水分利用效率,分别是 3.97、3.73、3.6 8、3.4 8和 3.84 μmolCO2 ·mmol-1OH2O,而柳叶垂榕、假苹婆、水瓜栗、中国无忧树的水分利用效率相对较低,分别为 3.0 3、2.79、2.6 4和2.5 μmolCO2 ·mmol-1OH2O,表明消耗等量的水分前 4个树种比其它 4个树种能够固定更多数量的CO2,即能够更有效地利用土壤水分。这些信息有助于解释不同树种在生长速度、生物生     

不同种源文冠果叶片光合特性及光响应特征分析

为了解不同种源文冠果光合生理特性,本研究利用LI-6400XT光合仪开展了不同种源文冠果苗期的光合特征研究.结果显示:种源内蒙古准格尔旗(NEZZ)、内蒙古敖汉旗(NCAG)叶片光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化呈单峰曲线,种源山西孟县(SYYX)、山东安丘县(SWAQ)叶片Pn和Tr及种源陕西靖边县(SYJY)...     

长白山地区5种阔叶树苗木的光响应研究

采用LI-6400便携式光合仪对水曲柳和紫椴、怀槐、五角枫、蒙古栎5种阔叶树的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)的光响应规律进行研究.结果表明:水曲柳和怀槐既具有较高的光能利用率又具有较高的水分利用率的光强范围是460～600 μmol/(m2·s).五角枫、紫椴和蒙古栎既具有较高的光能利用率又具有较高的水分利用率的光强范围是900μmol/(m2·s)左右.     

紫荆叶片夏季水分利用效率的日变化

紫荆叶片净光合速率日进程曲线为“双峰”形，光合效率午间明显降低，主要由非气孔限制引起。蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化为“单峰”形，午间最高。水分利用效率早晚较高、午间较低。净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率与一些环境因子的相关性都达到0．01显著水平。利用多元逐步回归方法分别得到了净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率与环境因子的最优方程。     

土壤水分对金银花叶片气体交换参数及水分利用效率的影响

利用C IRAS-2型便携式光合作用仪,测定了不同土壤水分条件下3年生金银花叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及水分利用效率(WUE)等生理参数的光响应过程,阐明其气体交换参数及水分利用效率对土壤水分和光合有效辐射的响应规律,探讨了金银花正常生长发育所需的土壤水分和光照条件。结果表明:金银花叶片的Pn、Tr及WUE对土壤水分和光合有效辐射的变化具有明显的阈值响应;金银花叶片正常生长(同时具有较高Pn和WUE)的适宜土壤质量含水量(Wm)为121~206 g.kg-1,适宜的光合有效辐射为600~1 600μmol.m-2.s-1;Wm为172g.kg-1左右为"最佳高产高效水",最佳光合有效辐射为800~1 000μmol.m-2.s-1。以光合生理参数为指标对金银花土壤水分有效性及生产力进行分级与评价,确定Wm在62 g.kg-1以下为"无效水";Wm在234 g.kg-1以上和62~90 g.kg-1阈值内属于"低产低效水";在121~145 g.kg-1阈值内为"中产中效水";在172~206 g.kg-1阈值内为"高产高效水"。     

不同土壤水分条件下保水剂对杨树水分利用效率的影响

比较了不同保水剂使用量下土壤有效贮水量,设置3种土壤水分条件(田间持水量的70%、55%和40%)研究了保水剂对杨树水分利用特征的影响。结果表明,随着保水剂用量的增大,土壤有效贮水量增加;随干旱程度增加,叶片水势和生物量降低。三种土壤水分条件下,随着保水剂用量的增加,灌水量显著减少;同一保水剂用量情况下,中度土壤干旱条件下水分利用效率最大;随着保水剂用量的增加,各干旱条件下水分利用效率相应上升。     

干旱地区植物水分利用效率研究进展

干旱地区造林成活率低一直是困扰国内外林业界的一个难题,其中影响成活率低的关键因素之一是植物对土壤水分的利用效率。对国内外植物水分利用效率(WUE)的一些早期研究工作,及其水分利用效率的概念与内涵的发展给予了追踪,进而重点就提高植物水分利用效率的途径及技术方法、植物水分利用效率研究方法的发展和改进以及今后水分利用效率的研究趋势进行了阐述与展望。     

Photosynthesis responses to various soil moisture in leaves of Wisteria sinensis

A study was conducted to determine the fitting soil moisture for the normal growth of two-year-old W. sinensis （Sims） Sweets by using gas exchange technique. Remarkable threshold values of net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, transpiration rate （Tr） and water use efficiency （WUE） were observed in the W. sinensis leaves treated by various soil moisture and photosynthetic available radiation （PAR）. The fitting soil moisture for maintaining a high level of Pn and WUE was in range of 15.3%-26.5% of volumetric water content （VWC）, of which the optimal VWC was 23.3%. Under the condition of fitting soil moisture, the light saturation point of leaves occurred at above 800μmol.m^2.s^-1, whereas under the condition of water deficiency （VWC, 11.9% and 8.2%） or oversaturation （VWC, 26.5%）, the light saturation point was below 400μmol.m^-1.s^-1. Moreover, the light response curves suggested that a special point of PAR occurred with the increase in PAR. This special point was considered as the turning point that indicated the functional transition from stomatal limitation to non-stomatal limitation. The turning point was about 600, 1000, 1000 and 400 μmol.m^-2.s^-1, respectively, at VWC of 28.4%, 15.3%, 11.9% and 8.2%. In conclusion, W. sinensis had higher adaptive ability to water stress by regulating itself physiological function.     

紫藤扦插繁殖技术试验

以紫藤为试材,设置梯度浓度为0、500、1000、1500、2000mg/L萘乙酸(NAA)处理液,探究不同浓度速蘸处理对紫藤嫩枝扦插生根率的影响。结果显示:NAA处理液浓度为1000mg/L时紫藤插穗生根效果最好,生根率高达90%。将生根的扦插苗再移植到大田进行炼苗,可大幅度提高苗木成活率。     

危害紫藤的新害虫——紫藤阿西克象甲

2018年4月,在紫藤Wisteria sinensis树上发现一种钻蛀性害虫,经专家鉴定为紫藤阿西克象甲Acicnemis palliata Pascoe(Coleoptera:Curculionidae),其幼虫在寄主树干内取食危害,严重影响紫藤健康生长,威胁到紫藤的种植、栽培和景观效应.文献记载该虫在中国、日本、...     

茶条槭山梨山桃苗木对土壤水分胁迫的适应性

在温室内用盆栽法栽植了1年生茶条槭、山梨和山桃苗木,并采用4种土壤水分处理,土壤相对含水量分别为75.0%、61.1%、46.4%和35.4%。结果表明:随土壤含水量降低,3树种苗木净光合速率,蒸腾速率和气孔导度均下降,土壤含水量最低时,茶条槭苗木各生理指标降低幅度最大,山梨和山桃次之。茶条槭和山梨水分利用效率随土壤含水量的减少呈降低趋势,山桃水分利用效率呈升高趋势。水分胁迫下,3树种苗木根分配生物量显著增加。茶条槭在水分胁迫下,根冠比增加幅度最大,山梨次之,山桃最小。此外,茶条槭叶形态可塑性强,随土壤含水量降低,茶条槭单叶叶面积和总叶面积显著减小,叶厚度增加。山梨和山桃在水分胁迫下单叶叶面积及总叶面积无显著变化。综合3树种苗木在水分胁迫下的生理和形态指标及生物量分配的变化,茶条槭对水分胁迫的适应能力强于山桃和山梨。表3参31。     

Photosynthesis,growth and yield of soybean and maize in a tree-based agroforestry intercropping system on the Loess Plateau

Agroforestry is the most effective way to restore the disturbed lands on the Loess Plateau and to develop the poor local economy. In order to maximize the potential benefits of tree-based intercropping systems, photosynthesis, growth and yield of soybean and corn were studied by measuring photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), plant water deficit and soil moisture in a 4-year-old plantation of walnut (Juglans regia L.) and plum (Prunus salicina) grown at a spacing of 5 m × 3 m on the Loess Plateau. The effects of tree competition significantly reduced PAR, net assimilation (NA), growth and yield of individual soybean or corn plants growing nearer (1 m near tree row) to tree rows. NA was highly correlated with growth and yield of the both crops. These correlations were higher for corn than soybeans, with corn, rather than soybeans being more adversely impacted by tree shading. Plum, rather than walnut had the greatest competitive effect on PAR and NA. Daily plant water deficits were non-significantly and poorly correlated with NA and growth and yield of the both crops. However, soil moisture (20 cm depth) was significantly correlated with biomass and yield of both crops. Possible remediation strategies are discussed to reduce tree competitive interactions on agricultural crops.     

Gas exchange responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">C. africana</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. robusta</Emphasis> to varying soil moisture content in semi-arid (Thika) Kenya

A dramatic decline in forest cover in eastern Africa along with a growing population means that timber and poles for building and fuelwood are in short supply. To overcome this shortage, the region is increasingly turning to eucalyptus. But eucalyptus raises environmental concerns of its own. Fears that it will deplete water supply, affect wildlife and reduce associated crop yields have caused many countries in the region to discourage farmers from planting this exotic. This paper is part of a series of investigations on the growth and water use efficiency of faster growing eucalyptus hybrids, which was introduced from South Africa to Kenya. The hypothesis is that the new hybrids are more efficient in using water and more suitable for the semi-arid tropics than existing eucalyptus and two popular agroforestry species. Gas exchange characteristics of juvenile Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill ex Maiden), two eucalyptus hybrids (E. grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.), Grevillea robusta (A. Cunn) and Cordia africana (Lam) was studied under field and pot conditions using an infrared gas analyzer was used to measure photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (g _s) and transpiration rate (E) at CO₂ concentrations of 360 μmol mol⁻¹ and ambient humidity and temperature. A, E and g _s varied between species, being highest in eucalyptus hybrid GC 15 (24.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to eucalyptus hybrid GC 584 (21.0 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), E. grandis (19.2 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), C. africana (17.7 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and G. robusta (11.1 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). C. africana exhibited high E values (7.0 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) at optimal soil moisture contents than G. robusta (3.9 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and eucalyptus (5.3 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) in field experiment and G. robusta (3.2 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and eucalyptus (4.2 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) in pot-grown trees. At very low soil moisture content, extremely small g _s values were recorded in GC 15 and E. grandis (8 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and G. robusta (14 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) compared to GC 584 (46.9 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and C. africana (90.0 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) indicating strong stomatal control by the species. Instantaneous water use efficiency ranged between 3 and 5 μmol mmol⁻¹ and generally decreased with decline in soil moisture in pot-grown trees but increased with declining soil moisture in field-grown trees.     

土壤干旱胁迫对黄栌叶片光合性能的影响

为探索土壤干旱胁迫和光照强度对黄栌光合作用性能的影响规律,应用CIRAS-2型便携式光合作用系统,测定4种土壤水分（对照、轻度、中度和重度胁迫）处理下,3年生黄栌（Cotinuscoggygria var．cinerea）苗木叶片光合作用的光响应过程。结果表明：1）土壤干旱胁迫对黄栌叶片的光合性能参数具有明显影响,随着土壤水分胁迫的加剧,黄栌叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率、光量子效率明显降低,光补偿点增高,叶片水分利用效率在轻度水分胁迫（土壤相对含水量60-65％）下的水平最高;2）黄栌叶片光合作用对强光胁迫的适应性较强,在较大幅度的强光（有效辐射强度1000-1800μmol·m^-1·s^-1）范围内,均能获得较高的光合速率和水分利用效率;3）黄栌光舍作用对弱光的光能吸收、转换和利用效率（光合量子效率）较低,并随土壤水分胁迫加剧而明显下降。     

Responses of the seedlings of five dominant tree species in Changbai Mountain to soil water stress

Soil water stress was studied on the potted seedlings of five dominant tree species (Pinus koraienes Sieb.et Zucc.,Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Juglans mandshurica Maxim, Tilia amurensis Rupr. and Quercus mongolica Fisch.ex Turcz) from the broadleaved/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain. Leaf growth, water transpiration and photosynthesis were compared for each species under three soil moisture conditions: 85%-100% (high water, CK), 65%-85% (Medium water, MW) and 45%-65% (low water, LW) of 37.4% water-holding capacity in field. The results showed that the characteristic of typical drought-resistance of the leaves is significantly developed. The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of Fraxinus mandshurica were higher in MW than those in CK. But for the other four species, the net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency in CK were lower than those in MW and LW. The transpiration rate responding to soil moistures varied from species to soecies.