Topdressing nitrogen recommendation for early rice with an active sensor in south China

Fertilizing based on soil test and crop nitrogen (N) demand is the key to optimize yields and minimize fertilizer cost. In 2008, a field experiment with different N rates was conducted with early rice near Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province, in southern China. Canopy normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with an active sensor and plant N uptake (PNU) were collected at key fertilization stages; and the sufficiency index (SI) was calculated as the ratio of under-fertilized and well-fertilized NDVI. Rice PNU and yield were positively correlated with NDVI and SI at the tillering and panicle initiation stages. Canopy SI improved the PNU and yield estimations when the relationship was validated with a different dataset. A spectrally-determined N topdressing model (SDNT) was established and used in combination with a target yield strategy and split-fertilization scheme. An allocation coefficient for plant N requirement to accommodate the potential for high yield and soil N supply was introduced. Optimum nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) at different growth stages was incorporated into the model. The model was validated with data from a 2009 plot experiment and three production fields in 2010. The difference of recommended N rate and yield between SDNT and the current yield curve recommendation method was 2.1 and ?0.7 % at high planting density and ?2.4 and ?4.8 % at low planting density, respectively. Compared with farmers’ N management, the SDNT strategy resulted in similar or higher yield with reduced N rates, higher NUE and higher net profit in both 2009 and 2010. Because canopy NDVI can be obtained while sidedressing N fertilizer in a single field pass, the potential of SDNT to accommodate within-field spatial and temporal variability in N availability should improve N management in rice.     

Method for Precision Nitrogen Management in Spring Wheat: I Fundamental Relationships

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields in the semi-arid Northern Great Plains are spatially variable in soil N fertility and crop productivity. Consequently, there is interest in applying variable, rather than uniform rates of fertilizer N across the landscape. Intensive soil sampling as a basis for variable-rate fertilizer management is too costly when compared to the value of wheat in this region. The objective of this research was to determine relationships between yield and protein, and protein and available N as needed to develop a cost-effective variable-rate N fertilizer strategy for spring wheat. A three-year study (1996–1998) was carried out at a site near Havre, Montana, USA (48°30N, 109°22W). Treatments consisted of three water regimes, four cultivars, and five fertilizer N levels per water regime in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Scatter diagrams of relative yield vs. grain protein were consistent with earlier investigators, and indicated protein concentrations at harvest provided a method for indexing N nutrition adequacy (deficiency vs. sufficiency) in wheat. A critical protein concentration of 13.2% was defined using a graphical Cate-Nelson analysis. This value appeared to be consistent across the three water regimes and four cultivars as 159 (88%) of the 180 water×cultivar×N level episodes were in positive quadrants. No correlation could be found between relative yield and protein for episodes below the critical level (r²=0.1). Hence, grain protein concentrations could not be used to predict the magnitude of yield losses from N deficiency. Grain protein content would be useful for prescribing fertilizer recommendations where N deficiency (<13.2% protein) reduces grain yield under semi-arid conditions. Inverse slopes (dy/dx) of the protein-available N curves reveal that it takes 12–18 kg N/ha to change protein 1% (e.g., 12% vs. 13%) where wheat is under water stress during grain fill. The total N requirement could then be computed by summing the N required for raising protein and the N removed by the crop in the year when the grain was harvested.     

小麦-玉米轮作下土壤-作物系统对氮肥的缓冲能力

 通过田间试验研究了小麦－玉米轮作条件下兼顾产量时土壤对施用氮肥的承受能力。应用线性－平台模型拟合作物产量和施氮量的关系,用平台－线性模型拟合土壤硝态氮和施氮量的关系,并且引入了土壤－作物缓冲力的概念来表示土壤对施用氮肥的承受力。试验结果表明,在适量施用氮肥（１５０～１８０ ｋｇ Ｎ／ｈａ）的情况下,施氮处理和对照之间土壤剖面无机氮没有明显差异,当施氮量较高时,在作物整个生育期间土壤剖面都存在高量无机氮。不同种植方式和土壤条件下,土壤－作物系统缓冲力存在较大差异。种植小麦时土壤缓冲力大于种植玉米时,壤质土壤对施用氮肥的缓冲力大于砂质土壤。     

Evaluation of mid-season sensor based nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for winter wheat using different estimates of yield potential

Optical sensors, coupled with mathematical algorithms, have proven effective at determining more accurate mid-season nitrogen (N) fertilizer recommendations in winter wheat. One parameter required in making these recommendations is in-season grain yield potential at the time of sensing. Four algorithms, with different methods for determining grain yield potential, were evaluated for effectiveness to predict final grain yield and the agronomic optimum N rate (AONR) at 34 site-years. The current N fertilizer optimization algorithm (CNFOA) outperformed the other three algorithms at predicting yield potential with no added N and yield potential with added N (R² = 0.46 and 0.25, respectively). However, no differences were observed in the amount of variability accounted for among all four algorithms in regards to predicting the AONR. Differences were observed in that the CNFOA and proposed N fertilizer optimization algorithm (PNFOA), under predicted the AONR at approximately 75 % of the site-years; whereas, the generalized algorithm (GA) and modified generalized algorithm (MGA) recommended N rates under the AONR at about 50 % of the site-years. The PNFOA was able to determine N rate recommendations within 20 kg N ha^?1 of the AONR for half of the site-years; whereas, the other three algorithms were only able recommend within 20 kg N ha^?1 of the AONR for about 40 % of the site-years. Lastly, all four algorithms reported more accurate N rate recommendations compared to non-sensor based methodologies and can more precisely account for the year to year variability in grain yields due to environment.     

Evidence of dependence between crop vigor and yield

A recent paper in Precision Agriculture concluded that algorithms to calculate in-season fertilizer nitrogen (N) recommendations need to include yield and fertilizer response considerations because grain yield and yield response index are independent of each other. The authors used maximum and zero N yields from selected long-term wheat and maize studies to support their conclusion. Yields from plots receiving intermediate N rates in the maize study indicated a probable dependence between grain yield and yield response index, which is contrary to the authors’ conclusions. Data from a more recent, long-term irrigated maize study on a similar soil type were used to illustrate that grain yield and yield response index are definitely dependent on each other and further that the in-season sensor-based sufficiency index is highly correlated with relative yield. The implication is that a yield component, as such, does not necessarily need to be included in development of an in-season N recommendation algorithm.     

畜禽有机肥氮在冬小麦季对化肥氮的相对替代当量

【目的】不同类型畜禽有机肥氮素在组分和有效性方面存在明显差异，以化肥氮为参考标准，明晰不同畜禽有机肥氮素相对化肥氮的有效性，可为有机肥合理施用及有机无机科学配施提供理论依据。【方法】选取腐熟风干基猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪及化肥为材料，施氮（N）量均设置6个水平（0、40、80、120、160、200 mg·kg-1干土），采用田间土柱栽培试验，分析不同肥料处理对冬小麦产量和氮素吸收量的影响，利用作物吸氮量或产量与化肥施氮量之间的响应关系，研究估算3种畜禽有机肥氮素对化肥氮的相对替代当量。【结果】（1）化肥处理和有机肥处理的小麦籽粒和地上部生物量均随施氮水平的提高而增加。在40—120 mg·kg-1干土施氮水平下，化肥和猪粪处理对籽粒和生物产量的提升幅度高于鸡粪和牛粪；在160—200mg·kg-1干土施氮水平下，化肥、猪粪和鸡粪的籽粒产量无显著差异，但均显著高于牛粪处理。（2）等氮条件下，化肥处理对小麦籽粒/地上部氮吸收量的提升幅度高于有机肥处理；3种有机肥相比，小麦地上部氮吸收量由大到小的顺序为猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪；有机肥处理的氮素回收率随施氮水平增加呈先升高后降低趋势，而化肥处理呈逐渐降低的...     

小麦施钼效果与土壤氮、钼水平的关系研究

取湖北省几个主要麦产区土壤盆栽，研究小麦施钼效果与土壤Ｎ、Ｍｏ水平的关系。结果表明：小麦施钼效果与施Ｎ水平和土壤钼值密切相关，而与土壤有效钼含量相关不显著。在高Ｎ水平下施钼小麦增产显著；低Ｎ下施钼增产不稳定。用钼值指导小麦施钼明显优于传统的有效钼法。由此提出施Ｎ水平和土壤钼值是小麦施钼的两个重要有效条件。     

秸秆还田与水分管理对双季水稻氮素吸收及氮肥?利用率的影响

秸秆还田是促进农田养分循环的重要方式,也对提升农田地力有较好效果。以南方典型双季稻田为研究对象,设置三个秸秆还田水平和两种水分管理方式的两因子田间定位试验,于定位试验开展后的第5年通过测定早稻和晚稻季稻田土壤无机氮、微生物生物量氮动态、植株吸氮量动态以及收获期主要土壤肥力因子、水稻产量和植株各部分氮素累积量,分析秸秆还田与水分管理制度下水稻氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的特征及其影响因素。结果表明:秸秆还田提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量以及土壤p H,长期淹水较之间歇灌溉降低了土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量。在氮肥用量一致条件下,早稻季秸秆还田降低了分蘖期土壤氮素有效性,导致水稻生育期内氮素吸收量显著下降,且显著降低水稻籽粒产量及氮肥利用率;氮肥利用率较对照下降2.0~7.6个百分点,且随秸秆还田量的增加而降低。晚稻季秸秆还田提高了生育期内土壤氮素有效性,显著提高了水稻生育期内氮素吸收量,增加水稻产量且显著提高氮肥利用率;氮肥利用率较对照提高8.6~13个百分点,且随秸秆还田量的增加而增加。研究表明,间歇灌溉和长期淹水灌溉两种水分管理方式对水稻氮素吸收、籽粒产量及氮肥利用率的影响差异不显著。早稻季秸秆还田配合长期淹水灌溉将加剧水稻产量和氮肥利用率下降。双季稻稻田实行间歇灌溉下的早稻季秸秆不还田、晚稻季秸秆全量还田(6 t/hm2)有利于获得较高水稻产量和氮肥利用率。     

两种氮水平下施钼对小麦产量和生长发育的影响

取湖北省几个代表性地区土壤，在两种氮水平下进行小麦施钼试验，结果表明：小麦施用钼肥加快生长速度，增加有效分蘖，使生育期提高，成熟提早，并表现显著增产效果。小麦施钼效果与施氮水平密切相关，在高氮下施钼，各供试土壤上小麦普遍增产。而在低氮下施钼，效果不稳定。     

高产小麦营养生理特性与高效施肥技术研究

1985-1987年在江苏省农科院和江宁县农科所进行的小麦营养特性和施肥技术的田间试验,系统地研究了不同供氮水平小麦的氮磷钾的吸收与利用、糖的形成以及对产量的影响。明确了高产小麦前期为高氮高糖期,返青为高氮低糖期,后期以碳代谢为主。并据土壤肥力、肥料利用、养分产量关系,提出了淮南丘陵地区小麦施肥推荐量计算程序中的参数、合理的肥料运筹原则和亏氮麦苗最为有效的补氮时期。     

施肥技术在中国粮食产量增加中的作用及应用前景

近年来, 我国粮食单产和总产虽然一直在增加,但单位肥料的粮食增产率却在急剧下降,农业生产中的单产水平远低于示范产量。为了探索提高单产水平的科学措施和方法,应用新的施肥理论研究结果,对我国1978年以来粮食单产的增加规律及其影响因素进行了研究分析,结果表明,我国粮食单产呈阶梯式阶段性增加规律,它是施肥量阶段增加推动下作物品种更新的结果。耐肥性和肥料利用效率是作物品种的基本特性,作物最高产量是作物品种特性在合理施肥条件下的表现形式。而要实现品种高产潜力水平下的持续增加,应采取的关键措施就是调整氮磷施用比例,增加肥料施用中磷肥的施用量,同时提高农作物种植密度。从长远来看,应把依靠新的施肥技术在不同土壤肥力水平上进行平衡施肥育种,作为我国实现持续增产的主攻方向。     

太湖地区水稻产量、根圈土壤矿质态氮及氮素径流损失对氮肥的响应

通过氮肥梯度小区试验,研究了施氮对水稻根圈土壤及土壤溶液矿质态氮、叶片SPAD值、氮素累积量、水稻产量和氮素径流损失的影响.结果表明:基肥显著增加了苗期水稻根圈土壤矿质态氮,追肥对水稻根圈土壤及土壤溶液矿质态氮含量影响较小;施氮对水稻顶三叶SPAD值影响较为显著,而不同氮肥梯度下SPAD值无显著差异.分蘖期后,施氮量和植株氮素累积量存在显著正相关关系;收获期秸秆氮累积随着施氮量的增加而增加,但籽粒氮累积受施氮量影响较小.施氮量的增加对水稻增产效果并不显著,却显著提高了总氮径流损失,降低了氮肥农学效率,综合考虑产量、农学效率和总氮径流损失,该地区施氮量需低于理论最高产量施氮量(243 kg·hm^-2);该季135 kg N·hm^-2施氮量处理产量虽有所下降(差异不显著),但其农学效率最高且总氮径流损失最低.针对污染严重区域,在保证产量的基础上采用低氮肥投入而极大限度地降低施氮对环境的潜在污染是可行的.     

Management Zones Classified With Respect to Drought and Waterlogging

Within-field variations in potential grain yield may be due to variations in plant available soil water. Different water holding capacities affect yield differently in different years depending on weather. By estimating plant-water availability in different weathers, scenarios could be created of how yield potential and thereby fertilizer demand may vary within fields. To test this, measured cereal grain yields from a dry, a wet and an intermediate year were compared with different soil moisture related variables in a Swedish arable field consisting of clayey and sandy areas. Soil water budget calculations based on weather data and maximum plant available water (PAW), estimated from soil type and rooting data, were used to assess drought. A reasonable correlation between estimated and measured soil moisture was achieved. In the dry year, drought days explained differences in yield between the clayey and the sandy soil, but yield was better explained directly by maximum PAW, elevation, clay content and soil electrical conductivity (SEC). Yield correlated significantly with SEC and elevation within the sandy soil in the dry year and within the clayey soil in the wet year, probably due to water and nitrogen limitation respectively. Dense SEC, elevation and yield data were therefore used to divide the field into management zones representing different risk levels for drought and waterlogging. These could be used as a decision support tool for site-specific N fertilization, since both drought and waterlogging affect N fertilization demand.     

Active remote sensing and grain yield in irrigated maize

Advances in agricultural technology have led to the development of active remote sensing equipment that can potentially optimize N fertilizer inputs. The objective of this study was to evaluate a hand-held active remote sensing instrument to estimate yield potential in irrigated maize. This study was done over two consecutive years on two irrigated maize fields in eastern Colorado. At the six- to eight-leaf crop growth stage, the GreenSeeker? active remote sensing unit was used to measure red and NIR reflectance of the crop canopy. Soil samples were taken before side-dressing from the plots at the time of sensing to determine nitrate concentration. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated from the reflectance data and then divided by the number of days from planting to sensing, where growing degrees were greater than zero. An NDVI-ratio was calculated as the ratio of the reflectance of an area of interest to that of an N-rich portion of the field. Regression analysis was used to model grain yield. Grain yields ranged from 5 to 24 Mg ha^?1. The coefficient of determination ranged from 0.10 to 0.76. The data for both fields in year 1 were modeled and cross-validated using data from both fields for year 2. The coefficient of determination of the best fitting model for year 1 was 0.54. The NDVI-ratio had a significant relationship with observed grain yield (r ² = 0.65). This study shows that the GreenSeeker? active sensor has the potential to estimate grain yield in irrigated maize; however, improvements need to be made.     

杂交水稻氮钾肥施用量的研究

通过设置氮钾肥不同施用量田间试验,观察对杂交水稻生育和产量的效应。结果表明:茎蘖数、叶面积和叶重随氮钾肥用量的提高而增加;群体生长率、茎鞘重、穗重、总干物重和稻谷产量,与氮钾肥用量呈显著水平的抛物线型关系。杂交水稻对氮肥较敏感,宜按最高产量目标推荐施氮量,按最佳经济收益推荐施钾量。在高产栽培条件下,每生产100 kg稻谷的适宜N、K2O用量分别是1.8 kg和1.6 kg。     

华北平原不同施氮量与施肥模式对作物产量与氮肥利用率的影响

合理施肥是保证作物高产、减少面源污染的重要措施,以华北平原为研究区域,基于7个长期施肥试验,探讨不同施氮量及施肥模式（不施肥CK、化肥NPK、有机肥M、有机无机配施NPKM）对作物产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,作物产量与施肥量之间整体呈抛物线趋势,作物产量最高值均出现在NPKM处理。不同施肥模式对作物产量有一定影响,NPKM与NPK处理小麦产量无显著差异,且显著高于M、CK处理;NPKM、NPK、M处理玉米产量无显著差异,均显著高于CK处理。氮肥利用率随着施氮量增加呈下降趋势,不同施肥模式对氮肥利用率有一定影响,小麦季NPKM与NPK处理氮肥利用率无显著差异,且高于M处理,玉米季NPKM、NPK、M处理之间氮肥利用率均无显著差异。综合分析施氮量与有机肥替代率两因素对小麦产量的影响,在华北平原,利用有机肥替代化肥潜力可观,且不会显著降低作物产量,甚至增产,但为避免显著减产,在考虑提高有机肥替代率时,需要满足总施氮量的需求。     

Net energy yield and carbon footprint of summer corn under different N fertilizer rates in the North China Plain

Excessive use of N fertilizer in intensive agriculture can increase crop yield and at the same time cause high carbon(C) emissions.This study was conducted to determine optimized N fertilizer application for high grain yield and lower C emissions in summer corn(Zea mays L.).A field experiment, including 0(N0), 75(N75), 150(N150), 225(N225), and 300(N300) kg N ha–1 treatments, was carried out during 2010–2012 in the North China Plain(NCP).The results showed that grain yield, input energy, greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions, and carbon footprint(CF) were all increased with the increase of N rate, except net energy yield(NEY).The treatment of N225 had the highest grain yield(10 364.7 kg ha–1) and NEY(6.8%), but the CF(0.25) was lower than that of N300, which indicates that a rate of 225 kg N ha–1 can be optimal for summer corn in NCP.Comparing GHG emision compontents, N fertilizer(0–51.1%) was the highest and followed by electricity for irrigation(19.73–49.35%).We conclude that optimazing N fertilizer application rate and reducing electricity for irrigation are the two key measures to increase crop yield, improve energy efficiency and decrease GHG emissions in corn production.     

间作促进作物磷吸收的氮素调控效应

为探讨通过氮素调控促进间作作物磷吸收利用的效果,阐明间作的氮磷交互作用机理。设置3种种植模式（玉米马铃薯间作、玉米单作和马铃薯单作）、4个施氮水平（N0：不施氮、N1：1/2常规量、N2：常规量、N3：3/2常规量）的田间小区定位试验,研究玉米马铃薯间作对作物磷吸收和利用的影响,并分析磷吸收对施氮量的响应。结果表明：施氮量显著影响间作产量,低氮（N1）水平间作产量优势最大。间作玉米和马铃薯的磷吸收量均随施氮量增加而降低,在N2水平达到最大。在低氮条件下,间作玉米磷吸收量较单作平均提高了42.03%,马铃薯提高了13.46%。随施氮量的增加,玉米马铃薯间作的单位面积磷吸收的优势呈先增加后下降的趋势,在N1水平优势最强。在N1水平中,与单作相比,间作玉米籽粒磷吸收量平均增加86.26%,间作马铃薯块茎磷吸收量平均增加14.28%。因此,在保证作物产量和提高氮磷肥利用率的前提下,合理施入氮肥能够促进间作作物对磷素的吸收与利用。     

小麦-玉米高产区肥料施用状况与养分平衡研究

以兖州市为例,分析了1985年以来高产粮区的肥料施用和养分平衡状况。结果表明:1985- 1993年兖州市的化肥施用量呈逐年递增趋势,1993年以后化肥施用量基本趋于稳定。小麦单产从 1985到1997年稳定增加,1997年以后有下降趋势;玉米单产从1985-1994年稳定增加,1995年以 后变化很大。粮食总产和单产在1985-1994年稳定增加,1995以后波动比较大。化肥用量与粮食总 产和单产之间显著相关。施肥现状调查表明,小麦上化肥N、P2O5、K2O平均用量分别是289．3 kg/hm2、 212．1 kg/hm2、112．7 kg/hm2。分别占粮食作物肥料总投入量的22．6％、16．6％和8．8％;玉米上化肥N、 P2O5、K2O平均用量分别为462．3 kg/hm2、143．0 kg/hm2、58．8 kg/hm2,分别占粮食作物肥料总投入量的 36．2％、11．2％和4．6％。