红米稻皖稻129与普通稻米营养成分比较分析

比较分析了红米品种皖稻129与普通稻米品种皖稻147糙米中矿质元素、粗蛋白、脂肪、碳水化合物和氨基酸等营养成分的含量差异。结果表明,皖稻129糙米中脂肪含量比普通稻米低,而碳水化合物、蛋白质、矿质元素的含量均高于普通稻米品种皖稻147,其中Se和Fe元素含量分别超过普通稻米1.75倍和3.75倍;10种必需氨基酸含量超过普通稻米31.58%¹14.29%,总含量比普通稻米高58.31%,其中赖氨酸和苏氨酸含量分别是普通稻米的2.14倍和2.11倍。     

上海软米品种品质性状分析与评价

以上海近年推广种植的8个软米品种为试验材料,对稻米品质进行了相关性分析和主成分分析.结果 表明,8个软米品种均未达到部颁优质稻米标准,主要是因为透明度、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量3项指标未达到部颁优质米标准.各性状相关性分析复杂,整精米率与粒长呈极显著负相关,糙米率和碱消值呈显著负相关,胶稠度与蛋白质含量成显著负相关.主成分...     

基于主成分和聚类分析的湖南省水稻新品种稻米品质评价

在主成分和聚类分析的基础上,对2005-2006年湖南省新育成的14个水稻品种的稻米品质进行了综合评价。结果表明,14个水稻新品种可划分为稻米品质各不相同的4类。其中,稻米品质表现相对较好的第1类共包含7个品种。占总品种数的50．0％;垩白粒率和垩白度是湖南省水稻新品种稻米品质最主要的限制因子。     

辽宁省水稻品质性状分析

采取聚类分析和表型主成分分析法,对2004年辽宁省区试的27个水稻新品种的9个品质性状进行了分析,结果表明,垩白粒率和垩白度的品种间差异较大,是今后水稻品质育种的重点。在选出的7个影响稻米品质的主因子中,垩白、精米率、糙米率、胶稠度以及直链淀粉为影响水稻品种品质的主要因子,水稻品质育种首先应注意垩白和碾米品质的选择。     

辽宁省水稻品质性状分析

采取聚类分析和表型主成分分析法，对2004年辽宁省区试的27个水稻新品种的9个品质性状进行了分析，结果表明，垩白粒率和垩白度的品种间差异较大，是今后水稻品质育种的重点。在选出的7个影响稻米品质的主因子中，垩白、精米率、糙米率、胶稠度以及直链淀粉为影响水稻品种品质的主要因子，水稻品质育种首先应注意垩白和碾米品质的选择。     

不同产地紫米营养成分比较及其相关性分析

为评价不同品种紫米淀粉、脂肪、花青素、多酚、氨基酸和矿质元素间的差异,探究不同营养成分之间的关系,选取云南墨江（MJ）、湖南新化（HN）、贵州黎平（GZ）和陕西汉中（SX）4个产地的紫米,并与红米（R）、黑米（B）进行比较。结果显示,不同产地紫米成分含量存在差异,具有不同营养特征。HN紫米的淀粉含量最低（68.13%）,脂肪（2.38%）、矿质元素Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、P、Zn含量最高,其中Mn（80.37 mg/kg）、Na（10.75 mg/kg）元素显著高于其他产地;MJ和SX紫米花青素（533.03 mg/kg,412.54 mg/kg）、多酚（340.55 mg/100 g,387.91 mg/100 g）含量显著高于其他产地,而GZ紫米花青素（156.55 mg/kg）和多酚（239.23 mg/100 g）显著低于其他产地紫米。SX紫米氨基酸总量（74.37 g/kg）与必需氨基酸（total essential amino acids,ΣEAA,26.09 g/kg）含量最高,与其他紫米差异不显著。紫米成分间相关性分析显示,花青素与多酚呈极显著正相关（0.625）,二者分别与Ca呈显著负相关（-0.571,-0.549）。Asp、Gly与Fe、Ca呈显著正相关,大部分元素间呈显著正相关。不同有色稻米间,红米淀粉（74.73%）含量最高,花青素（9.05 mg/kg）、氨基酸总量（55.94 g/kg）、ΣEAA（19.78 g/kg）、Fe（6.51 mg/kg）、Mg（609.41 mg/kg）、P（1746.72 mg/kg）元素含量最低,与紫米和黑米差异显著（P<0.05）。黑米花青素（533.03 mg/kg）、多酚（453.53 mg/100 g）含量显著高于（P<0.05）其他有色稻;黑米和紫米氨基酸含量差异不显著（P>0.05）,但显著高于（P<0.05）红米。有色稻ΣEAA与非必需氨基酸总量（total non-essential amino acid,ΣNEA）比例在0.54左右。主成分分析将3种有色稻分为红米、紫黑米两组,前3个主成分可以解释总方差的91%。第一主成分（PC1）贡献率为67.5%,代表矿质元素,说明产地是有色稻米成分组成差异的主要原因。第二主成分（PC2）占总方差的18.2%,主要为总花青素含量、氨基酸等。     

三种不同颜色稻米的营养品质分析

对17个黑米品种、16个红米品种和30个白米品种进行了8种矿质元素、多酚以及直链淀粉含量的测定,结果发现,大量元素磷(P)的含量在有色稻米中的含量明显高于白米,其中在黑米中的含量最高;微量元素铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)的含量在有色大米中也明显高于白米。元素间的积累具有一定相关性,如钙(Ca)与钾(K),镁(Mg)与P,Fe与Mg、Ca、Cu、P,Mg与Mn、Ca,Mn与P都具有一定的相关性。有色米的多酚含量显著高于白米,且在红米中的含量最高。供试材料的直链淀粉含量都处于中低等水平,且白米和红米品种的平均直链淀粉含量均显著高于黑米。直链淀粉含量与多酚含量的相关性不显著。     

矿质元素对稻米品质影响研究进展

水稻是世界上重要的粮食作物,稻米品质是水稻遗传特性与生长环境、栽培技术互作的结果,矿质元素对稻米品质的形成具有重要作用。本文综述了不同矿质元素对稻米品质的影响,分别总结了大量元素、中量元素和微量元素对稻米品质的不同影响。受多种因素影响,同一矿质元素对稻米品质影响的研究结果不尽相同;矿质元素对稻米品质的影响存在品种间和不同稻米品质间差异,而且在稻米品质形成过程中,不同矿质元素起的作用及作用程度也不尽相同;矿质元素对稻米品质的影响具有多向性,且不同矿质元素间存在一定的互作关系,施用中很难兼顾到稻米品质的每一个指标。生产中应根据实际情况,因地制宜、适时适量、合理运筹,最大程度提高稻米的整体品质。     

不同诺丽种质外观性状与营养成分的分析及评价

以4份诺丽种质资源为试验材料,对果实的外观性状、主要营养成分和矿质元素等进行分析,并利用主成分分析法对参试诺丽种质的品质表现进行综合评价。结果表明:从外观性状看,yitc-N2果实最大,具有较好的商品价值;从营养品质分析可看出,诺丽果实中含有丰富的能量和水分,不同的诺丽种质能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物、总膳食纤维含量差异明显,能量、碳水化合物、总膳食纤维、灰分均以yitc-N3含量最高;诺丽中各种矿质元素含量由高至低依次为:KCaMgPNaFeMnZn,不同种质的矿质养分含量差异较大,除Fe、Na、Zn外,yitc-N3中其他几种矿质元素的含量均明显高于其他种质。主成分分析结果表明,yitc-N1、yitc-N2、yitc-N3和yitc-N4果实品质的综合评分分别为-0.86、-2.14、3.98和-1.03,说明yitc-N3的营养品质较好。     

水稻籽粒不同部位植酸含量及其与稻米品质的相关性

 选用13个不同类型的水稻品种,对其籽粒不同部位植酸含量品种间差异及与稻米主要品质性状间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,供试13个水稻品种米糠、糙米、颖壳、精米的植酸含量平均值分别为48.51、9.77、1.40和0.91 mg/g,而且不同水稻品种间籽粒不同部位的植酸含量存在极显著差异。在籽粒中,米糠中植酸积累最多,其次是精米,颖壳最少。米糠中植酸含量与糙米和颖壳中植酸含量呈极显著正相关。糙米和米糠中植酸含量与稻米蛋白质含量均呈显著的负相关,与千粒重均呈显著正相关。     

Characterizing the pigmented traditional rice cultivars grown in temperate regions of Kashmir (India) for free and bound phenolics compounds and in vitro antioxidant properties

The purpose of the research was to identify the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of seven different traditional pigmented whole rice cultivars grown in the temperate regions of Kashmir so as to study their relationship with in vitro antioxidant capacities. The completely pigmented rice cultivars were found to have higher phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin contents and exhibited higher antioxidant capacities than the light colored and sparely colored rice cultivars. A total of 40 compounds had been identified in the analyzed rice cultivars that were found to be distributed in 6 major categories with 6-phenolics, 6-flavonoids, 11-hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, 7-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, 3-anthocyanins and 7-flavonoid glucosides of different flavonoid compounds. Among the free and bound fractions for each cultivars the light and sparsely colored depicted higher content of phenolics and in vitro antioxidant properties in bound faction, while the completely pigmented cultivars showed higher antioxidant properties in free fractions. The anthocyanins quercetin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and pelargonidin-3-O-diglucoside had been identified by LC-MS existing in the free fractions of the analyzed rice cultivars whereas, the free fraction of acetone + H₂O possessed higher percentage of phenolic compounds as compared to methanolic extracts and bound fractions. The black colored cultivars possessed higher DPPH scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition.     

Total phenolics,flavonoids, antioxidant capacity in rice grain and their relations to grain color,size and weight

Total phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity from a wide collection of rice germplasm were measured, and their relations to grain color, grain size and 100-grain weight were investigated. Highly significant genotypic differences were observed in total phenolics, flavonoid contents and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ehylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical cation antioxidant capacity. They displayed an increasing order in the white rice, red rice and black rice, yet several white rice had higher phenolics and flavonoids contents than the red rice. Significant positive pair-wise correlations were found among the phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity, and the coefficient between the phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity was extremely high (r = 0.96). Among all rice accessions, the grain color parameters had negative correlations with the phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity (p < 0.001). The negative correlation between a* and antioxidant capacity, and the positive correlation between H° and antioxidant capacity were consistent within the respective white rice and red rice groups. Flavonoid contents had positive correlation with grain length and length to width ratio, and had negative correlation with the 100-grain weight among all rice accessions. It was also found that 100-grain weight still had negative correlations with phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity within the white rice genotypes. These relationships may serve as indexes to indirectly select breeding lines high in the phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity. Principal component analysis including the information for phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, grain color parameters, grain size and 100-grain weight extracted five principal components that explained 83.7% of the total variances. The results of this study may provide new opportunities for rice breeders and eventually commercial rice growers to promote the production of rice with enhanced nutritional quality.     

Identification and quantification of phenolic acids and anthocyanins as antioxidants in bran,embryo and endosperm of white,red and black rice kernels (Oryza sativa L.)

Whole rice grain comprising endosperm, embryo (or germ), and bran has potential beneficial health effects in addition to provision of nutrients. The distribution of phenolic acids and anthocyanins in endosperm, embryo, and bran of white, red, and black rice grains was investigated in this study. The total phenolic content (TPC) was highest in the bran, averaging 7.35 mg GAE/g and contributing 60%, 86% and 84% of phenolics in white, red and black rice. The average TPC of the embryo and endosperm were 2.79 and 0.11 mg GAE/g accounting for 17% and 23%, 4% and 10% and 7% and 9% in white, red and black rice, respectively. The antioxidant capacity determined using DPPH and ORAC displayed a trend similar to TPC. Free/conjugated phenolic acids in white, red and black rice bran accounted for 41%, 65% and 85% of total acids. Bound phenolic acids in rice bran accounted for 90% of total acids in whole grain. Cis-p-coumaric was detected in bound form in bran while cis-sinapic acid was detected in the free/conjugated form in embryo and bran. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside were identified mainly in black rice bran as the total anthocyanins. Cyanindin-3-O-rutinoside was also detected in black rice bran.     

Bioactivity and chemical components of Thai rice in five stages of grain development

Tracking changes in the bioactive compounds of white (ML-W), red (ML-R) and black (RB) rice during the 5 stages of grain development were studied. Total anthocyanin (TAC) was found only in RB (stages 3–5) and proanthocyanidin (TPAC) contents were only found in ML-R (stages 2–5). Considerable amounts of total phenolic contents (TPC) were found in stages 2–4 of ML-R, while total flavonoid contents (TFC) were most detected in stages 4–5 of RB. The DPPH activity of ML-W and ML-R decreased from stages 1–5. The highest FRAP activity was found in ML-R (stages 2–3) indicating that it is highly related to the bioactive compound content. Cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside were found in RB at stages 3–5. The cyanidin of RB in stages 4–5 was related to the amount of TAC. The proanthocyanidin compound catechin was first found and reported in stages 2–3 of ML-R. Principal component analysis indicated that antioxidant activity and the bioactive components were highly related. The data from this study suggests that ML-R at stage 2 and RB at stage 4 are the most suitable stages for harvesting to achieve the highest level of bioactive compounds, which have many health benefits.     

Phenolic compounds in raw and cooked rice (Oryza sativa L.) and their inhibitory effect on the activity of angiotensin I-converting enzyme

Whole rice has been widely studied due to the abundance of bioactive compounds in its pericarp. Some of the beneficial effects of these compounds on human health have been attributed to their antioxidant and other biological activities, such as enzyme inhibition. In this work, we evaluated the contents of total, soluble and insoluble phenolic compounds of 6 red and 10 non-pigmented genotypes of whole rice as well as their inhibitory effect on the activity of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). The effects of cooking on phenolics and their inhibitory activities were also investigated. Red genotypes showed high content of phenolics, mainly soluble compounds, at an average of 409.7 mg ferulic acid eq./100 g, whereas overall lower average levels (99.4 mg ferulic acid eq./100 g) at an approximate soluble/insoluble compound ratio of 1:1 were observed in non-pigmented rice. Pigmented rice displayed a greater inhibitory effect on ACE than non-pigmented rice. In fact, a significant correlation between the content of soluble phenolics and ACE inhibition was observed (r = 0.8985, p < 0.05). In addition to significantly reducing the levels of total phenolics and ACE inhibition, cooking altered the soluble/insoluble compound ratio, especially among red rice genotypes.     

Comparative metabolic profiling of pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars reveals primary metabolites are correlated with secondary metabolites

Gas-chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) was used to analyze the relationships between primary metabolites and phenolic acids in rice (Oryza sativa L.), including six black cultivars and one white cultivar. A total of 52 metabolites were identified, including 45 primary metabolites and seven phenolic acids from rice seeds. The metabolite profiles were subjected to data mining processes, including principal component analysis (PCA), Pearson's correlation analysis, and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). PCA could fully distinguish between these cultivars. HCA of these metabolites resulted in clusters derived from common or closely related biochemical pathways. There was a positive relationship between all phenolic and shikimic acids. Projection to latent structure using partial least squares (PLS) was applied to predict the total phenolic content based on primary metabolite profiles from rice grain. The predictive model showed good fit and predictability. The GC-TOFMS-based metabolic profiling approach could be used as an alternative method to predict food quality and identify metabolic links in complex biological systems.     

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Bioactive Components in Seaweeds and Advanced Glycation End-Products Inhibitory Activities Using Principal Component Analysis

This study comprehensively presents the relationship between the bioactive substance of 70% (v/v) aqueous ethanol extract of 38 species of seaweeds (SWEs), and anti-glycation activities. The contents of bioactive substance of SWEs, such as total phenolic, total flavonoid and condensed tannins, were determined through a colorimetric analysis. Among the tested species, Ecklonia bicyclis, Ishige foliacea, and Cladophora urightiana var. minor had the highest amount of total phenolic (255.75 mg GAE/g DW), total condensed tannins (63.36 mg CE/g DW), and total flavonoid content (85.26 mg CE/g DW), respectively. Anti-glycation properties of SWEs were evaluated through advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation, AGEs-collagen cross-link formation, and AGEs-collagen cross-link breaking assay. Brown algae species exhibited a more prominent inhibitory activity on AGEs formation and AGEs-collagen cross-links, and the breaking of AGEs-collagen cross-links compared to that exhibited by aminoguanidine and ALT-711 (positive controls). Using principal component analysis, we confirmed that the AGEs formation inhibitory property and AGEs-collagen cross-links breaking activity were closely correlated with total phenolic and the condensed tannin contents contained in SWEs. Therefore, the bioactive substances such as phenolics and condensed tannins in seaweeds can be used as predictive indices in selecting compounds for the development of a therapeutic agent that prevents diabetic complications related to the AGEs. In addition, our results suggest that brown algae species, which contains more bioactive substances than green and red algae species, can be utilized as a promising natural resource for the prevention and alleviation of AGEs-related diabetic complications as AGE inhibitor and cross-links breaker.

     

Bacterial Bioeffectors Modify Bioactive Profile and Increase Isoflavone Content in Soybean Sprouts (Glycine max var Osumi)

The effect of two bacterial strains to enhance bioactive contents (total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid compounds and isoflavones) and antioxidant activity on 3-day-old soybean sprouts were investigated. To identify bacterial determinants responsible for these effects, viable and UV-treated strains were delivered to wounded seeds at different concentration. Multivariate analysis performed with all the evaluated parameters indicated the different effectiveness of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia N5.18 and Pseudomonas fluorescens N21.4 based on different structural and metabolic determinants for each. N21.4 increased total phenolics and isoflavones from the genistein family, while N5.18 triggered biosynthesis of daidzein and genistein families coupled to a decrease in total phenolics, suggesting different molecular targets in the phenilpropanoid pathway. Only extracts from N5.18 treated seeds showed an improved antioxidant activity according to the β-carotene bleaching prevention method. In summary, bioeffectors from both bacterial strains are effective tools to improve soybean sprouts quality; structural elicitors from N5.18 also enhanced antioxidant activity, being the best alternative for further development of a biotechnological procedure.     

番石榴发育期生物活性物质研究

番石榴风味独特,营养丰富。本研究以‘珍珠’番石榴和‘水晶’番石榴为试材,研究番石榴果皮和果肉中 生物活性物质含量及其与抗氧化能力关系。结果表明：番石榴果皮和果肉中,‘珍珠’番石榴的总酚、类黄酮、酚酸、 单宁含量均高于‘水晶’番石榴;番石榴的果皮和果肉发育过程中总酚、类黄酮、酚酸、叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量均 呈下降趋势;番石榴果皮中生物活性物质含量高于果肉,且果皮抗氧化能力高于果肉;在生物活性物质与总抗氧化能 力的相关性方面,总酚含量相关性最高。本研究结果可为番石榴加工产品开发提供理论和实践基础。