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微生物降解农药的研究进展 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
在农药的微生物降解研究中,分离构建一种由天然微生物构成的复合系,将其应用于被污染的环境是消除农药污染的一个有效方法。本文综述了环境中降解农药的微生物种类、微生物降解农药的机理、在自然条件下影响微生物降解农药的因素及农药微生物降解研究方面的新技术和新方法。 相似文献
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美国登记注册的生物农药主要分为生物化学农药和微生物类农药,其中生物化学农药包括引诱剂、驱避剂、天然昆虫/植物生长调节剂及除草剂、信息素、其他生化农药等;微生物类农药包括细菌、真菌、病毒、酵母、原生动物、工程菌、转基因植物等。 相似文献
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4种常见农药对土壤微生物呼吸的影响及其危害性生评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在农药使用中,研究农药对土壤微生物呼吸作用强度的影响,已成为评价农药生态环境安全性的1个重要指标。目前.对大田和大棚蔬菜生产过程中农药污染的差别及农药对土壤微生物呼吸作用的影响尚不十分清楚。因此.本论文选取常见农药多茵灵、百茵清、吡虫啉、灭多威为受试农药,用密闭直接吸收法测定了农药对3种土壤(犬田土、大棚土和校园土)呼吸作用的影响:讨论了土壤条件的改变引起的土壤微生物呼吸作用强度的变化的关系:确定了农药的毒性等级和危害系数.为农药使用的环境安全性评价提供科学依据。 相似文献
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微生物农药在俄罗斯的应用进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
微生物农药因其副作用小、对环境兼容性好而日益成为全球农药发展的一种趋势和方向。本文以细菌杀虫剂、真菌杀虫剂、病毒杀虫剂、微生物除草剂、植物生长调节剂、农用抗生素作为微生物农药的代表,介绍了微生物农药的研究、应用现状及其在俄罗斯的研究进展,并对我国与俄罗斯在微生物农药领域的合作进行了展望。 相似文献
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微生物农药管理现状与展望 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
微生物农药,是指利用微生物或其代谢产物来防治危害农业的病、虫、草、鼠等有害生物以保护或促进植物生长的生防制剂。近几年来,由于化学农药的滥用,使得害虫抗药性、农药残留、环境污染等问题日益严峻,而作为化学农药替代品的微生物农药则发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文重点回顾了国内外微生物农药登记管理的发展历程,总结了各国微生物农药登记管理的资料要求,结合我国农业生产现状,分析了我国微生物农药登记管理的现状,为进一步完善我国微生物农药登记管理工作提出了建议。 相似文献
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本文总结了微生物农药的母药和常见剂型的定义、特性和登记现状,汇总了常用剂型产品质量控制的各项目和指标,分析了目前微生物农药剂型管理中存在的问题,并提出了建议,以推进微生物农药剂型科学管理和行业发展. 相似文献
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我国生物源农药门类齐全,涉及微生物农药、植物源农药、生物化学农药、天敌生物及农用抗生素等不同品种,目前已登记的有效成分115种,产品近3800个。本文总结了100多项国内已制定的生物源农药相关标准,涵盖产品质量、毒理学、药效评价、环境安全及农药残留等领域。我国生物源农药标准制定工作存在系统性不强、发展不均衡、基础性和通用型标准缺乏等问题,生物源农药的产品质量标准和登记管理配套的试验和评价准则是将来标准制定的重点和发展方向。 相似文献
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随着纳米技术的蓬勃发展,传统农药也被注入新的活力。静电纺丝是一种灵活高效、方便快捷的超细纤维加工及制造技术。近年来,这项技术基于静电纺丝微纳米纤维的功能化改性、药物缓控释、微量化合物吸附、清洁过滤等原理而被开发应用于农药领域。本文综述了静电纺丝技术在农药领域中的应用现状,集中论述了其在农药递送载体、农药残留分析与检测、农药污染治理方面的研究进展,并且针对该项技术在发展过程中遇到的问题和可能面临的挑战进行了讨论,同时提出了建议,旨在为静电纺丝技术在农药领域中的开发及应用提供参考。 相似文献
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Biobeds provide a potential solution to pesticide contamination of surface waters arising from the farmyard. Previous work has shown that biobeds can effectively treat spills and splashes of pesticide. This study investigated the potential for biobeds to treat much larger volumes and amounts of pesticide waste not only arising from spills but also from washing processes. Two systems were assessed using a range of pesticides at the semi-field scale, ie a lined biobed system and an unlined system. Studies using the lined biobeds demonstrated that water management was crucial, with biobeds needing to be covered to exclude rain-water. Once covered, the top of the biobed became hydrophobic, restricting moisture loss and resulting in saturated conditions at depth. The drying out of the top layer coincided with a measured decrease in microbial biomass in the treated biobeds. Applied pesticides were effectively retained within the 0-5 cm layer. Whilst all pesticides tested degraded, low moisture content and microbial activity meant degradation rates were low. Studies using unlined biobeds showed that only the most mobile pesticides leached, and for these > 99% was removed by the system, with a significant proportion degraded within 9 months. Peak concentrations of the two most mobile pesticides did however exceeded the limits that are likely to be required by regulatory bodies. However, it is thought that these limits could be reached by optimisation of the system. 相似文献
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A screening tool for vulnerability assessment of pesticide leaching to groundwater for the islands of Hawaii, USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper describes an updated version of a screening tool for groundwater vulnerability assessment to evaluate pesticide leaching to groundwater, based on a revised version of the attenuation factor. The tool has been implemented in a geographical information system (GIS) covering the major islands of the state of Hawaii, USA. The Hawaii Department of Agriculture currently uses the tool in their pesticide evaluation process as a first-tier screening tool. The basic soil properties and pesticide properties necessary to compute the index, and estimates of their uncertainty, are included in the GIS. Uncertainties in soil and pesticide properties are accounted for using first-order uncertainty analysis. Classifications of pesticides as 'likely', 'uncertain' or 'unlikely' to leach are made on the basis of the uncertainty and a comparison of the revised attenuation factor with values and uncertainties of two reference chemicals. The reference chemicals represent what are considered to be a 'leachable' and a 'non-leachable' pesticide under Hawaii conditions. It is concluded that the tool is suitable for screening new and already used pesticides for the islands of Hawaii. However, the tool is associated with uncertainties that are not accounted for, so a conservative approach with respect to interpretation of the results and selection of pesticide parameters used in the tool is recommended. 相似文献