根际微生物群落介导植物磷胁迫应答与免疫调控的整合机制

植物与土壤微生物的长期互作过程中,逐渐演化形成了植物-微生物相互适应的协同调控机制。植物种类和根系分泌物可以影响根际微生物的群落结构,而根际微生物群落反过来也可以影响植物对土壤环境中生物和非生物胁迫的响应。植物磷饥饿(耐低磷)响应机制和抗病(免疫)机制研究在农业生产上都具有十分重要的意义。近年来的研究表明,植物根际微生物可以介导植物对营养物质识别(饥饿响应)和病原防御系统(免疫)分子机制的整合调控。本文综述了本领域研究的最新进展,详细解析了植物体内磷胁迫调控与免疫调控两个重要网络在根际微生物群落影响下发生的整合调控,探讨了植物体内分子应答与根际生态的互作机制,对开展作物耐低磷及抗病机制的研究和应用都具有重要意义。     

根际生命共同体：协调资源、环境和粮食安全的学术思路与交叉创新

植物营养学研究近年来在植物养分高效分子机理、植物-微生物互作、根际互作与微生态调控、农田养分管理等研究领域取得了一系列原创性进展。然而,当前如何协调粮食安全、资源高效和环境可持续性仍面临巨大挑战。针对这一重大问题,本文提出"根际生命共同体(Rhizobiont)"学术思路,围绕"根际互作与养分高效"这一重大科学命题,构建"植物-根系-根际-菌丝际-土体及其微生物"根际生命共同体理论体系,突破植物-微生物、微生物-微生物关键界面互作机制,阐明根际生命共同体结构、功能及其在养分活化、吸收与利用中的作用机制,建立共同体多界面互作增效的生物学调控新途径,开辟植物-土壤-微生物交叉创新领域,根际生命共同体理论创新有助于破解粮食安全、资源高效、环境保护多目标协同的难题,支撑我国农业绿色发展。文章指出了根际生命共同体与养分高效研究的重点方向与内容,尤其是深入揭示和调控植物第二基因组——微生物组的作用正成为农业科学的研究前沿。     

从抑病土壤到根际免疫：概念提出与发展思考

作物土传病害已经成为集约化农业可持续发展中的瓶颈,在粮食安全、资源高效和生态健康多目标协同发展的指导思想下,系统的绿色防控理论和技术体系构建是破解该难题的重要前提。作为植物-土壤互作的热点区域,根际栖息着较土体土壤更丰富的微生物群落,是土传病原物入侵作物根系的必经之路。根际微生态系统中的植物、土壤、微生物组和病原物之间的交互作用必然影响着植物健康。笔者将根际微生态系统抵御土传病原物入侵的现象和能力,称之为"根际免疫"。本文重点梳理根际免疫概念形成的4个重要阶段:(1)抑病土壤概念的提出与发展;(2)抑病微生物筛选与作用机制;(3)抑病土壤核心微生物组及互作机制;(4)根际免疫概念的形成与发展思考。最后从关注根际微生态、注重学科交叉和系统揭示根际免疫机制三方面进行展望,以期为提升土壤-植物系统健康和实现农业可持续发展提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

植物根际沉积与土壤微生物关系研究进展

【目的】活跃的根际微生物被喻为植物的第二套基因组,在植物的生长发育过程中发挥着关键作用。植物通过根际碳沉积影响根际土壤微生物群落的结构和功能;作为根际微生态系统中的物质流、能量流和信息流,根际碳沉积是连接大气、植物和土壤系统物质循环的重要纽带;因此,理解根际碳沉积在根际微生态中的作用对于提高植物抗逆性,增加作物产量,调控根际养分循环等方面具有重大的理论意义。【主要进展】本文就近年来关于根际微生物领域的研究成果,重点综述了根际微生物多样性和组学研究;根际碳沉积的组成和产生机理;根际微生物群落结构的形成机制;根际微生物在促进作物养分吸收、提高作物抗逆性等方面的生态功能;以及气候变化和长期施肥对植物-微生物互作关系的影响。在此基础上我们提出了未来可能的研究重点和发展方向:1)植物根际沉积物原位收集方法和检测技术的改进和发展;2)稳定同位素探针与分子生态学技术的结合,将植物、土壤和微生物三者有机地联系起来,综合分析根际界面中微生物的活性与功能;3)高通量测序、组学技术和生物信息学等新技术的引入势必使根际微生物学研究发生革命性的变化;4)随着全球气候变化和土壤肥力改变,例如全球变暖、CO2浓度升高和长期施用化肥,根际沉积物在植物-土壤-微生物中的分配与调节机制,以及这种环境选择压力下植物如何诱导根际促生菌发挥更大作用。希望通过平衡作物与微生物之间的相互关系来实现作物的高产高效,促进农田的可持续利用。     

根系分泌物与土传病害的关系研究进展

根系分泌物是植物-土壤-病原微生物相互作用的桥梁,是决定病原菌-作物关系的关键生态因子,影响着土传病害的发生与发展.本文阐述了根系分泌物的定义、分类及产生机理;重点从根系分泌物的化感自毒效应,根系分泌物诱导根际微生物群落,根系分泌物影响病原菌丰度,根系分泌物影响根际土壤环境4个方面阐述了根系分泌物与土传病害的关系;并从...     

根际微生物对植物与土壤交互调控的研究进展

土壤中拥有非常丰富的微生物群落,这些微生物对植物与土壤之间的交互作用起到了非常重要的调节作用,尤其是根际微生物,其中一些重要的功能微生物作为主要的共生功能体参与到植物根系养分转化中。对根际与根际土壤微生物的形成及其与土壤环境、植物根系之间互作关系的最新研究进展进行了综述,这些研究成果均肯定了根际微生物群落和多样性是积极促进植物个体和维持生态系统功能的活跃因子,并展望了今后土壤微生物在多组学、植物功能性状和全球变化方面的研究前景。     

高投入蔬菜种植体系磷素高效利用的根际对话及效应研究进展

蔬菜种植体系是一种高投入体系,高量磷肥的投入会造成磷资源浪费和磷高积累带来的环境风险。通过根际调控增加磷有效性以及提高蔬菜对磷的吸收利用是菜地减磷增效行之有效的手段之一。基于该研究思路,综述了根际对话三大模块,植物-植物对话（蔬菜间套作根系互作）、植物-微生物对话（蔬菜根系与菌根真菌及根际促生菌互作）以及微生物-微生物对话（菜地解磷微生物与根际微生物互作）在促进蔬菜根系发育、活化土壤累积态磷从而增加蔬菜对磷的吸收利用方面的作用及其作用机制。同时阐述了人为调控不同模块,如利用解磷微生物菌肥提高蔬菜磷吸收利用,以及在缓解蔬菜连作障碍方面的应用效果及机理。最后探讨今后高投入体系根际对话的研究方向,旨在为推动高投入蔬菜种植体系磷肥管理的绿色和可持续发展提供理论依据。     

根际土壤磷的动态

养分的有铲性是由土壤物理、化学和生物学特性，特别是根系主导的根际动态所决定的的，根系引起根际ＰＨ值和Ｅｈ、根分泌物以及由此而引起微生物种群、数量和活性的改变，从根本上决定着根际养分的动态而根系的动态又受植物生长的调控。根际微生态系统直接影响到土壤养分向根系的转移和被根系的吸收利用。因此，研究养分在根系－－土壤微环境中的动态是十分重要的。     

根际动态过程与植物营养

养分的有效性是由土壤物理、化学和生物学特性,特别是根系主导的根际动态过程所决定的。根系引起根际pH值和氧化还原电位、根分泌物以及由此引起微生物种群、数量和活性的改变,从根本上决定着根际养分的动态。而根系主导的根际动态又具有明显的基因型差异,并受植物营养状况的诱导和调控。因此,根际动态变化的方向和强度对植物适应土壤化学和物理逆境具有重要意义。本文从根际的一般概念入手,综述了近十余年来国内外根际动态研究的新成果,重点讨论了根际动态与植物营养的关系,并运用根际微生态系统的概念,把根际动态与植物对养分胁迫的适应性及其调控机理紧密联系起来,使根际动态和植物矿质营养基因型差异机理两个基础性研究热点融为一体,为解决重大的全球性环境、生态以及农业持续发展问题提供新的途径和理论依据。     

褪黑素调控根系生长和根际互作的机制研究进展

【目的】根系生长和根际互作是影响植物对土壤养分吸收的关键因子。根系在土壤中穿插生长,不断改变其形态可塑性,进而改变根系构型,扩大与土壤的接触面积以获取所需养分。同时根系的生理可塑性协同根系形态可塑性显著影响根际互作效应,为植物经济高效获取养分资源提供可能。探究褪黑素等内源生长调节因子对根系形态和生理可塑性的调控机制,揭示通过最大化根际效应强化根际互作的有效途径,对集约化作物体系提高养分利用效率,促进绿色增产增效,具有重要的理论与实践意义。主要进展褪黑素作为新型植物生长调节信号分子,在盐害、干旱和低温等非生物胁迫中具有增强植物抗逆性、改善植物生长等重要调节作用。褪黑素显著改变根系生长,对植物主根生长主要表现为抑制作用,对侧根及不定根的发育和生长具有浓度依赖性调节,从而深刻影响植物根系构型。褪黑素调控根系生长的机制尚不清楚,总结已有进展表明:一方面褪黑素调节光周期,影响光合产物的运输和糖信号,从而调控地下部碳分配和根系生长;另一方面,褪黑素还能与生长素等植物激素互作,参与激素对植物生长调控的信号通路,从而对植物的生长发育和新陈代谢产生影响。这些进展对深入揭示褪黑素调控根系生长发育的机制提供了重要依据。问题与展望根系的生长发育以及根系构型的改变显著影响根际过程和根际互作,褪黑素作为调控因子在不同养分环境条件下显著影响根系的形态可塑性。然而,褪黑素在根际过程和根际互作中的作用机制并不清楚,有关研究亟待加强。深入探究褪黑素参与根际互作的机制,理解褪黑素调控根系生长和根际过程的作用途径,可为集约化农业体系下精准调控作物根系生长,强化根际互作,提高养分利用效率提供科学依据。     

根系分泌物主要作用及解析技术进展

根系分泌物是植物保持根际微生态系统活力的关键因素，也是根际物质循环的重要组成部分，对根际土壤生态环境中的物质循环具有重要的驱动作用。根系分泌物可以刺激微生物生长，增强其活性，加速根际养分循环，增加土壤养分利用率，并在小规模空间引起温室气体通量的变化。此外，它也是植物参与竞争的重要策略，植物通过根分泌物以获取种间长期生存的养分，甚至分泌对自身有害的化感物质来排挤其他植物，实现自我生存，即使存在自毒作用或引起连作障碍等。植物的健康生长依赖于自身与土壤微生物复杂动态群落的相互作用，但是根际微生物群落结构和组成却又受植物物种、植物生长期、土壤性质、功能基因等因素影响，这些因素的动态变化可能导致根系分泌物的多样化，从而形成复杂多变的根系分泌物与植物的关系，进而影响植物的健康生长。目前，对植物根系分泌物的研究是土壤生态学、植物营养与代谢等领域的研究热点，且随着分析技术手段的快速发展，根系分泌物相关研究也逐渐深入，进一步揭示植物与微生物间的协同作用机理对农、林等行业生产具有重要的指导意义。     

化感植物根际生物学特性研究现状与展望

植物的根际是一个复杂的微生态系统,植物的根必须与入侵的邻近植物根及大量以有机物质为营养的细菌、真菌、土存害虫相互竞争空间、水分、矿质营养等。在土壤中,根与根际生物体的相互作用相当复杂且受到许多土壤因素的影响,地下根际生物体以根分泌物为媒介相互作用的机制比发生在地表的生物体的相互作用复杂的多。越来越多的试验表明,根分泌物在根与根、根与根际微生物间起着重要作用,并以其为媒介在植物与环境的相互作用中起着传递信息的作用。本文在简要综述前人研究的基础上,深入探讨了化感植物根际生物学问题及攻克途径,以期为深入研究植物化感作用提供依据。     

Manipulating the soil microbiome to increase soil health and plant fertility

A variety of soil factors are known to increase nutrient availability and plant productivity. The most influential might be the organisms comprising the soil microbial community of the rhizosphere, which is the soil surrounding the roots of plants where complex interactions occur between the roots, soil, and microorganisms. Root exudates act as substrates and signaling molecules for microbes creating a complex and interwoven relationship between plants and the microbiome. While individual microorganisms such as endophytes, symbionts, pathogens, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are increasingly featured in the literature, the larger community of soil microorganisms, or soil microbiome, may have more far-reaching effects. Each microorganism functions in coordination with the overall soil microbiome to influence plant health and crop productivity. Increasing evidence indicates that plants can shape the soil microbiome through the secretion of root exudates. The molecular communication fluctuates according to the plant development stage, proximity to neighboring species, management techniques, and many other factors. This review seeks to summarize the current knowledge on this topic.     

Biological nitrification inhibition by Brachiaria humidicola roots varies with soil type and inhibits nitrifying bacteria, but not other major soil microorganisms

The tropical pasture grass Brachiaria humidiola (Rendle) Schweick releases nitrification inhibitory compounds from its roots, a phenomenon termed 'biological nitrification inhibition' (BNI). We investigated the influence of root exudates of B. humidicola on nitrification, major soil microorganisms and plant growth promoting microorganisms using two contrasting soil types, Andosol and Cambisol. The addition of root exudates (containing BNI activity that is expressed in Allylthiourea unit (ATU) was standardized in a bioassay against a synthetic inhibitor of nitrification, allylthiourea, and their function in soil was compared to inhibition caused by the synthetic nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide. At 30 and 40 ATU g⁻¹soil, root exudates inhibited nitrification by 95% in fresh Cambisol after 60 days. Nitrification was also similarly inhibited in rhizosphere soils of Cambisol where B. humidicola was grown for 6 months. Root exudates did not inhibit other soil microorganisms, including gram-negative bacteria, total cultivable bacteria and fluorescent pseudomonads. Root exudates, when added to pure cultures of Nitrosomonas europaea , inhibited their growth, but did not inhibit the growth of several plant growth promoting microorganisms, Azospirillum lipoferum , Rhizobium leguminosarum and Azotobacter chroococcum. Our results indicate that the nitrification inhibitors released by B. humidicola roots inhibited nitrifying bacteria, but did not negatively affect other major soil microorganisms and the effectiveness of the inhibitory effect varied with soil type.     

Interaction of maize roots and rhizosphere microorganisms

The interaction between the roots of Zea mays L. and its rhizosphere microflora was studied in nutrient solution with respect to two exemplary aspects - water soluble vitamins and the four most frequent carbohydrates. The exudation of vitamins and sugars into the medium is increased in a solid substrate (glass-ballotini simulating soil structure) in comparison with nutrient solution only. The amounts of vitamins released (1 to 421 ng per plant) are high enough for a pronounced influence on the rhizosphere microflora to be expected. However, the microbial population feeding on the exudates has very simple nutritional demands. In spite of appreciable amounts of vitamins found in the inoculated nutrient solution, the growth of vitamin requiring species is not stimulated compared to the soil population. The roots are mostly inhabited by shorter rods and occasionally by actinomycete-like filaments. The percentage of the root area covered by its microflora, assuming a monolayer, is 4% in the root region where root hairs are just emerging, 7% in the root hair zone and 20% in the oldest part of the roots, 10 mm below the grain. In the presence of rhizosphere microorganisms, root dry weight is lower than that of axenically grown plants because the diameter of the primary root is diminished. In addition, the vitamin and sugar content of the root is affected by rhizosphere microorganisms. The results can be interpreted as an indication that phytohormones may participate in interactions between roots and bacteria.     

Physical,Chemical, and Biological Changes in the Rhizosphere and Nutrient Availability

The rhizosphere is the soil zone adjacent to plant roots which is physically, chemically, and biologically different from bulk or non-rhizosphere soil. Adaptative mechanisms of plants influence physical (temperature, water availability, and structure), chemical [pH, redox potential, nutrient concentration, root exudates, aluminum (Al) detoxification and allelopathy], and biological properties (microbial association) in the rhizosphere. These changes affect nutrient solubility, transport, and uptake and ultimately plant growth. Major rhizosphere changes are synthesized and their influence on nutrient availability is discussed. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in understanding the rhizosphere environment and nutrient availability. However, the subject matter is very complex and more research is needed to understand the interaction between the plant, the rhizosphere environment, and nutrient availability.     

等高反坡台阶整地对不同耕作系统根土微生态的影响

[目的] 为探究坡耕地等高反坡台阶整地对玉米连作和玉米—芸豆轮作系统根土微生态特征的影响。[方法] 以玉米—芸豆轮作为研究对象,玉米连作为对照,采用野外原位监测采样和室内试验分析相结合的方法,通过GC-MS和高通量测序技术分析作物根系分泌物和土壤微生物群落组成、结构特征,揭示坡耕地等高反坡台阶整地对玉米连作和玉米-芸豆轮作根系分泌物种类、含量和土壤微生物群落组成及多样性的影响。[结果] (1)根系分泌物相对含量变化在CRT措施上更为突出,在轮作模式中更为显著。(2) CRT2处理提高土壤微生物群落数量、丰富度和多样性效果更显著。(3)在根系分泌物与土壤微生物互作下,根系分泌物、土壤微生物、土壤环境因子的两两相关性在CRT2处理下更显著。[结论] 坡耕地等高反坡台阶整地通过改变玉米连作和玉米—芸豆轮作的根系分泌物含量,使作物根土微生态环境发生变化,提高土壤微生物数量、多样性及丰富度,且该措施与玉米—芸豆轮作结合的提升效果更佳,对根土微生态的改善作用更显著。研究结果为坡耕地作物种植、耕作方式选择及改善土壤微环境和水土流失综合治理提供理论基础。     

Soil sickness of peanuts is attributable to modifications in soil microbes induced by peanut root exudates rather than to direct allelopathy

The quantity and quality of peanut yields are seriously compromised by consecutive monoculture in the subtropical regions of China. Root exudates, which represent a growth regulator in peanut–soil feedback processes, play a principal role in soil sickness. The growth inhibition of a species in an in vitro bioassay enriched with root exudates and allelochemicals is commonly viewed as evidence of an allelopathic interaction. However, for some of these putative examples of allelopathy, the results have not been verified in more natural settings with plants continuously growing in soil. In this study, the phenolic acids in peanut root exudates, their retention characteristics in an Udic Ferrosol, and their effects on rhizosphere soil microbial communities and peanut seedling growth were studied. Phenolic acids from peanut root exudates were quickly metabolized by soil microorganisms and did not accumulate to high levels. The peanut root exudates selectively inhibited or stimulated certain communal bacterial and fungal species, with decreases in the relative abundance of the bacterial taxa Gelria glutamica, Mitsuaria chitosanitabida, and Burkholderia soli and the fungal taxa Mortierella sp. and Geminibasidium hirsutum and increases in the relative abundance of the bacterial taxon Desulfotomaculum ruminis and the fungal taxa Fusarium oxysporum, Bionectria ochroleuca and Phoma macrostoma. The experimental application of phenolic acids to non-sterile and sterile soil revealed that the poor performance of the peanut plants was attributed to changes in the soil microbial communities promoted by phenolic acids. These results suggest that pathogenic fungal accumulation at the expense of such beneficial microorganisms as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi induced by root exudates, rather than direct autotoxicity induced by root exudates, might represent the principal cause underlying the soil sickness associated with peanut plants. We hope that our study will motivate researchers to integrate the role of soil microbial communities in allelopathic research, such that their observed significance in soil sickness during continuous monocropping of fields can be further explored.     

浅析植物根分泌物与根际微生物的相互作用关系

综述了根分泌物与根际微生物、病原微生物的相互影响以及根际微生物作用几方面内容。根分泌物作用于周围环境产生根际效应,影响根际微生物的生态分布、种群组成,不同抗性品种根分泌物对病原微生物表现出促进或抑制的作用;而根际微生物又会对根分泌物起到修饰限制作用,通过各种途径改变根分泌物的数量、组成。根分泌物与根际微生物间的作用是相互的。此外,根际微生物在植物养分转化与吸收、病虫草害控制、物质循环等方面发挥着不可替代的作用。