艰苦创业,催人奋进的五十年——庆祝中国科学院南京土壤研究所建所五十周年

中国科学院南京土壤研究所于1953年成立,迄今已整整50周年。这50年是与我们共和国发展历史同步的50年,是艰苦创业,催人奋进的50年。50年来,随着我国社会主义经济建设事业的不断发展,在党和政府的关怀及中国科学院的领导下,我们所的事业有了很大的发展与推进,并在土壤学科建设及促进农业与国民经济建设发展上做出了应有的贡献。我本人作为建所时即进入土壤研究所并曾担任过所领导的一位老科技工作者,回顾土壤研究所的50年,心情激动,感慨万分;展望未来,更是信心培增,前途无限。 1 开创发展,不断推进 土壤研究所是在1930年原中央地质调查所…     

“中国土壤分类系统”读后

确定命名原则和术语的统一,首先是有关自然现象的系统和分类的学说的统一,是各个国家的学者们互相了解的最重要条件,所以“土壤学”杂志编辑部从中国科学院所得到的论文出版物对苏联土壤学家是有很大兴趣的。     

中国土壤学会第十一届全国会员代表大会暨第七届海峡两岸土壤肥料学术交流研讨会2008年9月24～27日在北京召开

土壤资源是人类的生存平台和粮食生产基地,其重要性不言而喻。我国人均耕地、林地、牧草地数量均远远低于世界人均数量,并且整体质量偏低、退化沙化现象较为严重,加之近年城市化的扩张,非农占用耕地大量增加,土壤资源与社会发展之间的矛盾日益突出。为加强我国土壤资源领域的交流,推动对土壤科学与社会可持续发展的学术研究,由中国土壤学会主办,中国农业大学资源与环境学院等9单位承办,于2008年9月24～27日在北京召开“中国土壤学会第十一届全国会员代表大会暨第七届海峡两岸土壤肥料学术交流研讨会”。     

中国土壤学会第十一届全国会员代表大会暨第七届海峡两岸土壤肥料学术交流研讨会

土壤资源是人类的生存平台和粮食生产基地,其重要性不言而喻。我国人均耕地、林地、牧草地数量均远远低于世界人均数量,并且整体质量偏低、退化沙化现象较为严重,加之近年来城市化的扩张,非农占用耕地大量增加,土壤资源与社会发展之间的矛盾日益突出。为加强我国土壤资源领域的交流,推动对土壤科学与社会可持续发展的学术研究,由中国土壤学会主办,中国农业大学资源与环境学院等九单位承办,于2008年9月24~27日在北京召开“中国土壤学会第十一届全国会员代表大会暨第七届海峡两岸土壤肥料学术交流研讨会”。大会主题:土壤科学与社会可持续发展主要议题:(一)围绕土壤科学与农业可持续发展、土壤科学与资源可持续利用和土壤科学     

中国土壤学会第十二届全国会员代表大会暨第九届海峡两岸土壤肥料学术交流研讨会通知

由中国土壤学会主办,四川省土壤肥料学会、重庆市土壤学会、四川省农业厅、四川农业大学、四川省农业科学院、中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所等单位承办,于2012年8月20日至8月23日在四川省成都市召开中国土壤学会第十二次全国会员代表大会,并同期召开"第九届海峡两岸土壤肥料学术交流研讨会"。     

利用开放获取资源提升高校图书馆在学术交流中的作用研究

开放获取时代的到来,使学术交流模式发生了巨大的变革,与之息息相关的高校图书馆应充分利用开放获取资源解决学术交流中的矛盾,促进学术交流,提升其在学术交流中的地位。     

和平发展：中国的信心与承诺——十六大以来我国和平发展道路理论探析

和平发展是中国共产党的一贯主张,是中国特色社会主义的题中应有之意。和平发展道路的内涵是：和平的发展、开放的发展、合作的发展;中国坚持走和平发展道路,是基于中国国情、基于中国历史文化传统、基于当今世界发展潮流的必然选择。和谐世界是持久和平、共同繁荣、丰富多彩、交流合作的世界。共建和谐世界,是中国和平发展道路的逻辑延伸。和谐世界既需要通过对话和合作来促进,也需要通过必要的斗争来争取。互利共赢,走和平发展道路,是实现和谐世界的现实途径。中国致力于同世界各国相互尊重、扩大共识、和谐相处,同世界各国深化合作、共同发展、互利共赢,实现共同繁荣。党的十六大以来,以胡锦涛为总书记的党中央对现行的国际体系作出新的评估和分析,提出始终不渝走和平发展道路,是党中央对共产主义国际关系理论的继承和发展,是马克思主义中国化的重要组成部分。     

佐恩教授关于土壤分类和研究方法的谈话

1957年3月底至四月初,苏联杰出的森林学家苏卡乔夫院士和著名土壤学家佐恩教授在云南省南部普文地区进行了考察工作。我们非常高兴得有跟随佐恩教授学习的机会,先后在普文龙山(拔海910米)季雨林剥蚀阶地上工作了四天,在大渡冈(海拔1320米)禾本科草本的山岭顶部工作一天,普文与大渡冈间的稀树乔木林地带(海拔1000米)工作一天,最后一天,佐恩教授在思茅作了关于定位试验的简短的报告。佐恩教授非常健谈,而且诲人不倦,在工作中我们请教了很多问题,他一一给了我们答复。他的谈话和报告,对于中国土壤科学工作者,特别是正在热带和亚热地区进行工作的土壤科学工作者具有很大的启发意义。这里把佐恩教授的谈话和报告作了整理,提供大家学习的参考。不过在通过翻译的过程中,以及整理者的水平低、体会不深,可能发生错误,这应由整理者负责。     

Discrimination between Japanese and Chinese Products using trace elements concentration of kernel in pickled Japanese apricot

pp. 875–880

The trace-element composition of kernel in pickled Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) was determined using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer in order to distinguish between Japanese products and Chinese products.

Strontium and barium concentrations in the kernels of Chinese products were 10 or more times those of the Japanese ones. When based on 8.0 mg kg^?1 of strontium concentration in kernel, 93.2% of sample was distinguished as Japanese products or Chinese ones.

Applying principal component analysis using 9 elements (Mn, Zn, Fe, Ni, Ba, Sr, Cu, Co, Cr), the pickled Japanese apricots tend to separate into two countries. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using 9 elements allowed a reasonable classification of pickled Japanese apricots according to the country of production.

The result of the analysis of K-nearest neighbors (KNN) was better than that of LDA.     

Airborne nitrogen load in Japanese and Chinese agroecosystems

The objective of this review is to make current knowledge on the nitrogen (N) load throughout the atmosphere (airborne N load) available to readers, with special emphasis on Japanese and Chinese agroecosystems. Key species of airborne N are ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, nitric acid, nitrous acid and particulate ammonium and nitrate. Organic N also exists in the atmosphere. The main processes in terms of the airborne N load involve emission, atmospheric transportation and transformation, atmospheric deposition and environmental impacts. Agricultural activities are the largest emitters of ammonia through emissions mainly from livestock waste and field-applied N fertilizers. The ammonia emissions in China in 1995 from chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers, such as animal excreta, were estimated to be 3.56 and 2.04 Tg N year⁻¹, respectively, and the emissions in Japan were 0.059 and 0.069 Tg N year⁻¹, respectively. The most fundamental causes of the airborne N load in relation to Japanese and Chinese agriculture were intensive livestock farming in Japan and over use of N fertilizers in China. However, agroecosystems are also a sink for airborne N. Atmospheric N deposition was up to 20 and 60 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in Japan and China, respectively. The unrelenting load of airborne N continues in Japan and China. The development of a simple, but accurate method to determine the dry deposition flux that is applicable to simultaneous and multipoint observations would be valuable. The establishment of cross relationships among in situ observations, remote sensing and numerical modeling is also needed to cope with the issue by assessing the actual status, predicting the future status and working out effective measures.     

中国—前苏联土壤科学交流的使者——柯夫达——纪念B.A.柯夫达诞生100周年

文章从柯夫达协助中国科学院制定长远规划、主持黑龙江流域自然资源综合考察和促进两国土壤科学交流三方面叙述了他在中国的科学活动。中国土壤学家不会忘记这位对土壤学作出杰出贡献的学者     

A Primer on Agricultural Communications for Student,Librarians and Researchers

ABSTRACT

Libraries have often played a major role in preserving our agricultural heritage. Many special libraries have helped to assemble the agricultural literature, much of which is in formats traditionally difficult to collect and maintain, particularly those of agricultural significance. This paper presents a brief overview of the changing nature of agricultural communications and how units within special libraries, such as the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Agricultural Communications Documentation Center (ACDC), play an important role in the creation, dissemination, and archiving of this vital information. Other specialized collections and services, such as the materials of The National Association of Farm Broadcasters (NAFB) and the Agriculture Network Information Center (AgNIC) will also be discussed.     

中国和日本农业活动对流域氮素收支的影响

To analyze the effect of agricultural activity on nitrogen(N) budget at the watershed scale,a comparative study was conducted at two Japanese watersheds,the Shibetsu River watershed(SRW) and Upper-Naka River watershed(UNRW),and one Chinese watershed,the Jurong Reservoir watershed(JRW).The total area and the proportion of agricultural area(in parentheses) of the watersheds were 685(51%),1 299(21%),and 46 km 2(55%) for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The main agricultural land use in SRW was forage grassland,while paddy fields occupied the highest proportion of cropland in UNRW(11% of total area) and JRW(31% of total area).The farmland surplus N was 61,48,and 205 kg N ha 1 year 1 for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The total input and output for the whole watershed were 89 and 76,83 and 61,and 353 and 176 kg N ha 1 year 1 for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The proportion of discharged N to net anthropogenic N input was 31%,37%,and 1.7% for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The two watersheds in Japan showed similar proportions of discharged N to those of previous reports,while the watershed in China(JRW) showed a totally different characteristic compared to previous studies.The high N input in JRW did not increase the amount of discharged N at the outlet of the watershed due to high proportions of paddy fields and water bodies,which was an underestimated N sink at the landscape scale.     

施肥对中日水稻品系土壤养分及食味品质的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究不同施肥方法对5种水稻品系土壤养分与稻米食味品质的影响。结果表明:日本优质水稻栽培的施肥方法(日本施肥)比常规施肥产量低,5个品系以ZR13产量最低,ZR63最高。与日本施肥相比,常规施肥显著提高了5个水稻品系土壤NH4+-N含量,降低了土壤速效磷含量;从食味品质指标的变化看,日本施肥比常规施肥蛋白质和淀粉含量低,具有较高的食味值。从不同品系看,ZR63的产量和蛋白质、直链淀粉含量均最高,但食味值最低。日本施肥下,ZR13的食味值比ZR63高17.2%;常规施肥下,ZR51的食味值比ZR63高56.1%。综合产量和食味品质,ZR32、ZR51是比较理想的品系,ZR6、ZR13食味值高,但产量低,ZR63产量高,食味品质差。     

Characteristic Differences in the Chemical Composition of Spheroidal Carbonaceous Particles in Japanese and Chinese Cities

Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) are produced by the high-temperature combustion of fossil fuels and are emitted to the atmosphere. We examined the surface morphology and the chemical composition of SCPs in samples of surface sediment from five industrial cities each of Japan and China, using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). There exists a relationship between surface morphology and the chemical composition of SCPs in China, but not for SCPs in Japan. The chemical compositions of SCPs differ between Japan and China: those in Japan are S-rich, whereas those in China are Ti-rich. The results suggest that EDS can be used to identify China-derived SCPs in East Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.     

不同水分含量对潮土和火山灰土硝化动态的影响

在试验室条件下研究了不同水分含量对取自中国的潮土和日本的火山灰土硝化动态的影响。潮土在土壤硝化过程中的土壤水分含量以田间持水量的60%～90%较为适宜,低于田间持水量的60%引起土壤硝化力降低。火山灰土在土壤硝化中的土壤水分含量以田间持水量的75%～90%较为适宜,低于田间持水量的75%引起土壤硝化力降低。潮土在硝化培养中有亚硝酸盐出现,火山灰土没有亚硝酸盐被检出。土壤亚硝酸盐含量在低水分含量下峰值低,持续时间较长,在高水分含量下峰值高,持续时间较短。     

The relationship between high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit composition and the quality of Japanese hexaploid wheat lines

To reveal the high-molecular-weight (1-1MW) glutenin subunit composition, the seed storage proteins of 40 Japanese wheat (Triticum aestivum) lines were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine their HMW glutenin subunit composition. These were identified by comparison of subunit mobility with that previously found in hexaploid wheat. Twelve different, major glutenin HMW subunits were identified. Each line contained three to five subunits, and 11 different glutenin subunit patterns were observed for 11 alleles in Japanese lines. The Glu-1 quality scores were not particularly high for most of the Japanese wheats in the southern part of Japan (Kyushu district). However, the Glu-1 quality scores of several wheat lines in the Hokkaido area (north Japan) were high. South Japanese wheat lines showed specialty allelic variation in the glutenin HMW 145 kfla subunit, different from those in non-Japanese hexaploid wheats.     

A Preliminary Comparative Evaluation of Genetic Diversity between Chinese and Japanese Wild Soybean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine soja</Emphasis>) Germplasm Pools using SSR markers

The wild soybean, an annual self-pollinating plant, is the progenitor of soybeans and is extensively distributed in the Far East of Russia, the Korea peninsula, China and Japan. Geographically, Japan is surrounded by sea and insulated from China. We preliminarily evaluate whether the Japanese and Chinese wild soybean germplasm pools are genetically differentiated from each other using SSR markers. The results showed that the two pools have great genetic differentiation. Some loci presented obvious differences in mean genetic divergence (G_ST) value between the two pools. The G_ST among the geographic regions in China was higher than that in Japan. The average within-geographic region gene diversity values (H_S) in the two pools were completely identical and thus the genetic difference between the two pools was mostly attributed to the relatively high level of between-geographic region gene diversity (D_ST) in China. We suggest that Japanese and Chinese wild soybeans should be comparatively independently evolving in phylogeny.