多年生稻白叶枯病抗性评价

利用长雄野生稻地下茎无性繁殖特性培育多年生稻已经成功,并在生产上进行了示范推广。为明确多年生稻品种（系）对白叶枯病的抗性表现,通过田间病情调查、抗性水平鉴定和水稻白叶枯病抗性基因检测3种方法,对多年生稻品种（系）多年生稻23（简称PR23,下同）、云大24（PR24）、云大25（PR25）、云大101（PR101）、云大107（PR107）及其父本长雄野生稻、母本RD23和F₁（RD23/长雄野生稻）的白叶枯病抗性进行评价。结果表明,长雄野生稻高抗白叶枯病;尽管PR23、PR24、PR25、PR107携带白叶枯病抗性基因Xa1、Xa4、Xa23、xa25的等位基因,但在田间自然发病条件下均易感白叶枯病,说明这几个抗性基因对这4个多年生稻品种（系）不起抗病作用;而PR101在田间自然发病条件下表现为抗白叶枯病,并含有白叶枯病抗性等位基因xa25、Xa27,说明这2个基因可能是PR101抗白叶枯病的基因。本研究结果为明确多年生稻对白叶枯病菌的抗病反应,以及抗白叶枯病育种和多年生稻生产布局提供了一定依据。     

多年生稻稻瘟病抗性评价

利用长雄野生稻(Oryzalongistaminata)地下茎无性繁殖特性培育多年生稻(Perennial Rice,PR)已经成功并开始示范推广.多年生稻表现出一定的稻瘟病抗性,但其所具有的稻瘟病抗性来源尚不清楚.本研究通过田间病情调查、接种鉴定以及抗性基因检测等3种方法,对育成的多年生稻23(PR23)、云大24(...     

利用非洲长雄野生稻改良栽培稻的耐盐性

为了研究水稻的耐盐性，本研究通过测试5个长雄野生稻（Oryza longistaminata）的耐盐性，发现材料E11-9苗期耐盐性显著优于耐盐品种韭菜青。利用长雄野生稻E11-9对亚洲栽培稻海南红米进行耐盐性改良，创制了1个苗期至孕穗期耐盐性明显增强的株系CXZH，表明非洲长雄野生稻E-119在改良亚洲栽培稻耐盐性方面具有实际应用价值。     

东乡野生稻自然群体内的形态性状变异调查 

对东乡野生稻自然群体内植株的形态性状及生态进行调查，发现东乡野生稻完全是靠休眠芽（地下茎节或未枯死的地上茎节处）来进行无性繁殖，没有种子苗的出现，在生活史性状上也表现为多年生普通野生稻的特征，这表明东乡野生稻确为多年生类型的普通野生稻。然而其性状的主成分分析却揭示出它处于多年生—一年生分化的初始阶段，这种分化可能与其生境中的水分变化有关。生境中的水分状况还与植株的生长习性和芒的颜色有密切关系，匍匐、倾斜类型及具红色长芒的野生稻倾向于生长在常年有一定积水的地方。另外，林场和水桃树下两个群落之间在一些性状上存在相当的差异。     

云南高海拔稻区“多年生稻+鱼”绿色高效生产技术

多年生稻品种及其配套技术已在生产上应用多年。但是，多年生稻品种在高海拔稻区安全越冬、绿色轻简化栽培等田间管理技术仍有待探索。自2016年参加云南大学胡凤益团队主持的多年生稻项目以来，作者经过多年实践，探索出一套高海拔（1 670 m）稻区“多年生稻+鱼”绿色高效安全越冬生产技术，主要包括多年生稻品种选择、育秧移栽、肥水管理、病虫害防治和稻田鱼管理，以及越冬季稻桩、水肥、鱼的管理和次年后的稻鱼管理技术。     

东乡野生稻自然群体内的形态性状变异调查

对东乡野生稻自然群体内植株的形态性状及生态进行调查,发现东乡野生稻完全是靠休眠芽(地下茎节或未枯死的地上茎节处)来进行无性繁殖,没有种子苗的出现,在生活史性状上也表现为多年生普通野生稻的特征,这表明东乡野生稻确为多年生类型的普通野生稻。然而其性状的主成分分析却揭示出它处于多年生—一年生分化的初始阶段,这种分化可能与其生境中的水分变化有关。生境中的水分状况还与植株的生长习性和芒的颜色有密切关系,匍匐、倾斜类型及具红色长芒的野生稻倾向于生长在常年有一定积水的地方。另外,林场和水桃树下两个群落之间在一些性状上存在相当的差异。     

小粒野生稻内生细菌的分离鉴定和促生功能分析

小粒野生稻（Oryza minuta）是具有良好生物和非生物胁迫抗性的野生稻资源，挖掘小粒野生稻促生相关内生细菌可为其微生态研究和菌肥开发提供参考信息。本研究对小粒野生稻的根、茎和叶进行内生细菌分离，共获得85个菌株。通过促生功能分析发现，43株内生细菌具有溶磷能力，19株具有固氮作用，29株产铁载体，13株产吲哚乙酸。分离自根部的OMR2-3菌株和叶部的OML3-4菌株具有较高吲哚乙酸分泌能力，分别为17.22 mg/L和16.59 mg/L。形态学和分子鉴定显示，OMR2-3菌株和OML3-4菌株分别为阴沟肠杆菌（Enterobacter cloacae）和路德维希肠杆菌（Enterobacter ludwigii）。通过温室促生效果测定发现，2个菌株对多年生稻粳型品种PR23和籼型品种云大107具有显著促生效果，可以不同程度促进多年生稻幼苗的株高、根长、鲜质量、叶绿素和氮素含量。以上结果说明，小粒野生稻蕴含丰富的促生相关内生细菌资源，从中筛选到的内生阴沟肠杆菌OMR2-3菌株和路德维希肠杆菌OML3-4菌株具有开发成为多年生稻生物微生物菌肥的潜力，有助于多年生稻绿色轻简化的生产模...     

水稻二倍体A染色体组叶绿体DNA限制性内切酶的分析

１引言稻属包括２个栽培种和约２０个野生种。染色体组型分析揭示出普通栽培稻种和非洲栽培稻种以及一些野生稻种均具有相同的染色体组。Ａ．Ｍｏｒｉｓｈｉｍａ等人（１９６１）把野生稻Ａ染色体组二倍体种分为多年生野生稻和短舌野生稻。普通栽培稻种和多年生野生稻可进一步细分为地理类型、多年生野生稻有亚洲、非洲、美洲和大洋洲４个类型（Ｍｏｒｉｓｈｉｍａ，１９６９）而普通栽培种有粳稻、爪哇稻和籼稻３个生态种（Ｔａｋａｈａｓｈｉｌ９８４）。在这些种内和种间的变异主要受育种家和遗传家的影响。Ｏｋａ（１９７４）测定它们形…     

多年生稻云大107产量潜力分析

利用长雄野生稻地下茎无性繁殖特性培育具有多年生性的栽培稻品种已经获得成功。云大107是通过"滇瑞449//RD23/长雄野生稻"杂交选育出来的具有多年生性的优质稻品种。为明确云大107的产量潜力,进而为优化其栽培技术提供科学依据,笔者用云南主栽的优质稻品种滇屯502、滇瑞449、文稻5作对照,于2018年在云南景洪进行田间试验,调查分析了各品种生育期、干物质积累、光合特性、产量及产量潜力等性状。结果表明,云大107产量可达564.52 kg/667 m~2,较滇屯502、文稻5和滇瑞449分别增产25.94%、5.41%和2.93%,其中与滇屯502相比差异达显著;从产量构成看,云大107每穗粒数、千粒重均比对照文稻5、滇屯502和滇瑞449高,粒多粒大是其高产的原因;同时,云大107剑叶净光合速率分别比滇屯502、滇瑞449和文稻5增加4.45%、4.65%和16.83%,差异显著。因此,挖掘云大107产量潜力的主要途径是提高其每穗粒数,同时提高齐穗后剑叶光合能力,以积累较多光合产物,进而提高成熟期生物产量。     

云南三种野生稻遗传多样性和系统进化研究

采用ISSR标记,对云南三种野生稻遗传多样性进行研究,并以竹类、栽培稻粳稻02428和籼稻金刚30以及非洲长雄野生稻为对照进行聚类分析,探讨云南三种野生稻遗传进化方向。结果表明,33条ISSR引物,在所有的材料中总共扩增出464个等位基因,平均每条引物扩增出多态性条带14.1条;从总体水平上看,云南三种野生稻具有丰富的遗传多样性,三种野生稻的多态位点数NP、多态位点百分率p、有效等位基因数Na、观察等位基因数Ne、Nei基因多样性指数H和香农指数I分别为357、76.74%、1.7694±0.4217、1.3391±0.3637、0.2037±0.1851和0.3180±0.2532;三种野生稻品种间基因分化系数Gst为0.5194,品种间的基因流Nm为0.4627,说明三种野生稻之间基因交流水平低,品种间存在较大的遗传分化。UPGMA聚类分析表明,在三种野生稻的进化过程中,疣粒野生稻分化最早,其次为药用野生稻,普通野生稻分化最晚。     

Clonal performance of perennial Oryza sativa/O. rufipogon selections and their combining ability with O. sativa cultivars for survival, stolon production and yield

In Southeast Asia, upland rice (Oryza sativa) is an annual crop typically grown for subsistence on hilly lands that are at risk for soil erosion. If perennial cultivars of upland rice were developed, they would provide farmers with an inexpensive tool to produce a preferred food while conserving soil. O. rufipogon, the undomesticated progenitor of O. sativa, includes perennial and stoloniferous forms. To evaluate the feasibility of developing perennial cultivars by combining genes of O. sativa and O. rufipogon, four trials were conducted in an upland field at IRRI: O. sativa/O. rufipogon F₁ clone and cutting height trial, F₂ family trial, and two O. sativa/stoloniferous-selection factorial mating design trials. Plants were established at the beginning of the rainy season, then subjected to a 6-month dry season and evaluated for survival after 1 year. Of the 2101 cultivar control plants, only three IR47686-1-4-B individuals survived and none produced stolons. The 18 F₁ clones, which were selected from previous trials with less drought stress, ranged in survival from 4.4 to 91.4%. Cutting height at harvest did not affect survival. Survival among the F₂ families ranged from 9.4 to 31.9%. Segregation for stolon presence did not differ from a 3:1 ratio for five of the six F₂ families, suggesting the effect of a single dominant gene. Average yields per plant for the F₂ families were 1/3 to 1/9 of yields for the cultivars. However, by crossing the F₁s to cultivars, yield potential was almost fully recovered. For the full-sib families of the factorial trials, survival ranged from 0.0 to 48.6%. Azucena and IR47686-1-4-B, both japonica cultivars, exhibited greater general combining ability for survival relative to the six other cultivar parents. Thus, the process of developing perennial cultivars of rice should include screening annual cultivars to identify those with the best combining ability for survival. To develop cultivars of perennial upland rice, drought avoidance and/or tolerance from annual upland cultivars must be combined with the capacity for perennial growth from wild perennial species. The frequency of stolonifereous testcross progeny was lower than expected and was affected by the O. sativa parent. Thus, additional genes likely affected stolon penetrance and expression. Analyses of covariance indicated that stolons improved the likelihood of survival for progenies of the factorial trials but the effect was small (b < 0.1), and that yield (g/plant) had a small negative effect on percent survival (b = −0.13 to −0.32). This study demonstrated that it was possible to introgress genes for perennial growth from wild O. rufipogon accessions into domesticated O. sativa. Additionally, strategies for developing perennial cultivars of upland rice were improved.     

Informative ISSR Markers Help Identify Genetically Distinct Accessions of Oryza rufipogon in Yield Improvement

Inter simple sequence repeat(ISSR) polymorphism was used to determine genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in 90 genotypes of wild and cultivated species of Oryza from different geographical regions of the world. In all the 17 primers used in ISSR-PCR, a total of 11 464 bands were amplified at 253 band positions/loci. The primer UBC-809 amplified the maximum bands(1 059) at 21 band positions. UBC-810 and UBC-835 amplified the minimum of 391 bands each at 7 and 14 band positions, respectively. The mean polymorphism information content ranged from 0.44 to 0.84 and resolving power ranged from 8.69 to 23.53. Un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram and population structure based on the 17 primers separated all genotypes into 4 major clusters with a genetic similarity of 53%–100%. The first two clusters consisted of 30 O. rufipogon accessions each. In the third cluster, O. nivara and O. longistaminata grouped as one sub-cluster and all other O. nivara accessions and cultivars grouped as another sub-cluster. The fourth cluster had only five O. rufipogon accessions which can be a source of new genes. Four sub-populations were identified within O. rufipogon and two sub-populations within O. nivara at K = 7. A subset of six primers with high resolving power values were the most informative and grouped all genotypes almost similarly as the 17 primers did. Use of these six highly informative primers in ISSR-PCR is a cost effective and robust method for assessing genetic diversity in large germplasm collections of wild rice species.     

我国水稻品种更新与稻作技术改进对碳排放的综合影响及趋势分析

水稻是我国重要的口粮作物,稻田是全球第二大温室气体甲烷(CH4)的最大排放源之一,水稻丰产与甲烷减排对保障国家粮食安全和实现农业领域碳中和目标意义重大.不同水稻品种和稻作技术的产量与碳排放差异显著,因此,掌握品种更新与技术改进的特征及发展趋势,可以为高产低碳稻作技术创新提供科学依据.为此,本文系统分析了1960s-20...     

鱼塘专用杂交水稻新品种安粳优1号选育及特征特性

为增加"鱼-稻"共生的综合经济与生态效益,探索水稻种植与生产的新途径,选育并通过浙江审定了首个鱼塘种稻专用新品种安粳优1号。该品种具有株型高大、茎秆粗壮、节间发达水生根、抗倒性强等特点。本文介绍了安粳优1号的选育过程、特征特性和高效栽培技术。     

近10年云南省育成的粳稻品种性状分析

云南省近10年（2011—2020年）已育成粳稻品种98个,根据区域试验组别和品种类型可分为中海拔常规粳稻、高海拔常规粳稻、三系杂交粳稻、两系杂交粳稻4种类型,比较分析了这4种类型高原粳稻品种的产量、抗性和米质。结果表明,育成的品种以常规粳稻为主,占比73.47%;育种主体以科研院所为主,占比90.82%;杂交粳稻产量较常规粳稻高6.16%,中海拔常规粳稻产量较高海拔常规粳稻高6.42%,每穗实粒数增加是近年高原粳稻增产的主要因素;对稻瘟病抗性总体不足,而对白叶枯病具有较强抗性;稻米品质总体不佳,中海拔常规粳稻米质优于高海拔常规粳稻,限制云南高原粳稻米质的关键因素是整精米率、垩白粒率、精米率和垩白度。适当增大个体,构建更高层次的个体群体协调平衡是高原粳稻育种的重点方向。     

应用CRISPR/Cas9技术与分子标记辅助选择创制广东丝苗米新种质

【目的】创制优质香型丝苗米水稻新种质，探索水稻育种改良新途径，助力广东丝苗米品牌建设。【方法】以广东省农业主导品种粤农丝苗(YNSM)与优质稻粤王丝苗(YWSM)为材料，利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术定点编辑上述品种的香味基因Badh2，创制香稻新品系，随后通过分子标记辅助选择(MAS)技术定向导入GW7/GL7位点，系谱选育优质香型丝苗米水稻新种质。【结果】利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术成功创制两个香稻新品系yn-ko^badh2与yw-ko^badh2，其2-AP含量均极显著提高，达到239.39～440.79μg/kg，而有效穗数、每穗实粒数、糙米外观品质、千粒重与产量等主要农艺性状均未受到显著影响；MAS技术结合系谱选育的方法成功选育两个丰产性好、籽粒长宽比超过4.3的优质香型丝苗米水稻新品系NW^badh2GW7-1与NW^badh2GW7-2，达到广东丝苗米品种关于香味与外观粒型的认定标准。【结论】利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑与分子辅助选择技术相结合可精准、高效地创制新的优...     

Physiological Age Status of Female Adults and Off-Season Survival of Rice Leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in India

Rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, is one of the major foliage feeders found in the rice growing regions in India. When the crop was at maturity, numerous adults of rice leaffolder were found in the rice fields though the larval population gradually decreased, and no eggs were found on rice leaves. The population characteristics of C. medinalis were assessed based on the physiological age status of adults at different crop growth stages. Based on egg development within ovarioles, ovariole appearance, number and colour of fat bodies, and characteristics of bursa copulatrix, physiological age status of the adults was described, which served as a basis for the determination of age composition. C. medinalis adults were found during the first week of August on rice plants, of which 44% were in Age 0 with immature ovaries, indicating immigrants. However, 28% adults each were at Ages 1–2 with developing ovaries, indicating local breeding population. The carryover and off-season survival of C. medinalis were also studied to determine the contribution of the alternative hosts in the population growth that helped in devising efficient management strategies. Rice was the most preferred host followed by Triticum aestivum, Echinochloa crusgulli and Brachiaria plantaginea. Various routes of the carryover of C. medinalis from season to season were discussed.     

杂草稻资源表型多样性分析及综合评价研究

杂草稻是生长形态与栽培稻相似,而稻米质量、落粒性和休眠性等性状不符合栽培稻生产需求的一类杂草。江苏省是我国杂草稻危害最严重的省份之一,大量研究主要集中在杂草稻的起源、性状和防控,杂草稻群体作为种质资源用于栽培稻品种改良尚无系统研究。丰富的遗传多样性和优良种质资源是栽培稻育种以及品种改良中最重要的物质基础,本研究收集21个江苏省不同地区的杂草稻群体、6个栽培稻品种和2个杂草稻对照群体为材料,通过在海南同质园种植,测定18个表型性状,分析其性状的多样性,并进行相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和综合评价研究。结果表明：杂草稻的齐穗期和齐花期均明显早于栽培稻,杂草稻的实粒数和总粒数均较优于栽培稻,杂草稻资源群体表型性状变异系数为2.99%~196.29%,多样性指数为0.27~2.06,多样性指数最高的是结实率,其次为实粒数、剑叶长/宽和总粒数。相关性分析表明,18个表型性状之间大部分存在显著或极显著相关,始穗期和始花期与株高、穗长、剑叶长宽比、总粒数、实粒数、千粒重、分蘖数间均呈极显著正相关,千粒重与穗长、剑叶长宽比、分蘖数、始穗期、始花期呈极显著正相关。主成分分析将18个表型性状集中在累计贡献率为70.57%的6个主成份,其中正相关影响最大的性状是杂草稻的始穗期、始花期、齐穗期、齐花期、总粒数、实粒数等性状。聚类分析将23个杂草稻群体在欧式距离为5时分为5大类。18个指标综合评价D值>0.68的有3个群体,其中,来自南通如皋WJ-NJ1的D值最高（0.715）,其次是来自常州金坛WJ-CZ1（0.698）和盐城市辖区WJ-YC2（0.682）。本研究为杂草稻种质资源在未来的辅助育种以及栽培稻品种改良等方面提供了重要的理论依据。