Response of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) to Applied Nitrogen with or without Ethrel Spray under Non-irrigated Conditions

Field studies were conducted during the winter seasons of 1995–96 and 1996–97 at the Agricultural Farm of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India on mustard ( Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss., var. Alankar) under non-irrigated conditions, to evaluate the effect of foliar spray of 200 p.p.m. ethrel (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) at flowering growth stage along with basal 0, 40, 80 or 120 kg N ha⁻¹ on net photosynthetic rate (P_N), stomatal conductance (C_S), stomatal resistance (R_S), leaf K content, relative water content (RWC), leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter (TDM) production monitored at 20 days after spray application, and plant N content, seed N content, nitrogen harvest index (NHI), nitrogen yield merit (NYM), pods plant⁻¹, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index (HI), seed yield merit (SYM) and merit of genotype (MOG) at harvest. Results indicated that, at 0 or 40 kg N ha⁻¹, ethrel did not produce any significance effect, but at basal 80 kg N ha⁻¹, ethrel affected the parameters favourably with the exception of 1000 seed weight, HI, seed N and NHI. Ethrel-sprayed plants utilized N from the soil more effectively and showed increased NYM. Yield attributes, seed yield and merit of genotype (in terms of NYM and SYM) were also enhanced. Ethrel spray enhanced seed yield under water stress conditions mainly by increasing K uptake and retaining higher RWC, thereby decreasing R_S and increasing LAI, P_N and TDM production.     

Effect of Gibberellic Acid Spray and Basal Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Productivity and Fatty Acid Composition of Rapeseed-Mustard

Two field experiments were conducted during] 994-95 to study the effect of spray of 10⁻⁵ M GA3 at 40 days after sowing on mustard ( Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.) cv. Varuna grown with basally applied 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha⁻¹ (Expt. 1) and 0,15, 30 and 45 kg P ha⁻¹ (Expt. 2) on pod number per plant, seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index and fatty acid composition of oil. No significant difference between water and GA3 spray was found when basally applied nitrogen was 0 or 40 kg N ha⁻¹. N₈₀ proved to be the best for yield characteristics. In another experiment on phosphorus, GA₃ and 30 kg P ha⁻¹ individually enhanced the yield, but interaction of GA₃ and P remained non-significant. The fatty acid composition of oil in both experiments was significantly affected only by nitrogen and phosphorus treatments for oleic acid and erucic acid. It was found that return in the form of yield was more for every kg applied fertilizer under GA, spray treatment. The response was more for N fertilizer in comparison to P. GA₃ at a low level of fertilization significantly increased the return from fertilization.     

低温胁迫下甜菜纸筒苗叶喷植物调节剂试验

为了探讨芸苔素内酯和S-诱抗素对甜菜生长和抗寒性的影响,以甜菜纸筒苗为材料,用2种调节剂叶喷夜晚低温处理的甜菜幼苗,研究甜菜纸筒苗叶片细胞膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)、叶绿素及可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明：芸苔素内酯和S-诱抗素可以降低低温条件下叶片内丙二醛、相对电导率、可溶性糖的含量;提高甜菜叶绿素的含量。植物调节剂处理减少了膜脂过氧化产物的积累,降低了细胞膜透性,从而减轻了低温胁迫的伤害,提高了纸筒苗育苗质量。     

氮肥和种植密度对蚕豆结瘤和生长的影响

在胶泥土和沙壤土两种土壤条件下,研究了5种氮肥用量和3种种植密度对蚕豆结瘤和生长的影响。结果表明:蚕豆在不同土壤条件下结瘤能力差异较大,在氮肥施用量低于240kg/hm²的情况下,适当提高氮肥施用量有助于提高蚕豆的结瘤能力。蚕豆的行距从25cm增加到50cm,降低了种植在胶泥土上蚕豆的结瘤能力,却提高了种植在沙壤土上蚕豆的结瘤能力。同样,适量提高氮肥的施用量,蚕豆的生物量、有效荚数、子粒产量和株高均得到提高。增加蚕豆的行距,促进蚕豆的生物量、有效荚数、子粒产量,降低了蚕豆的株高。     

Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) in Relation to FYM, Nitrogen and Source of Fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Anand to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen and source of fertilizer on growth and yield of mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. The results showed significant variation in leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), dry matter production and seed yield. The direct effect of farmyard manure (FYM) was conspicuous in improving the growth of mustard. FYM application at 10 tonnes ha⁻¹ significantly increased the LAI, CGR and dry matter accumulation per plant at almost all the stages during first year study (1992–93) and in pooled analysis. Similarly, nitrogen application registered maximum LAI, CGR at 75 kg level and RGR and NAR at 50 kg level at almost all the during both years. Sulphur carrying source (Ammonium sulphate plus single super phosphate) increased all stages growth characters. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant and seed yield were recorded with highest levels of FYM (20 tonnes ha⁻¹), N (75 kg ha⁻¹) and source having S. Seed yield was strongly associated with LAI and dry matter accumulation per plant at all the stages.     

不同施氮比例和时期对冬小麦氮素利用的影响

利用＾１５Ｎ同位素示踪技术研究不同施肥处理对小麦各器官氮素含量、ＮＤＦＦ（氮素含量来自肥料氮的百分比）、植株的氮素利用率以及产量和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明：在收获期小麦各器官的含氮量为子粒〉叶片〉根系〉叶鞘〉颖壳;各器官的ＮＤＦＦ以根系最多,其次为子粒和茎秆;以增加底肥的比例和分次追肥处理的植株氮素利用率较高;以分次追肥处理的产量最高;以增加追肥比例处理的子粒蛋白质含量最高。     

Effect of Gibberellic Acid Spray during Ontogeny of Mustard on Growth, Nutrient Uptake and Yield Characteristics

In a field trial conducted during 1993–1994, mustard ( Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.) cv. Varuna was sprayed with either deionised water or 10⁻⁵ M GA₃ at 40 (vegetative stage), 60 (flowering stage) or 80 (pod fill stage) days after sowing (DAS) to select the suitable growth stage for spray for augmenting productivity of the crop. Shoot length per plant, leaf number per plant, leaf area per plant, dry weight per plant and leaf area index and accumulation of N, P and K were recorded at 100 DAS. Pods per plant, seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index and seed yield merit were computed at harvest. Growth, NPK accumulation and yield were maximal when spraying was done at 40 DAS. However, spraying at 40 and 60 DAS gave at par values for most of the growth and yield parameters. It was also noted that there was a significant difference in spray treatment at different growth stages only when G A, was sprayed and not when water was sprayed.     

甘薯源库关系建立、发展和平衡对氮肥用量的响应

以盆栽、田间微区和田间裂区试验分析不同氮肥用量对苏薯16(半直立株型)和苏薯11(匍匐株型)生长前期(0~30 d)、中期(30~60 d)和后期(60~120 d)根系形态、单株薯数、叶面积指数、茎叶生物量、根生物量和T/R值的影响。结果表明,在全生育期内,施氮对甘薯茎叶生长均有显著促进作用,但对根生长的影响各不相同。生长前期,低量施氮对根系生长和分化有促进作用,而适量和高量施氮则表现显著抑制作用,并使30 d时单株薯数显著降低29.3%~36.6%或1.3~2.0个(P0.05),但同一甘薯品种、不同施氮处理的单株薯数在生长中期之后又趋于一致。生长中期,适量和过量施氮可显著促进源库规模的发展,并使甘薯茎叶生物量增加量分别显著提高35.5%~48.9%和73.4%~79.8%(P0.05),叶面积指数迅速达到4左右,而对根生物量增加量无显著影响(P0.05)。生长后期,施氮过多时(N32处理)茎叶鲜重持续增加,到收获时叶面积指数和蔓薯比分别达4.9~5.6和1.50~1.51,显著高于适量施氮处理时的3.3~3.5和0.58~0.64(P0.05);施氮过少时(N30处理)则反之,收获时不施氮处理的叶面积指数和蔓薯比分别为1.6~1.9和0.36~0.42,其中叶面积指数显著低于适量施氮处理(P0.05);不同施氮处理的单个薯重差异越来越大,适量施氮处理的单个薯重(218~345 g)显著高于不施氮(181~262 g)和过量施氮处理(160~285 g,P0.05),所以适量施氮处理的最终单株块根产量(1.02~1.20 kg)也高于不施氮处理(0.88~0.91 kg)和过量施氮处理(0.79~0.87 kg,P0.05)。表明,移栽前一次性基施氮的条件下,不施或少施氮有利于甘薯生长前期源库关系的提早建立,适量或过量施氮有利于甘薯生长中期源库关系的发展,而仅有适量施氮有利于维持甘薯生长后期的源库平衡。     

Effects of Nitrogen and Foliar Sulphur Interaction on Grain Yield and Yield Components in Barley

In this study, conducted from 1979 to 1986 in southern Spain, the objective was to analyze the effects of a possible interaction between soil-applied N and foliar S applied to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) during tillering on grain yield and to identify the mechanism involved. From 1979 to 1982, we used rates of 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg a.i. N ha^?1, together with 12.5 or 25 kg foliar a.i. S ha^?1 during tillering. The results demonstrated that foliar S at both dosages acted as a partial (but not total) substitute for N, when the latter was applied at levels of 40 to 60 kg ha^?1. These effects of S did not appear to result only from a nutritive mechanism, but rather from a hormonal mechanism through the increase in ethylene biosynthesis. Therefore, during 1983 to 1986, we used 40, 60 and 80 kg a. i. N ha^?1, together with 12.5 a. i. S ha^?1 and 0.55 kg a.i. ethrel (2-chloroethyl-phosphonic acid) ha^?1. The results showed that the effects of S and ethrel on yield were practically the same. Assayed with 40 and 60 kg N ha^?1, S and ethrel acted as partial (but not total) substitutes for N, exceeding the yield of the control without S or ethrel, and equalling the yield obtained with 20 kg more of N ha^?1. The S or ethrel applied with 80 kg N ha^?1 presented an additive effect with the N. The increases in yield using S or ethrel were in all cases due to the increased final number of spikes m^?2, which was principally a consequence of the higher number of tillers formed but also a result of increased survival of tillers to form a viable spike. In addition, the positive effects of S on yield were greater the smaller the N dosage and the lower the annual yield. Finally, we present a possible mechanism of hormonal action, to explain how foliar S applied during tillering affects grain yield in barley.     

Influence of a Triazole Plant Growth Regulator on Root and Shoot Development and Nitrogen Utilisation of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

A factorial experiment with 3 nitrogen (N) levels and 4 application rates of the triazole type plant growth regulator (PGR), BAS 111 W = l-phenoxy-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-5,5-dimethylhexane, was conducted in hydroponics to study the influence on N uptake and morphological changes of oilseed rape. The following results were obtained:
–Increased N level of the nutrient solution increased plant height and root and shoot weight. Enhanced N uptake caused a higher N concentration of root and shoot.
–Increasing PGR application rates reduced plant height and shoot biomass production; this reaction was stronger at higher doses of N.
–Root weight, root length, root diameter and root surface area were increased by N application. None of these parameters was significantly altered by the PGR. This resulted in increased root-shoot-ratios at higher PGR rates.
–As a consequence of reduced shoot production PGR application resulted in increased concentrations of N. The root reacted similarly but to a lesser degree.     

玉米秸秆还田条件下麦田氮素运转和籽粒产量对氮肥的响应

为给秸秆全部还田条件下豫北麦玉两熟高产地区冬小麦合理施用氮肥提供理论依据,以周麦18和济麦22为试材,于2011-2013年研究了不同施氮处理(小麦全生育期不施氮肥,及底施纯氮120 kg/hm2基础上拔节期分别追施0,60,100,140,180,210 kg/hm2)下麦田土壤和植株氮素含量的动态变化,分析了不同追氮量对植株氮素吸收、麦田氮肥利用率和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,小麦植株氮素吸收积累和籽粒产量随施氮量的增加呈单峰曲线变化,周麦18和济麦22分别在220,260 kg/hm2和120,180 kg/hm2施氮量下植株氮素吸收积累达到峰值,籽粒产量较高。麦田氮流失量随施氮量增加呈先升后降变化趋势。秸秆还田配施适量氮肥能够显著提高氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率;随着施氮量的持续增加氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率显著降低。综合来看,玉米秸秆还田条件下兼顾氮肥效率和籽粒产量,豫北麦玉两熟区周麦18适宜的氮肥配施量为220~260 kg/hm2,种植济麦22适宜的氮肥配施量为120~180 kg/hm2。     

不同时期三系杂交稻主栽品种对氮肥用量的响应

以16个不同时期三系杂交籼稻主栽品种(育成时间1976-2006)为材料,通过0 kg hm⁻² (CK)、135 kg hm⁻² (N1)、255 kg hm⁻² (N2) 3种氮素水平试验,研究施氮量对其氮素利用、积累和转运特性的影响。结果表明：(1)早期 (1983年前育成)和中期(1983-1993年育成)品种对氮肥反应比近期(1993年后育成)品种敏感。增施135 kg hm^-2 (N1)氮肥使早期品种产量大幅提高,而近期育成品种在施氮量255 kg hm^-2 (N2)时产量才明显增加。(2) 施用氮肥增加水稻植株的氮积累量,增施135 kg hm^-2 (N1)氮肥时各品种植株各部分含氮量的增幅相近;增施255 kg hm^-2 (N2)氮肥时,早期品种氮同化量的增加主要在开花前,而近期品种主要在花后至成熟期间,施氮量对早期品种茎叶的氮转运率无影响,却显著降低近期品种的氮转运效率。(3) 当施氮量由135 kg hm^-2 (N1)上升到255 kg hm^-2 (N2)时,早期品种的氮肥农学利用率、偏生产力、吸收利用率和生理利用率均下降,而近期品种氮肥的农学利用率、吸收利用率上升,生理利用率基本保持不变。(4) 相关分析表明,氮的农学利用率、氮偏生产力、氮肥吸收效率均与杂交稻的生物量和产量极显著正相关。在施氮量为135 kg hm^-2 (N1)时,氮肥的农学利用率与生理利用率显著正相关,而在施氮量255 kg hm^-2 (N2)时,氮肥的农学利用率与氮肥的吸收效率、生理利用率显著正相关。     

施氮量对小麦花后氮素分配及氮素利用的影响

为研究黄淮海麦区化肥投入不断增加,而产量却徘徊不前的问题,以当地主栽品种矮抗58和周麦22为材料,采用4个施氮水平（0、120、240、360kg/hm ²）和品种的二因素分析方法研究了施氮量对小麦植株地上部各器官氮素分配及氮素利用的影响。结果表明：开花期至成熟期小麦植株地上部各营养器官氮含量和氮素积累量均下降。施氮量对开花期和成熟期小麦植株地上部各器官氮含量的影响均达显著水平,增加氮肥能显著促进小麦营养器官氮素向子粒转运和花后氮同化。开花期周麦22叶片氮素转运量优于矮抗58。矮抗58和周麦22花后氮同化量均以施氮量360kg/hm ²最高,花前氮素积累转运量对子粒贡献率达60.25%~97.55%,子粒氮收获指数为59.82%~79.48%,随施氮量的增加而呈下降趋势。施氮量120kg/hm ²处理的氮素养分利用效率、农学利用效率及生产效率均最高。增施氮肥对小麦子粒产量有显著促进影响,矮抗58在施氮量为360kg/hm ²时有最大子粒产量,周麦22在施氮量为240kg/hm ²时有最大子粒产量。推荐矮抗58和周麦22在黄淮海麦区的施氮量为240~360kg/hm ²。     

澳大利亚农业氮肥施用概况及对我国氮肥施用的启示

澳大利亚是全球优质农牧业产品的重要出口大国,其农业绿色发展水平与出口农牧产品品质均享誉世界,而其化肥尤其是氮肥用量却明显低于我国。近年来,虽然我国在科学施用氮肥的技术方面取得了一定的进步,但与发达国家相比仍有明显不足。本文系统分析了澳大利亚在降低氮肥施用量、优化氮肥施用方式和提高氮肥利用率等方面的技术、政策和管理等典型做法,以期为我国氮肥施用管理和技术创新等方面提供经验参考和政策借鉴。     

施氮水平对啤酒大麦植株氮素吸收与利用及籽粒蛋白质积累和产量的影响

2004—2006年连续两个生长季,以苏啤3和单2两个啤酒大麦品种为材料,探讨施纯氮0、75、150、225和300 kg hm^-2条件下,啤酒大麦氮素积累和转运、氮素利用及籽粒产量和蛋白质积累的特性。在0~225 kg hm^-2施氮量范围内,啤酒大麦花前植株氮素积累量和转运量均随施氮水平的提高呈上升趋势,但施氮量提高至300 kg hm^-2后,提高幅度变小;而花前氮素转运效率及其对籽粒氮的贡献率则均随施氮水平提高呈单峰曲线变化。籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷-丙转氨酶活性也随着施氮水平的提高而上升,促进蛋白质积累,提高籽粒蛋白质含量,而当施氮量低于197 kg hm^-2时籽粒蛋白质含量才低于12%,符合啤酒大麦酿造要求。经回归分析,在施氮量为241 kg hm^-2时产量最高。此外,氮肥回收效率以225 kg hm^-2施氮处理为最高,氮素生理利用效率和氮收获指数随施氮量增加而显著降低。综合考虑各项指标,建议在类似本试验条件的啤酒大麦生产区,施氮量以150~197 kg hm^-2为宜。     

冬小麦光合速率对施氮量与光照强度的响应分析

为了探索施氮量在不同光照强度下对冬小麦光合速率的影响,基于小区施氮控制试验,设置4个施氮量水平和5个光照强度,分析施氮量对冬小麦叶片氮素含量的响应规律,研究光照强度和叶片氮素对冬小麦叶片净光合速率的影响。结果表明,随施氮量的提高,叶片含氮量逐渐上升,过量施氮会抑制灌浆初期和灌浆中期叶片含氮量的增加;从拔节期-灌浆中期,叶片含氮量总体降低,冬小麦净光合速率随光照强度的增大呈增加趋势,光合速率在低施氮量下先上升后下降,而在不施氮和中、高施氮量下随生育时期推进呈下降趋势;在人工控制的固定光照强度下,冬小麦叶片净光合速率与叶片含氮量呈极显著正相关,即随着叶片含氮量的增加光合速率呈上升趋势,故适量增施氮肥有助于冬小麦光合速率的提高。     

氮肥一次性基施对夏播鲜食甜玉米产量、品质和氮素利用效率的影响

通过2年田间试验,研究了氮肥一次性基施对夏播鲜食甜玉米产量、品质及氮素吸收利用的影响,为鲜食甜玉米轻简化栽培技术提供科学依据。设置不施氮（N0）、普通尿素分次施用（CU_S）、普通尿素一次性基施（CU_B）和控释尿素一次性基施（CRU_B）4个处理。结果表明,氮肥施用可以增加鲜食甜玉米的穗长、穗粗、行粒数和穗粒数,并显著提高鲜穗产量。与N₀处理相比,施氮处理的鲜穗产量2年分别显著增加17.14%~22.03%和17.77%~26.39%,2年均是CRU_B处理的增幅最大,CU_S处理次之,CU_B处理最低。CRU_B与CU_S处理间2年的鲜穗产量均无显著差异,2017年2个处理的鲜穗产量显著高于CU_B处理,增幅分别为7.32%和6.96%。CRU_B处理2年的植株氮素积累量显著高于CU_B及CU_S处理,并且2年的氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥表观利用率及经济效益均最高。鲜籽粒品质分析结果显示,不同施氮处理仅对鲜籽粒中的可溶性蛋白质含量有显著影响,对皮渣率、可溶性糖、还原糖和维生素C含量的影响不显著。CRU_B处理2017年籽粒可溶性蛋白质含量显著高于CU_B和CU_S处理。综上,控释尿素一次性基施可以减少施肥次数,保障鲜食甜玉米鲜穗产量和籽粒品质,并提高氮肥利用率和增加农民收入。本研究可为湖北东部及相似生态地区的夏播鲜食甜玉米轻简化生产中氮素的管理提供参考依据。     

不同施肥深度对直播水稻氮素积累与转移的影响

为了研究不同施肥深度对直播水稻氮素积累与转移及其产量的影响,以天优998和玉香油占为试材,通过设计4个不同的施肥深度,分别为4,8,12,16 cm,依次记为T1、T2、T3、T4,以不施肥为对照(T0),试验采用木箱种植法。结果表明,T2处理水稻拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期叶片及茎鞘氮素积累量、植株氮素积累总量均为最高且显著高于T0和T4处理,氮素积累总量随生育期的推进在成熟期达到最高;T2处理在水稻拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期氮素阶段性积累量最高,且显著高于其他处理,分蘖期至拔节期氮素阶段性积累量在4个生育阶段中最高,2个品种表现一致;T2处理与T0和T1比较还显著增加了水稻灌浆期茎叶氮素表观转移量和氮素表观转移率,T2处理水稻的氮素吸收效率与T1、T3、T4比较,差异达到显著水平;而且,T2和T3处理水稻有效穗数显著高于其他处理,T2处理还提高了水稻结实率以及产量。因此,施肥深度8 cm的处理,不仅能显著提高直播水稻氮素吸收效率,而且还能够增加水稻每穴的有效穗数、结实率以及收获产量,这也说明了T2处理是直播水稻较适宜的施肥深度。     

不同春小麦品种对氮肥处理的响应

为探究春小麦品种对氮肥的响应特征,采用盆栽方式,选用来自埃及的Egypt1和Egypt2、来自我国天津的津强6号和津强11号4个春小麦品种,设不施氮（B1）、施尿素1g/盆（B2）和施尿素1.5g/盆（B3）3个施氮处理,于小麦成熟期测定植株性状、产量和籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量。结果表明,Egypt2的穗长、穗粒数、小穗数、千粒重、产量均高于津强6号,但津强6号的籽粒总蛋白、清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量最高;随着拔节期施氮量的增加,小麦穗粒数、千粒重、产量、蛋白质及其组分含量均逐渐增高,其中B3处理最高;不同处理组合中,施氮量较高处理下Egypt2的千粒重和产量最高,施氮量较高的津强6号的籽粒总蛋白质及其组分含量最高,拔节期施氮量增多,有利于提高小麦产量、总蛋白质及其组分含量。由此可知,不同品种中,Egypt2的产量最高,津强6号的总蛋白质含量最高;合理施氮肥可以提高小麦的产量和品质,施尿素1.5g/盆的氮肥处理小麦生长最好。品种和施氮量对小麦的产量和品质有较大影响。     

Growth Analysis Using Classical and Functional Techniques in Relation to Soil Moisture in Mustard

A Reid experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil moisture on growth of two mustard cultivars using classical and functional techniques of growth analysis. Two soil moisture levels were irrigated at 10-day intervals and a rainfed control was included. Total dry matter (TDM), leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD) were significantly increased by irrigation at most of stages of growth. Starting from a lower value, LAI and LAD reached a peak and then gradually declined. Among the growth attributes, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) increased significantly under irrigation. Net assimilation rate (NAR) decreased more in the irrigated plants than the rainfed plants at the later stages of growth. LAR and LWR declined throughout with increasing time and plant weight. Seed yield of the irrigated plants was positively correlated with the pre-flowering LAI and the post-flowering CGR and NAR. In the rainfed plants, seed yield was positively correlated with LAI and CGR at the post-flowering stage and negatively with the post-flowering NAR and pre-flowering LAR.