Equine glanders in Turkey

In the course of an epidemiological study of glanders on a number of Turkish islands in the Sea of Marmara, 1128 horses were examined by using the intracutaneous mallein test. Thirty-five (3-1 per cent) developed an increase in rectal temperature and a swelling at the point of injection. Ten of these horses were killed and glanders was confirmed in five cases by the presence of lesions and by the immunohistological demonstration of the causative agent, Burkholderia mallei. Clinical and pathological findings indicated that in all cases the infection was restricted to the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity with its parasinus, the nostrils and the upper lips. It was confirmed that equine glanders is endemic in Turkey.     

Bluetongue in western Turkey

In October 1977 clinical bluetongue broke out in Aydin province, western Turkey and spread to adjacent provinces in the autumn months of 1978 and 1979. The outbreak was caused by a virus of serotype 4 and appeared to occur in a totally susceptible population. It was eventually controlled by widespread use of attenuated type-specific vaccine. Bluetongue virus was isolated from sheep on several occasions and also from a calf with congenital arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly. This latter finding is discussed in relation to Akabane virus, a recognised arbovirus teratogen thought to be present in the same area at the same time.     

Pale and Normal Turkey Breast Enhancement Through the Utilization of Turkey Collagen in a Chunked and Formed Turkey Breast Roll

Six trials of 4 treatments (pale, pale + 1.5% collagen, normal, and normal + 1.5% collagen) were utilized to test the effects of raw material and turkey collagen inclusion on the quality of deli turkey breast. The raw material was chunked and formed to increase surface area for collagen interactions and to allow for thorough mixing of pale and normal raw material into the product. Inclusion of collagen improved product texture through increasing the protein's ability to bind with each other in pale meat and was effective in decreasing cook and purge loss in both pale and normal treatments. Furthermore, purge loss was similar for the pale treatment with collagen and the normal treatment without collagen. Collagen inclusion did not affect color, but normal treatments were both darker and redder than pale treatments. Turkey collagen is effective in increasing water-holding capacity and improving texture when either pale or normal raw material is incorporated into the product. Therefore, turkey collagen demonstrates the potential to add value to turkey breast deli products.     

Tick-borne diseases in Turkey

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Conception of Jersey cattle in Turkey

To determine the effects of insemination season (IS; dry: May through October and rainy: November through April), lactation number (LN; heifers, primiparous or multiparous) and their interaction on non-return rate (NRR), conception rate (CR) to first-service and pregnancy loss (PL) of Jersey cattle in Turkey, over 1468 lactation records from 510 Jersey dairy cows were used. There was an interaction between LN × IS on NRR, CR to first-service (p < 0.01) and PL (p < 0.05). The NRR and CR to first-service of heifers inseminated during dry season and of primiparous inseminated during rainy season were higher (p < 0.01) than that of multiparous inseminated during both season. The NRR and CR of heifers and primiparous were higher (p < 0.05) than that of multiparous cows. The insemination of heifers during rainy season and of primiparous and multiparous during dry season increased (p < 0.01) the PL compared to the inseminations of heifers during dry season and of primiparous during rainy season. The PL was lower (p < 0.05) in primiparous than multiparous cows. The results demonstrate that the heifers have high fertility than the lactating, especially multiparous and that IS appeared to have a measurable impact on traits relating to conception of Jersey cattle in the each LN.     

Pathology and virus tissue distribution of Turkey origin reoviruses in experimentally infected Turkey poults

The pathogenesis of 4 isolates of turkey-origin reovirus (NC/SEP-R44/03, NC/98, TX/98, and NC/85) and 1 chicken-origin reovirus (1733) was examined by infecting specific pathogen free (SPF) poults. These turkey-origin reovirus (TRV) isolates were collected from turkey flocks experiencing poult enteritis and are genetically distinct from previously reported avian reoviruses. Microscopic examination of the tissues collected from the TRV-infected poults revealed different degrees of bursal atrophy characterized by lymphoid depletion and increased fibroplasia between the bursal follicles. To understand the relationship between virus spread and replication, and the induction of lesions, immunohistochemical staining (IHC) for viral antigen, in situ hybridization (ISH) for the detection of viral RNA, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay for the detection of apoptosis in affected tissues was performed. Both IHC and ISH revealed viral antigen and RNA in the surface epithelial cells of the bursa, in macrophages in the interstitium of the bursa and, to lesser degree, in splenic red pulp macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells. Increased apoptosis of bursal lymphocytes and macrophages was observed at 2 and 5 days postinoculation. No lesions were found in tissues from poults inoculated with the virulent chicken-origin strain, however viral antigen was detected in the bursa and the intestine. Although all TRVs studied displayed similar tissue tropism, there were substantial differences in the severity of the lesions produced. Poults inoculated with NC/SEP-R44/03 or NC/98 had moderate to severe bursal atrophy, whereas poults inoculated with TX/98 or NC/85 presented a mild to moderate bursal lymphoid depletion. The lymphoid depletion observed in the bursa appears to be the effect of an indirectly induced apoptosis and would most likely result in immune dysfunction in poults infected with TRV.     

Turkey meningo-encephalitis in South Africa

Turkey meningo-encephalitis is a neuroparalytic disease of turkeys first described and shown to be caused by a flavivirus in Israel. During 1978 a similar disease was observed in South Africa. In addition to the lesions described in Israel, myocarditis, regression of the ovary and egg peritonitis were constant findings. The similarity in host range, symptoms and pathological changes produced by the virus isolated locally and in Israel and the serological cross-reaction between the 2 virus isolates indicate that they are identical.     

Turkey knockdown in successive flocks

Turkey knockdown was diagnosed in three of five flocks of hen turkeys on a single farm within a 12-mo period. The age of birds in the flocks affected ranged from 6 wk 2 days to 7 wk 4 days. The attack rate ranged from 0.02% to 0.30% with a case fatality rate in affected birds ranging from 0 to 74%. The diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical signs and histopathologic lesions associated with knockdown. The feed in all flocks contained bacitracin methylene disalicylate and monensin (Coban). Affected birds were recumbent, demonstrated paresis, and were unable to vocalize. Postmortem examination revealed few significant lesions although pallor of the adductor muscles and petechiation in adductor and gastrocnemius muscles were noted. Birds that had been recumbent for extended periods were severely dehydrated. Consistent microscopic lesions included degeneration, necrosis, and regeneration of adductor, gastrocnemius, and abdominal muscles. No lesion in cardiac tissue was noted. Results of our investigation indicated that changes in water consumption, vitamin E status, and brooder to finisher movement correlated with the occurrence of knockdown. Turkey knockdown was defined in 1993 as any condition identified in a turkey flock that has affected the neuromuscular system to a degree that a turkey is unable to walk or stand. This definition was later modified to...neuromuscular or skeletal systems to a degree that a turkey is unable to walk or stand properly. Knockdown may be associated with numerous feed, management, or disease factors alone or in combination. Dosage of monensin, feed restriction/gorging, water restriction, heat stress, copper, mycotoxins, sodium chloride in feed, and sulfa drugs have all been suggested as contributing factors; however, laboratory studies to duplicate this have not been successful. This report presents observations from a single farm at which three of five hen flocks in a single year experienced knockdown. When a flock was reported as affected, a detailed investigation was initiated within 3 hr. The fifth flock was followed on a twice weekly basis from 0 to 8 wk of age to determine if initiating events were evident, but knockdown did not occur.     

Animal welfare education in Turkey

Veterinary medical education in Turkey began in 1842 and is now offered by 17 universities. Since 1895, topics related to animal welfare have been covered as part of the curriculum in courses titled Deontology, Health Inspection, and Laws of Veterinary Medicine. During the 2004/2005 academic year, for the first time, animal welfare was included as a separate course as part of the curriculum in two veterinary faculties. As a result of curriculum adjustment efforts at both national and international levels, the animal-welfare course is now expected to be required for all veterinary students in Turkey. This study reports on the development of animal-welfare curricula in veterinary medical education in Turkey and describes the historical events from which the appreciation of it arose.     

土耳其养蜂业

养蜂是土耳其的传统产业。在安纳托利亚,养蜂有9000年的历史。世界上第一条养蜂的法律被称为赫梯小报(the Hittite Tabloids),它制定于4000年前的土耳其。在赫梯朝圣者的烧瓶中发现了装有黑种草的草籽,里面混合有蜂蜜、蜂蜡和蜂胶。     

Frozen Turkey Semen

Semen samples from Bronze turkeys, extended with Brown's buffer and antibiotics, and protected with combinations of ethylene glycol-glycerol and N,N-dimethylacetamide-glycerol were frozen at the rate of 8°C per minute down to -196°C. Similar treatments were used as controls. Five White virgin hens were inseminated with semen from each group before and after dialysis. The per cent fertility of the frozen semen samples after dialysis was lower than the corresponding control groups.     

火鸡丹毒研究进展

火鸡丹毒是由红斑丹毒丝菌引起的一种火鸡的传染病。本文就其病原特性、发病机理、临床症状、病理变化、诊断及防治等方面的进展做一概述。     

Orf virus circulation in cattle in Turkey

Orf virus (ORFV) causes contagious skin disease that mainly affects sheep and goats with zoonotic potential. However, there is not enough information about the association between ORFV and occurrence of skin disease in cattle. The present study describes outbreaks of ORFV infection in cattle in different provinces that are located in the Aegean, Central Anatolian and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. During the months of June and August 2017, vesicular fluid and scab samples were collected from cattle which had proliferative skin lesions. First, presence of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) and bovine herpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2, known as the causative agent of pseudo-lumpy skin disease) were investigated by real time PCR and PCR, respectively. Then, samples tested for the presence of parapoxviruses by PCR using primers specific to major envelope protein gene (B2L). Parapoxvirus DNA was detected in investigated samples whereas LSDV and BoHV-2 DNA were not detected. The analysis of the B2L gene sequences revealed that cattle were infected with ORFV. The isolates in the present study shared 100% sequence identity at the nucleotide and amino acid level when compared with previously characterised Turkish field ORFV isolates from goats in 2016. Results of the study show unusual infection of cattle with ORFV, and suggest that ORFV jumps the host species barrier from goats to cattle.