肠道葡萄糖转运载体研究进展

D-葡萄糖是机体的主要能源物质,对机体代谢与内环境稳态有非常重要的作用。葡萄糖的吸收主要通过位于肠黏膜上皮细胞的两类葡萄糖转运载体家族来完成。Na+与SGLTs的结合促使载体与葡萄糖的结合,葡萄糖顺着Na+的浓度梯度进入细胞;当细胞内葡萄糖浓度升高后,葡萄糖顺着浓度差通过肠黏膜上皮细胞基底膜GLUT2经易化扩散转运进入血液。本文综述了肠道不同葡萄糖转运载体家族的成员和分类,介绍了其结构特征、功能特性及其组织分布;并详细阐述了肠道葡萄糖转运载体基因表达的影响因素。     

Ultrasonography in gastrointestinal disease in cattle

Ultrasonography is an ideal diagnostic tool for investigating gastrointestinal disorders in cattle. It is performed on standing non-sedated cattle using a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. In animals with traumatic reticuloperitonitis, inflammatory fibrinous changes, and abscesses can be imaged; however, magnets and foreign bodies are difficult to visualize because of the gas content of the reticulum. Ultrasonography can be used to assess the size, position and contents of the abomasum. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided abomasocentesis can be performed to evaluate the nature and chemical composition of its contents. In left displacement of the abomasum, the abomasum is seen between the left abdominal wall and the rumen. It contains fluid ingesta ventrally and a gas cap of varying size dorsally. Occasionally, the abomasal folds are seen in the ingesta. In cattle with right displacement of the abomasum, the liver is displaced medially from the right abdominal wall by the abomasum, which has an ultrasonographic appearance similar to that described for left displacement. Motility and diameter of the intestine are the most important criteria for ultrasonographic assessment of ileus. However, the cause of the ileus is rarely determined using ultrasonography. In cases with ileus of the small intestine, there is at least one region of dilatation of the intestine and motility is reduced or absent. In cattle with caecal dilatation, the caecum can always be imaged from the right lateral abdominal wall. The wall of the caecum closest to the transducer appears as a thick, echogenic, semi-circular line.     

动物基因组中反转录转座子的研究进展

反转录转座子 (retrotransposon)是一类通过RNA实现转座的遗传因子 ,以多拷贝形式广泛存在于真核生物基因组中。由其产生的转座会导致基因组序列的删除、扩增、移位、断裂、重组等现象 ,从某种意义上说反转录转座子是生物遗传多样性产生的一个重要因素     

Progress in tuberculosis eradication in Ireland

Ireland ran a conventional test and slaughter Bovine Tuberculosis eradication programme from 1954 until 1988. This programme fulfilled our trading requirements but failed to eradicate TB. At this point a major initiative, ERAD, was launched targeted with reducing the disease levels by half within a four-year period and devising the strategy and supports necessary to achieve final eradication. The lessons learned at that time have informed Ireland's eradication programme ever since. Eradication was not possible without developing solutions to address the wildlife disease reservoir and other identified constraints. Since 1992 the programme objectives have been restated. It is now effectively an interim control programme where significant resources have been invested in research and development aimed at overcoming the identified constraints to eradication. Policy is informed by science and debate among stakeholders is generally knowledgeable and balanced. This paper outlines developments in recent years and sets out our expectations for progress in the period ahead.     

Cystic echinococcosis in Europe and in Italy

Cystic Echinococcosis remains a public health problem especially in the Mediterranean Region and the economic impact of Echinococcosis is great despite efforts to control it. In this review, an attempt is made to assess the present epidemiological situation of Echinococcosis in Europe and Italy.     

Cystic echinococcosis in Europe and in Italy

Cystic Echinococcosis remains a public health problem especially in the Mediterranean Region and the economic impact of Echinococcosis is great despite efforts to control it. In this review, an attempt is made to assess the present epidemiological situation of Echinococcosis in Europe and Italy.     

Cryptosporidium infection in dogs in Osaka,Japan

Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic pathogen composed of genetically distinct but morphologically identical genotypes. Recent molecular study indicates that dogs may transmit the cattle genotype, which is known to be pathogenic to humans. Although large-scale studies of Cryptosporidium infection in dogs have been performed in several countries, the isolates were not accurately identified because of the lack of a method for molecular analysis. It is important to identify the isolates harbored in dogs, which come in close contact with humans, in order to control human cryptosporidiosis. The aim of the present study was to calculate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in dogs in Osaka city, Japan, and to characterize the isolates molecularly. The prevalence was determined to be 9.3% (13/140) by PCR. All isolates were found to be Cryptosporidium canis (previously known as the dog genotype), which is thought to be non-pathogenic in humans, based on the sequencing of diagnostic fragments. These results indicate that PCR-based diagnostic methods are a useful tool for the diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in dogs, and that dogs living in Osaka are not a significant reservoir for human cryptosporidiosis. It is unclear why C. canis is dominant in dogs. Further study is required to understand this partial parasitism.     

秋季断犊母牦牛促发情试验

在青海省大通种牛场育种一队对27头秋季断犊母牦牛进行了促发情试验。母牦牛断犊并经21-23d恢复饲养后,采用两次PG注射法和GnRH+PG注射法对母牦牛进行同期发情处理,结果显示:试验I组母牦牛发情6头,发情率66.67%,试验II组母牦牛发情2头,发情率22.22%。经统计分析,试验I组与试验II组母牦牛之间发情率差异不显著(P﹥0.05),但显著高于对照组(P﹤0.05),试验II组母牦牛发情率与对照组间差异不显著(P﹥0.05)。     

Advances in immunoparasitology

A selective review of the advances in immunoparasitology is presented. It is selective simply because it is not feasible to embrace the whole field of parasitology within the compass of a single review paper, for if it were attempted, it would suffer undue abbreviation. Emphasis is placed on the advances in helminthology and especially the gastro-intestinal parasites of ruminants, an obvious selection because of the interests of the author. Reviews are always somewhat retrospective in outlook; to write a review at the present time is especially foolhardy since developments in biology are such that totally new concepts can arise almost overnight, as it were. This is a particularly healthy state, and the discipline of parasitology is caught up in the application and interpretation of molecular biological considerations. "Parasitism" is a field of increasing importance and challenge.     

我国草业新世纪10年取得的成就和未来10年发展的重点

过去10年草业发展成绩显著,问题突出,下一个10年草业发展应重点提升草业科技创新能力,使草业发展由资源驱动转变为科技创新驱动,着力转变草原畜牧业生产经营方式,使草原畜牧业发展由牲畜数量驱动转变为生态效益驱动,加快建立和完善草原生态保护制度,使草原保护由项目为主转变为制度为主,大力推进以苜蓿(Medicago spp.)为主的饲草产业化发展,使优质苜蓿由依赖进口转变为依靠国产,尽快构建草原防灾减灾体系,使防灾减灾由被动抗灾转变为主动防灾。     

新生动物免疫球蛋白Fc受体的研究概况

影响新生动物死亡的一个关键原因是初乳中IgG的含量不足,使新生动物免疫力低下易感疾病而死亡。新生动物免疫球蛋白Fc受体(FcRn)是IgG在乳腺、肠道运输过程中的唯一受体,对初生动物吸收初乳中的IgG含量起关键作用。本文综述了FcRn的特点与生物学功能。     

Morphological variations in keratinising epithelia in the beagle

Six keratinising epithelia in the beagle have been studied using conventional histology and fluorescence methods to identify the nature of the keratin present. Three patterns of differentiation were identified, those present in areas of hairy skin, the foot pad and the tongue and nasal tip. In the first group, the epidermis is generally thin and exhibits a low mitotic rate but the keratin formed is mature. In the foot pad and tongue, which are examples of pressure keratinisation, the epidermis is appreciably thicker because of the presence of a phospholipid-rich cornified layer. A third form of keratinisation is seen in the nasal tip and in regions of the tongue, characterised by parakeratotic changes, high phospholipid accumulation and other features reported previously in keratinising epithelia subject to prolonged hydration.     

Change in intrarenal Ghrelin expression in immune complex-mediated glomerular disease in dogs

Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that is mainly produced by the stomach. The kidney is a major source of local ghrelin, and maintaining body fluid balance is considered a critical role of renal ghrelin. However, there are no reports on renal ghrelin in small animal medicine. The present study investigated the intrarenal localization of and change in ghrelin expression in dogs with immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis (ICGN). Ghrelin immunoreactivity (IR) was observed in the distal tubules of normal kidneys. Ghrelin IR was weak in ICGN kidneys, and the quantitative ghrelin IR score was significantly lower in ICGN kidneys than in normal kidneys. In cases of ICGN, plasma creatinine concentrations showed a positive correlation with the ghrelin IR score.     

有机硒在猪营养中的研究进展

硒为动物必需微量元素,缺乏和过量对机体都可产生不利影响,甚至死亡。硒的形式多种多样,其中有机硒具有诸多优点,成为近年来硒研究的热点。本文重点综述有机硒在猪体内的代谢和对母猪、公猪繁殖性能、生长育肥猪生产性能及肉质品质的影响。     

蚕学专业生物化学理论教学的体会

生物化学是蚕学专业非常重要的专业基础课,针对生物化学内容抽象枯燥、知识更新快的特点,采取灵活多样的课堂教学、加强与学生的交流,将有助于激发学生的学习兴趣,培养学生进行科学思维的能力,从而使生物化学的教学质量得到提高。     

Experiences in diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse

This paper reviews the current status of diagnostic and surgical arthroscopy in the horse. Arthroscopy has been used as a diagnostic aid since 1974 and is useful for evaluation of abnormalities in synovial membrane and articular cartilage. Surgical arthroscopy is a more recent advance that has replaced conventional arthrotomy in 90 per cent of the author's cases. Clinical conditions currently being treated using arthroscopic techniques rather than arthrotomy include all chip fractures in the carpus, chip fractures of the first phalanx, chronic proliferative synovitis in the fetlock and osteochondritis dissecans of the femoropatellar and tibiotarsal joints. The equipment requirements and basic techniques are reviewed. Convalescent time following surgery is decreased and the cosmetic appearance improved compared to arthrotomy. Considerable experience is required for competent surgery which, in turn, is necessary for this method to have advantage over previous conventional techniques.     

Actinobacillus suis infection in pigs in Australia

This is the first report of the isolation of Actinobacillus suis in association with significant disease among preweaned pigs in Australia. Sudden deaths occurred in preweaned piglets at one facility and enlarged joints, particularly the stifles and tarsi, occurred at another. Isolates with the biochemical phenotype and apx genotype profile of A suis were cultured from affected piglets. Both facilities were of high health status and one had undergone a recent depopulation, disinfection and sow repopulation process. Reviewing initial reports of A suis disease overseas, it is apparent that outbreaks occurred sporadically in various locations, with disease occurring among the herds involved for some months only, before development of immunity. A suis disease is now considered an emerging disease on high health status farms.     

Key-Gaskell syndrome in a cat in Switzerland

As far as the authors know this is the first case of Key-Gaskell-syndrome being described in Switzerland. The clinical signs of megaoesophagus, anorexia, constipation, dryness of all mucous membranes, reduced tear production, protrusion of the membrana nictitans, mydriasis, regurgitation and bradycardia are pathognomonic and can't be mistaken by any other disease. The subject of the Key-Gaskell-syndrome is a dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Histopathological changes are exclusively related to the autonomic nervous system and to neurons of some nuclei in the cranial nerves. Less severe changes can be found in the neurons of the spinal cord or in the dorsal root ganglia. The etiology remains still unclear. There is a relationship to the grass sickness syndrome in horses and to dysautonomia of man and dog.     

哺乳动物卵母细胞非整倍体产生机制的研究进展

雌性生殖细胞进行减数分裂时易发生染色体分离错误而产生非整倍体卵母细胞,其受精后会产生非整倍体胚胎,导致出生缺陷或胚胎致死,是影响哺乳动物繁殖的重要因素。卵母细胞在第一次减数分裂前期发生同源染色体联会,此时DNA双链断裂引发重组。重组时缺乏交叉、重组事件数量的减少及交叉靠近端粒或着丝粒导致染色体发生同向分离或不分离,从而产生非整倍体卵母细胞。减数分裂期间,当染色体的端粒共向于同一极或没有完全附着在纺锤体微管上时,纺锤体组装检查点（spindle assembly checkpoint,SAC）被激活,E3泛素连接酶APC/Cyclome （APC/C）沉默,保护分离酶抑制蛋白（securin）和细胞周期蛋白B （cyclin B）不被降解,从而抑制分离酶和染色体的分离。直到所有染色体与纺锤体实现稳定的双极定向并正确排列到赤道板上,SAC关闭,染色体正确分离。卵母细胞中SAC蛋白缺失,导致SAC不能有效地监测端粒在纺锤体上的正确附着,发生染色体分离错误,从而产生非整倍体卵母细胞。因此,通过现代分子技术手段解析非整倍体卵母细胞所涉及的机制是保护哺乳动物生育的重要目标。作者主要介绍了卵母细胞减数分裂的特点,详细阐述了卵母细胞非整倍体发生的染色体分离错误的分子机制,以期为开发卵母细胞非整倍体的治疗手段提供参考。     

Pharmacologic considerations in drug therapy in foals

Rational drug therapy in the foal requires a sound knowledge of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of various drugs as well as a thorough understanding of the physiologic differences that exist between the neonate and the adult and that may serve to alter drug disposition and, therefore, drug response. A summary of these physiologic factors with emphasis on the foal is presented and is followed by recommendations regarding the applied therapeutics of various antimicrobial agents.