响应面法优化枇杷花总黄酮超声波辅助提取工艺的研究

采用超声波辅助提取枇杷花中的总黄酮,研究超声波功率、乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间、液料比及提取次数对总黄酮提取得率的影响。根据单因素试验,选择在超声波功率80 W、一次浸提条件下优化提取工艺;采用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,设计4因素3水平试验,以响应面分析法优化乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间及液料比4个因素对总黄酮提取得率的影响。结果表明：当超声波功率为80 W时,枇杷花中总黄酮超声波辅助提取的优化工艺参数为：乙醇浓度47.33％、提取温度58.42 ℃、提取时间12.01 min、液料比（mL ∶ g）45.56 ∶ 1,在此条件下枇杷花总黄酮一次浸提的提取得率可达10.48％。     

应用响应面分析优化酶法辅助超声提取余甘子多糖工艺

利用酶法辅助超声提取法从余甘子中提取多糖,考查了超声时间、液料比、超声温度和超声功率对多糖提取率的影响.在单因素试验的基础上采用响应面分析优化提取工艺条件.结果表明,余甘子多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为：超声温度41℃,液料比6∶1,超声时间75min,超声功率300W,多糖提取率为5.76%,接近于模型预测值.     

响应面法优化超声波辅助乙醇提取余甘多酚的工艺研究

以提高余甘果肉中的多酚提取率为目的,采用超声波辅助乙醇提取。以乙醇浓度80%为固定条件,通过4组单因素试验探讨了超声波提取温度、功率、提取时间及料液比对余甘多酚提取效果的影响;运用Box-Behnken设计,通过3因素3水平的响应面分析法优化了超声波辅助乙醇提取余甘多酚的工艺。结果表明：在乙醇浓度80％,料液比1 g ∶ 25 mL条件下,余甘多酚的最佳超声波辅助乙醇提取的工艺条件为超声波提取温度43.80 ℃,功率250.96 W,提取时间23.90 min。按此工艺条件提取的余甘多酚提取率为17.21％。     

响应面法优化超声波辅助提取薏苡仁低聚糖工艺的研究

采用响应面法优化超声波辅助提取薏苡仁低聚糖的工艺条件。在单因素试验基础上,选取液料比、超声波时间以及超声波功率3个因素结合Box-Behnken试验建立数学模型,分析考察3个因素对薏苡仁低聚糖响应值的影响程度,优化工艺参数。各因素对薏苡仁低聚糖提取率影响程度从大到小顺序依次为:超声波功率超声波时间液料比。响应面设计法优化出其最佳超声波提取条件为:超声波温度70℃,液料比33∶1(m L/g),超声波时间27 min,超声波功率450 W。在该条件下,薏苡仁低聚糖提取率为0.94%,与模型预测值0.98%接近。说明使用响应面法优化超声波辅助提取薏苡仁低聚糖的工艺条件是可行的。     

超声波提取豆渣中水溶性大豆多糖工艺研究

在单因素试验基础上采用正交试验,探讨在超声波环境下提取温度、液料比、提取时间以及超声波功率对豆渣中提取大豆水溶性多糖的影响.结果表明:超声功率对水溶性大豆多糖提取率的影响较大,其次是提取温度和液料比,然后是提取时间.水溶性大豆多糖提取的最优工艺参数是:提取温度80℃,液料比10∶1,提取时间40 min,超声功率160...     

白毫银针茶毫茶多糖提取工艺研究

以白毫银针茶毫为原料,研究茶毫多糖的超声波辅助提取工艺技术。分别就提取过程中的料液比、提取功率、提取时间进行了单因素实验,并用L9(34)正交实验优化提取工艺,得出优化的工艺为:料液比1:30,超声功率为360W,超声时间25min,多糖的得率为7.34%。     

超声波辅助提取诺丽果多糖的工艺研究

以诺丽果干粉为原料,优化超声波辅助提取诺丽果多糖的工艺,测定多糖的提取总量。在单因素实验基础上,以超声波处理时间、处理温度、处理功率、料液比四因素,三水平进行正交实验,以诺丽果多糖提取率为考察结果。结果表明:诺丽果粉粒度60目、料液比1∶25、提取功率300 W、提取时间45 min、提取温度70℃,提取次数2次为多糖的最佳提取条件。在正交实验基础上,进行了验证试验,结果证明,采用优化后的提取工艺提取诺丽果多糖的效率高,研究结果为提取诺丽果多糖提供了一定实际生产依据。     

澳洲坚果油超声波辅助提取工艺优化及其理化性质

为提高澳洲坚果油提取得率并获得高品质油脂,采用超声波辅助法提取澳洲坚果油,并分析提取油脂的理化性质。首先通过单因素实验考察了提取溶剂、超声功率、超声时间以及液料比对提取率的影响,然后通过响应面法优化了提取工艺参数。结果表明,正己烷对澳洲坚果油提取率较高;适当增加超声波功率、超声时间以及溶剂量,澳洲坚果油得率均随之增加;通过响应面优化,超声波辅助提取澳洲坚果油的最佳提取条件为：液料比为9.6∶1（mL/g）,超声功率为520 W,超声时间为32 min,澳洲坚果油得率达69.1%,2次提取总得率达96.3%。研究结果表明超声波辅助提取是一种有效的油脂提取方法,从脂肪酸成分比例及理化性质来看,澳洲坚果油营养价值较高。     

千层金精油有机溶剂提取工艺的优化及成分分析

采用有机溶剂萃取法提取千层金精油,在单因素试验的基础上,以石油醚(60~90℃)为提取溶剂,选取提取时间、提取温度、料液比为影响因素,用正交试验优化千层金精油的提取工艺,并采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术鉴定了千层金精油的化学成分。结果表明,千层金精油的最佳提取工艺条件为:提取时间3 h,提取温度50℃,料液比1∶20,在此工艺条件下的精油提取得率4.51%。GC-MS分析结果表明,千层金精油共含有41个组分,主要成分为甲基丁香酚,相对含量达到了83.55%,其次为肉桂酸甲酯(4.55%)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯(1.81%)、大根香叶烯D(1.36%)。     

超声波辅助乙醇提取油茶饼粕中茶皂素的工艺研究

试验采用超声波辅助乙醇提取脱脂油茶饼粕中的茶皂素，以茶皂素提取率为考核指标，通过单因素试验和正交试验，优化超声波辅助乙醇提取茶皂素的最佳工艺条件为：固液比1∶7，超声波功率为总功率的90%，提取温度45℃，超声时间55 min，在此条件下，茶皂素的提取率可达7.48%。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.