外源硒对芒果硒含量及果实营养品质的影响

探讨叶面喷施和土施外源硒对芒果叶片和果实硒含量、果实矿质元素含量及营养品质的影响,以期为富硒芒果的安全生产提供理论依据和技术支持。以“桂热 82号”芒果为试材,叶面喷施以亚硒酸钠为硒源,设置0.0、25.0、50.0、100.0、150.0和 200.0 mg/L 6个浓度水平,于生理落果结束后,每 15 d喷施一次,连喷 2次。土施设置亚硒酸钠处理和硒酸钠处理,施肥量为 10 g/株,于花期沟施。结果表明,芒果叶片和果实中的硒含量随着叶面喷硒浓度的增加而递增。叶面喷施 50 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著提高果实 Vc含量,200 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著提高果实K、可滴定酸含量,100～ 200 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著降低果实Zn、Ca含量。土施相同量的亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠均可显著提高芒果叶片和果实硒含量。土施硒酸钠叶片和果实硒含量显著高于亚硒酸钠。土施 10 g/株亚硒酸钠显著降低果实 Ca、Mg含量,土施 10 g/株硒酸钠显著提高果实 K、Vc含量,降低果实 Ca含量。叶面喷硒和土壤施硒均可显著提高芒果叶片和果实硒含量,其中叶面喷硒提高幅度远大于土壤施硒提高幅度。土施硒酸钠比亚硒酸钠更容易被芒果吸收。富硒芒果生产上推荐叶面喷施 25.0～ 50.0 mg/L亚硒酸钠,或者土施 10 g/株硒酸钠。     

叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对葡萄果实品质及叶片衰老的影响

以3年生露地栽培葡萄户太8号为试材,采用不同浓度、不同时期叶面喷施亚硒酸钠的方法,探究提高葡萄果实硒含量方法及其延缓叶片衰老的效应。结果表明,喷硒后新抽生出副梢新叶中的硒含量与老叶中硒含量呈高度正相关(r=0. 99),硒在葡萄植株内具有移动性,可重复利用。不同浓度处理以50 mg/L亚硒酸钠处理后的果实品质最好;不同时期处理下始着色期处理后的果实品质最好。50 mg/L亚硒酸钠处理后延缓叶片衰老效果最明显。叶面喷施亚硒酸钠可有效提高葡萄果实含硒量从而提高果实品质,有效提高叶片叶绿素含量从而增加叶片光合量进一步延缓叶片衰老。     

叶面喷施不同形态硒对草莓吸收和转运硒的影响

采用温室大棚试验,研究了叶面喷施硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠对提高草莓硒含量的影响以及硒在草莓植株中的转运和分布,旨在为富硒水果的开发和生产提供理论依据。本试验在草莓初花期进行叶面喷施亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠,当喷硒量为20、40、60 g Se·hm~(-2)时,亚硒酸钠处理40 d后草莓果实样品中硒含量分别为0.03、0.10、0.15 mg·kg~(-1)FW,分别为对照的3、20倍和30倍;硒酸钠处理40d后草莓果实硒含量分别为0.05、0.12、0.17 mg·kg~(-1) FW,是对照处理的5、24倍和34倍。但是叶面喷施的硒持续供给果实的能力有限,随着草莓果实的连续生长,后期采收的草莓中硒含量显著下降。叶面喷硒后,叶片吸收的亚硒酸钠约有30%转移到了根部,而硒酸钠则更多地累积于叶片中,转移到根部的量不到15%。草莓初花期叶面喷施硒可以显著提高前期草莓果实中硒的含量,随着采收期的延长,草莓中硒的含量显著下降,喷施亚硒酸钠的处理硒向根部转移的能力高于硒酸钠的处理。     

低硒土壤区玉米植株中硒的分布及调控初探

对低硒地区玉米植株中硒的含量分布规律进行了研究，采籽玉米成熟期根系＞茎叶雄穗（混）＞籽粒，籽粒中含硒量非常低；青贮玉米灌浆期叶片＞茎秆＞根系＞雄穗＞雌穗，下部茎＞上部茎，上部叶≈下部叶。用亚硒酸钠溶液浸种不利于提高玉米含硒量，叶喷可有效地提高玉米各器含硒量，其含硒量随喷硒量的增加而增加，喷１５－７５ｇ／ｈｍ＾２可使玉米茎叶含硒量达到充足阈，喷硒对玉米产量没有明显提高。     

紫云英对水稻硒累积特征和糙米硒含量的影响

通过对土壤含硒量、紫云英和外源硒对水稻硒累积特征和糙米硒含量的田间小区试验研究结果表明:作物含硒量直接受土壤全硒量的影响,紫云英对土壤硒的吸收量是糙米吸收量5.13～6.07倍。增施紫云英可显著提高糙米的含硒量,施入富硒紫云英糙米含硒量为0.0910mgkg-1;施入紫云英糙米含硒量为0.0501mgkg-1。紫云英的施用量以22500mghm-2为宜。喷施适宜用量的外源硒对水稻生育性状和产量影响较小,但可迅速显著提高糙米和秸秆的含硒量,其含硒量与喷施量成正比,使无机硒的含量提高。在普通紫云英下喷施以10mgkg-1亚硒酸钠为宜,在生长期后期喷施的效果为好,其中乳熟期喷施效果更好。紫云英对水稻产量有一定的增产作用,增产幅度为2.16%～4.39%。     

硒对大蒜生理特性、含硒量及品质的影响

以金蒜3号为试材,采用盆栽试验,通过叶面喷施不同浓度、不同次数的亚硒酸钠研究了硒对大蒜生理特性、含硒量和品质的影响。结果表明:在生长期4月5日、15日和25日累计喷施1次、2次、3次3个浓度（5、10、15 mg/L）的亚硒酸钠溶液,均不同程度影响大蒜生理特性、含硒量和品质。与对照相比,叶面喷施2次10 mg/L的亚硒酸钠溶液,可显著提高叶片中光合色素含量和光合性能;能显著改善蒜薹和鳞茎品质,单薹鲜质量和单头鲜质量分别提高68.25%和29.00%,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C含量分别提高73.05%、104.66%、18.95%和82.01%、51.27%、69.82%;并可有效提高鳞茎中游离氨基酸含量（38.91%）,降低蒜薹中游离氨基酸含量（36.95%）;同时可降低蒜薹和鳞茎中大蒜素含量,但差异不显著。蒜薹和鳞茎硒含量随硒浓度和喷施次数的增加而显著提高,最高可达19.81和23.96 mg/kg,为对照的3.85和4.41倍。综合各因素指标,大蒜以叶面喷施2次10 mg/L的亚硒酸钠为宜。     

叶面施硒对黑豆硒吸收转运特征及籽粒硒形态的影响

为了明确叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对黑豆硒吸收转运特征及籽粒硒形态的影响,采用小区试验在黑豆结荚兴盛期进行一次性叶面喷施亚硒酸钠(施硒量分别为0、6、12、18和24 mg·m^-2)处理,分析比较不同浓度亚硒酸钠处理下黑豆产量、各器官硒含量、籽粒有机硒转化率和品质性状的差异。结果表明,各施硒水平对黑豆各器官总硒含量均有提升作用,在24 mg·m^-2硒处理时各器官总硒含量最大,根、茎、荚和籽粒硒含量分别较对照提高了8.74、8.37、9.85和65.21倍,硒处理后各器官总硒含量呈现籽粒>根≈荚>茎的特点。籽粒中硒以有机硒形态存在,且有机硒转化率随着亚硒酸钠浓度的增加呈下降趋势,在0、6、12、18和24 mg·m^-2施硒处理时,有机硒含量分别为0.071 4、1.101 8、1.510 6、1.811 1和2.093 5 mg·kg^-1,有机硒转化率分别为94.52%、84.81%、70.30%、60.11%和52.43%。叶面喷施亚硒酸钠显著提高了黑豆籽粒蛋白质含量和分离蛋白硒含量,但对脂肪含量的影响较小,在24 mg·m^-2硒处理时蛋白质含量和分离蛋白硒含量分别较对照增加了2.4个百分点和117.35倍,分离蛋白硒含量占有机硒和总硒含量的比例分别为90.29%和47.39%。适宜浓度亚硒酸钠叶面喷施对黑豆产量具有促进作用,但浓度过高导致增产效果减弱。综上,叶面喷施亚硒酸钠可提高黑豆各器官总硒含量,但黑豆籽粒有机硒转化率随喷施浓度的增加呈下降趋势,且黑豆籽粒有机硒主要以蛋白质形式存在。本研究结果为应用外源硒强化技术生产富硒黑豆提供了科学依据。     

紫甘薯对硒的吸收和累积特征

以紫甘薯为试验材料,采用盆栽试验的方法研究了基施硒酸钠[Se(VI)]和亚硒酸钠[Se(IV)]条件下,紫甘薯对外源硒的吸收累积规律,并比较了施用两种不同价态硒的紫甘薯富硒效果。结果表明:两种硒源均可显著提高紫甘薯各器官含硒量,且紫甘薯含硒量均随施硒量的增加而增大。当土壤施硒量为Se 8 mg/kg时,施用硒酸钠、亚硒酸钠收获期薯块的硒含量(干基)分别达到6.69、0.88 mg/kg。紫甘薯生育期40 d时各器官硒含量叶茎薯块,130 d时硒含量叶薯块茎。当硒酸钠施用量为Se 4 mg/kg时,紫甘薯薯块中的硒累积量最高达923.81μg/株,硒在紫甘薯块根中的分配率可达67%~70%,硒酸钠处理下,紫甘薯对硒的吸收利用率远远高于亚硒酸钠处理。综合紫甘薯含硒量和施硒量对生长的影响结果分析,施用硒酸钠和亚硒酸钠均能增加紫甘薯薯块的硒含量,紫甘薯对硒酸钠敏感性高于亚硒酸钠,生产过程中应充分考虑施用硒酸钠对作物造成的毒害。     

不同早稻品种对喷硒的响应

通过田间试验研究了海南省主栽的12个早稻品种对叶面喷施亚硒酸钠的响应,结果表明,与对照相比,喷硒分别提高糙米和精米平均硒含量43%和34%,差异达极显著水平。不同品种对喷硒的响应不同,与对照相比,喷硒显著提高丛优629和特优5735的糙米硒含量,因此,在海南低硒地区可选择种植这两个水稻品种生产富硒大米。     

紫云英叶面喷硒效应和硒素积累特性研究

田间小区试验研究了喷施亚硒酸钠不同浓度、时期、品种对紫云英硒含量的影响,结果表明:在120~360mg L-1亚硒酸钠溶液浓度范围内对紫云英鲜草产量可增产9.32%~14.8%,到420mg L-1对紫云英有轻微中毒现象,鲜草产量减产;在0~360 mg L-1浓度范围内,紫云英茎叶和花蕾的含硒量、硒蛋白含量和蛋白硒含量随喷施浓度的提高而增加,到420mg L-1紫云英茎叶和花蕾的硒含量降低。紫云英的茎叶浸出液的硒含量在0~300 mg L-1的范围内变化很小,但花蕾的浸出液的硒含量较大。在不同生长时期喷施对紫云英的硒含量影响较小,但随喷施时期的延迟对紫云英有机硒的含量有显著降低。不同品种紫云英在未喷施硒的情况下影响较小,喷施硒后,品种间有一定的差异,闽紫1号硒含量最高。     

Investigation of plant systemic organoselena compounds. IV. Effects of the derivatives of selenamorpholine on the selenium content of radish

This study was conducted under field conditions to determine the effect of 20 derivatives of selenamorpholine on selenium (Se) concentration in radish as compared to sodium selenite sources of Se. Most of the organoselena compounds were more effective for the uptake of selenium by radish than sodium selenite. Sprayed with 100 mL 50 ppm 4‐(l‐bromoundecanoyl) selenamorpholine, the Se content of the leaf of radish increased from 0.17 ppm to 124.04 ppm. Sprayed with 4‐benzoyl selenamorpholine and selenamorpholine hydrochloride, the Se content of the stem tuber increased from 4.34 ppm to 30.96 ppm and 28.75 ppm, respectively.     

Determination of selenium concentration of rice in china and effect of fertilization of selenite and selenate on selenium content of rice

A method of hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry was applied to the determination of the selenium concentration of regular polished rice in China and selenium-enriched polished rice obtained by foliar application of selenium-enriched fertilizer in the forms of selenite and selenate. The average selenium content of regular rice was 0.025 +/- 0.011 microg g(-)(1). On the basis of a daily dietary rice intake of 300-500 g suggested by the China Nutrition Society, the total selenium intake from regular rice was calculated to be 7.5-12.5 microg per person per day for an adult. The selenium contents of rice were significantly increased to 0.471-0.640 microg g(-)(1) by foliar application of selenium-enriched fertilizer at rate of 20 g of Se ha(-)(1) in the forms of sodium selenite and sodium selenate. The selenium content of rice by application of a fertilizer of selenate was 35.9% higher than that by a fertilizer of selenite, which showed that Se-enriched fertilizer in selenate exhibited greater efficiency in increasing Se content in rice products. The Se-enriched rice products can increase daily Se intake on average by 100-200 microg of Se per day by the consumption of 400 g of rice products if the Se level of rice products is controlled at 0.3-0.5 microg of Se g(-)(1). Because rice is a staple food in China, selenium-enriched rice obtained by bioenrichment of selenium to increase the Se content of rice could be a good selenium source for the population in selenium-deficient regions.     

Influence of selenium on carbohydrate accumulation in developing wheat grains

The present investigation reports the effects of different doses of sodium selenate and sodium selenite on its uptake, carbohydrate composition, and sucrose and starch metabolizing enzymes in flag leaf and developing grains of wheat grown under greenhouse conditions. Selenium (Se) concentration increased significantly in leaves and developing grains of Se-treated plants compared to control at different intervals post-anthesis. Total soluble sugars and sucrose concentrations in developing grains increased due to various Se treatments. Different selenite treatments increased sucrose synthase activity from 10 to 20 days post-anthesis and increased starch accumulation compared to control plants. Lower starch accumulation in selenate than control and selenite treatments was observed. The activities of α, β and total amylase, invertase and sucrose synthase increased whereas sucrose phosphate synthase declined. Results indicated that Se accumulation causes disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism that is dependent on Se concentration, form and the development stage of the plant.     

不同形态硒向水稻籽粒转运途径及品种差异

硒是人体必需微量元素,提高水稻籽粒硒含量对改善人体膳食硒营养有重要意义。以富硒水稻品种(Oryza sativa L.)秀水48和非富硒品种S.Andrea为材料,在灌浆期分别供应离体穗亚硒酸盐、硒酸盐、硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)和硒甲基硒代半胱氨酸(SeMeSeCys),探讨两品种水稻在灌浆期向籽粒转运不同形态硒的品种差异及转运途径。结果表明:水稻体内有机硒主要通过韧皮部转运至籽粒,硒酸钠可能通过木质部和韧皮部共同转运至剑叶,而亚硒酸钠主要通过木质部转运至剑叶。秀水48从茎至籽粒转运硒酸盐和硒代蛋氨酸能力显著强于S.Andrea,并且富硒水稻秀水48从剑叶至籽粒转运有机硒(硒代蛋氨酸)能力显著高于S.Andrea。与非富硒水稻相比较,富硒水稻能通过茎和剑叶向籽粒转运较多的硒,这可能是引起水稻籽粒硒含量差异的直接原因。     

不同形态叶面硒肥对水稻吸收和转运硒的影响

通过田间试验,研究了不同形态叶面硒肥对水稻吸收和转运硒的影响。与空白对照相比,亚硒酸钠、硒酸钠、硒代蛋氨酸和化学纳米硒在水稻扬花期一次施用(15g/hm²)可使水稻籽粒、颍壳和秸秆的硒含量分别提高0.06～0.64、0.36～0.83和0.32～0.75 mg/kg。籽粒硒的回收率大小顺序为：硒代蛋氨酸(34.6%)>亚硒酸钠(15.7%)>硒酸钠(15.0%)>化学纳米硒(6.6%);硒在水稻各部位中的分配比例的高低顺序为：秸秆>籽粒>颍壳。此外,硒用量与水稻籽粒的硒含量呈极显著线性相关。按照黑龙江省富硒大米的地方标准(DB23T 790—2004),达到一等大米的硒含量指标(0.20～0.30 mg/kg),亚硒酸钠单施的施用量为6.01～10.62 g/hm²,腐植酸+亚硒酸钠复合肥的施用量为4.26～8.63 g/hm²。硒代蛋氨酸的富硒效率高于其他3种硒形态,腐植酸+亚硒酸钠复合肥的富硒效率高于亚硒酸钠单施。     

Investigation of Plant Systemic Organoseleno Compounds. V. Effects of the Derivatives of Selenomorpholine on the Selenium Content of Garlic

The availability of inorganic and organic forms of selenium (Se) to garlic was studied by supplying selenium twice during the life cycle under field conditions. Most of the organic seleno compounds were more effectively taken up by garlic than sodium selenite. When sprayed with 50 mL 100 ppm O,O-diethyl-(N-selenomorpholinyl)phosphonate, the selenium content of the garlic bulb increased from 0.138 ppm to 1.734 ppm. When sprayed with 3-butyl selenomorpholine hydrochloride and 4-amino benzenesulfonyl selenomorpholine hydrochloride, the selenium content of the garlic leaf increased from 0.240 ppm to 7.32 ppm and 6.03ppm, respectively.     

Foliar application of selenite to barley plants low in selenium

Abstract

Experiments with foliar application of selenite to barley crops were carried out on a number of Danish farms during the years 1975 to 1979. The plants were treated at the growth stage of Feekes 4–6 with 2.5, 5 and 10 g Se/ha, and analysed for selenium at harvest. The conclusion from the results is that spraying of 3–5 g Se with a detergent at about Feekes 5 is a safe, cheap, and effective way of preventing an outbreak of selenium deficiency in livestock mainly feeding on cereals.     

Foliar application of selenite and selenate to potato (Solanum tuberosum): effect of a ligand agent on selenium content of tubers

The effect of a foliar spray of selenium on potatoes was investigated for 2 years. Amounts of 0, 50, and 150 g of Se ha(-)(1) were applied both as sodium selenate and as sodium selenite in water, either pure or with the addition of 0.15% of soluble leonardite as a source of humic acids (pH 7). Tuber selenium concentration increased with the application levels, both with sodium selenate and with sodium selenite, when only aqueous solutions were used. When humic acids were added, the tuber selenium level rose more markedly after the application of sodium selenate as compared to the case of the aqueous solutions; however, in the case of sodium selenite, the level showed a large increase only after the application of 50 g of Se ha(-)(1). Kinetics showed that humic acids raised the selenate availability, but no differences were found in the distribution of selenium in the tuber fractions. Foliar application of selenium with humic acids was proven to be a good way to increase the selenium content of potatoes, but the assimilation process of selenium was simpler with selenate than with selenite.