天山中段冰川环境变迁与高山土壤的形成演化

天山中段乌鲁木齐河河源区,经历多次冰川作用,冰碛物自冰川末端外延12km。其上土壤发育与生物发展同步进行。在光秃的冰碛石表面,首先出现微生物群落和藻类群落,继之生长地衣和苔藓,最后演化为高山和亚高山草甸植被。与植物同步进化的原始土、新成土、寒冻雏形土,(A)-C型在先,A-C型继后,最终发育成A-(B)-C型。这些土壤具有负温和含冰的土体,土壤冻结-融化-冻结,常发生冰-水-冰的相态变化,表土产生冻胀丘、石环、A层呈鳞片状结构,土壤腐殖化程度低,矿物分解弱,粗骨性强。剖面分异状况由弱到强,原始土壤无发育层次,寒冻正常新成土腐殖层明显,草毡寒冻雏形土的A层和B层发育较为完善。     

多露石石漠化区岩面流对岩-土界面土壤的冲蚀效应

岩面流在基岩出露的喀斯特石漠化区普遍存在,其容易受岩面形状影响以汇聚或分散的方式对岩—土界面处土壤进行冲刷侵蚀,这是喀斯特石漠化区土壤侵蚀/漏失发生的重要物理过程。为分析不同岩面形状下岩面流对岩—土界面土壤颗粒分布的影响,揭示岩面流对岩—土界面土壤的冲蚀效应,选择具有典型石漠化特征的休耕地(1年岩面流冲刷作用),在其中选取3种典型岩面形状(平直型、外凸型和内凹型岩面)为研究对象,采用激光粒度仪分析法,分析距岩—土界面不同水平距离(0～2,2～4,4～6,6～8,8～10,20 cm)及不同土层(0—10,10—20 cm)处土壤的颗粒分布特征。结果表明：(1)不同岩面形状下岩面流对岩—土界面处土壤的冲蚀影响依次为内凹型>平直型>外凸型;内凹型岩—土界面处土壤中黏粒含量最低,外凸型岩—土界面处土壤中黏粒含量最高;(2)岩面流对岩—土界面土壤冲蚀作用主要集中在距岩—土界面水平距离0～2 cm范围内,在其范围内内凹型岩—土界面土壤的砂粒含量均显著高于外凸型和平直型,而在距岩—土界面其他水平距离处土壤颗粒分布情况无显著性差异;(3)在岩面流影响下岩—土界面土壤颗粒分形维数均值排序依...     

石漠化山区露石岩面流对岩-土界面土壤氮磷淋溶与输入作用的研究

基岩出露的石漠化区露石岩面在承接降水（含穿透雨）后易形成岩面流，并携带岩面有机或无机物质输送至岩周土壤中，对岩-土界面土壤养分变化具有重要影响。为探明岩面流对岩-土界面土壤氮磷的淋溶与输入影响，选取基岩明显出露的休耕地（1年岩面流作用）、退耕灌草地（5年岩面流作用）和坡耕地（无/少岩面流作用）3种样地，并分别选择外凸、平直和内凹3种特殊的岩面形状，研究了距岩面不同水平距离及土层的岩-土界面及非岩-土界面土壤的全氮和全磷变化特征。结果表明：岩面流对0～10 cm表层岩-土界面土壤氮磷产生输入或淋溶作用，对10～20 cm层岩-土界面土壤氮磷作用不明显。不同岩面形状形成的岩面流对岩-土界面土壤氮磷的淋溶与输入作用强度依次为：内凹型>平直型>外凸型。其中，在1年岩面流作用的休耕地中，内凹型岩面形成的岩面流对岩-土界面土壤氮素的影响主要表现为淋溶，而平直型和外凸型岩面表现为输入作用；不同形状岩面流对岩-土界面土壤磷素的影响均表现为淋溶。然而，在植被生长较好的退耕灌草地中，5年岩面流作用下不同形状岩面流对岩-土界面土壤氮磷的影响主要表现为输入。研究结果可为深入认识出露岩石对喀斯特生态系统土壤特性的影响提供科学依据。     

土壤CH4氧化与土壤甲烷营养菌及主要研究方法

甲烷营养菌(methanotrophs)是一类以CH4为唯一碳源和能源的细菌,广泛分布在水稻土、森林土、苔原土、泥炭地、海洋与湖泊底泥、堆肥、垃圾填埋场及地下水等环境中,并作为大气甲烷(CH4)唯一的生物汇(库),在全球温室效应研究中备受关注。目前,关于土壤甲烷营养菌的研究主要包括菌株的多样性、生态分布以及环境因素对微生物氧化CH4过程的影响。本文从甲烷营养菌的分类入手,概述稻田土壤CH4的氧化与释放、旱地土壤CH4的氧化以及影响土壤CH4氧化的因素等方面的研究进展,同时介绍了土壤甲烷营养菌研究领域的几种主要的分子研究技术,以期为甲烷营养菌相关的研究提供参考。     

温带森林次生演替过程中土壤微生物多样性研究

利用Biolog研究温带森林次生演替过程中土壤微生物多样性变化,结果表明:就总体AWCD值来看,阔叶林土体土微生物功能多样性较高于原始红松林,而在根际土上反映更加明显,阔叶林红松幼苗根际土AWCD值几乎高出原始红松林25%。而就整体丰富度及多样性指数上来看,原始红松林根际无论在多样性还是丰富度上均占优,但其土体土却均处于最低位置,这表明在原始林中,微生物更加集中于根系附近。通过单个碳源方差分析发现,在原始林中,无论是土体土还是根际土,在对氨基酸类碳源的利用上均有较大优势。这表明在温带森林次生演替过程中土壤微生物多样性确有变化,且主要集中在根际部分。     

海南岛琼山热带土壤中重金属分布和矿物特征的关系

本文探讨了海南岛玄武岩上发育的热带地球化学景观中土壤重金属与机械组成,矿物成分和矿物组合之间的关系。结果表明,砖红壤粘粒并不富集重金属元素,这与砖红壤各粒级矿物分布特征有关,在其粉粒级和砂粒级中有大量氧化铁矿物,面粘粒级中主要是高岭石和三水铝矿。此外,水稻土随粒径变大,重金属含量减少,这同水稻土随粒径增大,粘土矿物迅速减少,长石、石英增多有关。这和一般土壤重金属在不同粒级中分布规律相符合。     

云南腾冲火山灰土发生学特性的初步研究

腾冲火山灰土形成于第四纪火山碎屑喷出物,通常土壤为酸性,土层中含有多少不等的浮岩和其他形式的熔岩块.A层色暗、有机质含量和持水量都很高、容重特低.粘粒矿物中有显著量的水铝英石.基质含有大量细粒腐殖质和玻璃碎屑.肥力高,能高产.成土作用主要是岩成草甸过程的有机质大量积累和富铁铝伴有表土层的生物富硅作用.该土的许多发生特性与国外的火山灰土相似.鉴于该土受母质的影响深刻和与附近地带性土壤的差异,在分类上可定为岩成土纲中的一个特殊土类,名为火山灰土.     

南极半岛海洋气候区的土壤Ⅷ.鸟成土

以强烈生物活动参与和外源有机质输入为发生学基础、以鸟粪矿化与下部岩石层磷化作用为主要发生学过程的鸟成土在南极海洋气候区广泛分布,形成独特的海岸带土壤景观。本文对南极海洋气候区内鸟成土的发生学特点、剖面形态特征、新成矿物主要类型及其发生机制进行了论述;对鸟成土随栖息地遗弃向残积鸟成土演变的过程进行了阐述。在上述基础上,论述了本区内鸟成土在发生、发育与演化过程中相对于南极其他地区鸟成土所表现的特殊性。     

植物内生菌影响土壤微生物区系的研究进展

土壤微生物区系是土壤生态环境的重要组分,其结构的稳定性对作物的健康生长至关重要。本文重点综述了植物内生菌对土壤微生物区系的调节作用,调节机制及潜在应用,指出了植物内生菌影响土壤微生物区系研究中出现的问题。一些植物内生菌不仅对植物生长有益,还可以显著改善土壤微生物区系,主要表现在对土壤微生物种类及数量、微生物生物量、酶活性及相关酶基因表达的影响,这可能是内生菌在土壤中和植物体内引发的多种效应的综合。植物内生菌可以在土壤中作为腐生菌与土壤微生物存在生态位竞争,通过产生某些抗菌活性物质和有机酸影响土壤微生物生长,通过降解复杂有机物如木质素、酚类化感物质等调节微生物区系,并吸收和转运重金属降低其对土壤微生物区系的危害等等。最后提出了今后的研究方向。     

石漠化区露石岩-土界面流形成过程模拟试验

岩-土界面是石漠化区露石岩面流和地表径流下渗转化为地下裂隙流的主要路径。作为地下裂隙流的重要组成部分,岩-土界面流对坡面降雨径流转化、水分地下快速渗漏以及土壤侵蚀/漏失具有重要影响。为探究喀斯特石漠化区露石岩-土界面流形成过程与转化机制,通过模拟典型露石岩-土界面,采用人工模拟降雨试验研究露石面-土壤组成的岩-土结构单元下地表径流及地表下壤中流、岩-土界面流及非岩-土界面流的形成过程及输出特征,探究其对岩周径流形成转化的影响。结果表明：岩-土界面流产流量在降雨过程中呈先增加后稳定的变化趋势;相同条件下,有出露岩面流形成的岩-土界面流（岩面倾角45°、60°、75°）产流量远大于仅有土壤水分下渗形成的岩-土界面流（岩面倾角90°）,前者是后者的4.78～16.58倍。岩面倾角是影响岩周径流形成、转化的主要因素,岩面倾角越大则岩-土界面流对水分漏失总量贡献越小,而非岩-土界面流则相反;雨强次之。然而,雨强是影响初始产流时间、稳定产流时间的主要因素,二者均随雨强增大显著减小（P<0.01）;岩面倾角次之。岩-土界面的存在不仅直接形成岩-土界面流,同时对非岩-土界面流表现出较强的补给效应,约有一半的岩-土界面流最终以非岩-土界面流的形式流失。研究结果可为石漠化区产流过程及机制的深度揭示提供理论依据。     

贵州茂兰喀斯特森林土壤微生物活性的研究

通过研究不同植被类型下土壤微生物区系、土壤酶活性和土壤生化作用强度 ,分析了贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区喀斯特森林演替过程中土壤微生物活性的变化。结果表明 :随着喀斯特森林退化程度的加剧 ,土壤微生物总数下降、各主要生理类群数量均呈下降趋势 ,土壤酶活性减弱 ,土壤生化作用强度降低 ,对环境反应敏感 ,可作为反映森林生态系统的生物学指标。土壤微生物和酶活性是表征喀斯特森林生态功能的重要特征之一     

Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbes and Biocontrol Agent for Plant Nutrition and Protection: Current Perspective

ABSTRACT

Phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSM) are widely distributed in the rhizosphere and helps plant to acquire phosphates from soil. The availability of phosphates in soil are governed by several factors among which the proton exchange capacity has been regarded to be the most important factor involved in cation complex formations with soluble phosphates making them unavailable to plants, thereby disturbing the phosphorus cycling events found in arable soils. PSM solubilizes the cation complexes and thereby improves the functioning of phosphorus cycle in soil. In addition to involvement in biogeochemical cycling events, PSM have been also found to have antagonistic potential against several plant phytopathogens. These biocontrol microbes represent the most abundant groups of soil microflora. Among which some nutrient solubilizers have been used for effective biocontrol of important plant diseases. This review article shows contributions of different plant growth promoters used in nutrient and disease management practices in agriculture.

Abbreviations: P (phosphorus), PSM (phosphate-solubilizing microbes), PSB (phosphate-solubilizing bacteria), PSF (phosphate-solubilizing fungi), PGPM (plant growth-promoting microbes), PGPB (plant growth-promoting bacteria), SAR (systemic acquired resistance), ISR (induced systemic resistance), TCP (tri-calcium phosphate), HCN (hydrogen cyanide), IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), ^aPhosphorus [(SSP) single super phosphate, RP (rock phosphate), PM (poultry manure) and FYM (farm yard manure)], PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), ESI-MS (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry), DAPG (2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol) and NMR (¹H nuclear magnetic resonance).     

Microbial diversity and multidimensional interactions in the rice ecosystem

The sustainability of rice production systems globally is intricately related to the chemistry, physics and biology of rice soils – with basic properties differing considerably in wet/dry land soils, tropical/temperate areas or even with the soil surface or rhizosphere niche of the field. Rice fields represent unique aqua-terrestrial ecosystems in which the tremendous diversity of soil microbes, soil fauna and plants – ranging in function from nitrogen fixers, nitrifiers, methanogens, methane oxidizers, phosphate-dissolving microbes, sulfur oxidizers to catabolizers of pesticides is observed. This diversity is inclusive of bacteria, cyanobacteria, archaea, planctomycetes and β-proteobacteria, besides the increasing members of endophytes associated. The complexity and dynamic nature of this ecosystem requires in-depth investigations of the tripartite interactions among plants, microbes and the soil–water environment. This needs to be complemented with studies on the ecological compartmentalization due to diffusion gradients of nutrients and gases, which is of extreme significance in the current scenario of problems associated with greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural areas, especially rice paddies. This article provides an overview of the interactions between the microflora and crop, with emphasis on nutrient transformations in the rhizosphere, so as to develop effective and efficient environmentally sustainable strategies for this crop.     

不同土壤管理方式对梨园土壤微生物及养分含量的影响

通过田间试验研究不同土壤管理方式对梨园表层（0 ~ 20 cm）和亚表层土壤（20 ~ 40 cm）细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明：梨园土壤微生物数量具有垂直分布的特征,土壤微生物数量随土层的加深而递减。梨园表层和亚表层土壤中微生物数量均细菌最多,放线菌次之,真菌最少。与覆草1年相比较,覆草3年的梨园土壤除表层土壤细菌含量无显著差异外,表层和亚表层土壤中真菌和放线菌数量均显著增加。与自然生草、覆膜、常规灌溉处理相比较,覆草与覆膜结合能最大限度地增加土壤微生物数量。连续覆草3年显著提高了梨园土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,而覆膜处理使土壤速效养分含量下降,覆膜结合覆草处理能显著提高土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾含量。     

粘土矿物与细菌间相互作用的试验性研究进展

Interactions between microbes and minerals have the potential to contribute significantly to global cycles of various processes and serve as a link between the geosphere and life. Clays and clay minerals occur commonly in agriculturally utilized soils, are naturally grown underground (soil and rock) and are used in construction material. Clay minerals serve as natural, geological and technical barriers in geotechnics and environmental geotechnics. Bacteria in turn are ubiquitous in natural soils, subsoils and rocks and are in permanent contact with clay minerals. There are numerous ways in which bacteria can interact with clay minerals and alter them: dissolution, refinement and transformation, reduction of trace elements incorporated in the clay minerals and uptake of trace elements from these minerals, e.g., by the production of siderophores and chelators and enhancement or reduction of adsorbance of trace elements on clay minerals. In addition, bacteria can influence layer charge, cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface, swelling and the rheological properties of clay minerals. The field of clay mineral-microorganism interaction is still wide open because of the large potential that the interactions of bacteria with clay minerals in soils and sediments may result in changes in clay mineral properties and behaviors. Further detailed studies on all these tentative changes and underlying mechanisms as well as broad surveys of quantifications of extents and rates of clay mineral-microorganism interactions, especially in mimicking natural systems, are highly required. This review summarizes the influences of various bacteria on the properties of different clay minerals as determined experimentally using viable bacteria.     

Studies on the rhizosphere microflora of onion plants in relation to temperature changes

A study was made of the changes in the rhizosphere microflora of onion seedlings grown under controlled conditions at either 25, 18 or 16°C. In plants grown at the lower temperatures there was a very small rhizosphere effect for the bacteria compared with that for plants grown at 25°C. A series of tests on bacteria isolated from both rhizosphere and root-free soil showed the rhizosphere isolates from seedlings grown at 25°C to be more active physiologically than those from seedlings grown at the lower temperatures. In particular, the ammonifying bacteria were greatly increased in the rhizosphere of plants grown at 25°C. Numbers of rhizosphere fungi were also greater at the higher temperature but the rhizosphere effect was not as great as that for bacteria. Contrary to expectation the greatest rhizosphere effect did not occur at the optimum temperature for growth of the onions.     

Interaction of maize roots and rhizosphere microorganisms

The interaction between the roots of Zea mays L. and its rhizosphere microflora was studied in nutrient solution with respect to two exemplary aspects - water soluble vitamins and the four most frequent carbohydrates. The exudation of vitamins and sugars into the medium is increased in a solid substrate (glass-ballotini simulating soil structure) in comparison with nutrient solution only. The amounts of vitamins released (1 to 421 ng per plant) are high enough for a pronounced influence on the rhizosphere microflora to be expected. However, the microbial population feeding on the exudates has very simple nutritional demands. In spite of appreciable amounts of vitamins found in the inoculated nutrient solution, the growth of vitamin requiring species is not stimulated compared to the soil population. The roots are mostly inhabited by shorter rods and occasionally by actinomycete-like filaments. The percentage of the root area covered by its microflora, assuming a monolayer, is 4% in the root region where root hairs are just emerging, 7% in the root hair zone and 20% in the oldest part of the roots, 10 mm below the grain. In the presence of rhizosphere microorganisms, root dry weight is lower than that of axenically grown plants because the diameter of the primary root is diminished. In addition, the vitamin and sugar content of the root is affected by rhizosphere microorganisms. The results can be interpreted as an indication that phytohormones may participate in interactions between roots and bacteria.     

不同种植模式对甘蔗根际土壤生物学特性的影响

甘蔗多年单一化的宿根栽培导致甘蔗产量下降，而套种豆科作物能较明显地提高宿根蔗产量。本研究以赣蔗18 的新植栽培、 宿根栽培和宿根/大豆套种栽培的甘蔗根际土壤为对象，结合土壤微生物区系、 土壤酶活性，甘蔗基本农艺性状及其产量、 质量指标，揭示宿根蔗套种大豆的增产机制及生物学意义。结果表明，不同种植模式下甘蔗蔗糖含量基本一致，但宿根蔗套种大豆由于茎径粗大而较宿根连作表现出明显的产量优势。不同栽培模式下甘蔗根际土壤酶活性有显著差异，套种明显提高了宿根蔗根际土壤酶活性，尤其是与碳、 氮、 磷循环相关的蔗糖酶、 脲酶、 酸性磷酸单酯酶。不同栽培模式下甘蔗根际土壤微生物总量有显著性差异，单一宿根连作甘蔗根际土壤微生物总量和细菌/真菌比例降低，而宿根蔗套种大豆根际土壤微生物总量和细菌/真菌比例提高，使甘蔗根际土壤微生物从真菌型向细菌型转变。总之，单一的宿根连作可导致根际土壤总微生物量及酶活性下降，引起土壤微生物介导的营养循环受阻，从而使甘蔗产量下降，而宿根蔗套种大豆模式对根际土壤微生物区系具有明显的改善作用，宿根蔗具有明显的产量优势。     

Verwitterung toskanischer Gesteine unter Mitwirkung von Flechten

The role of the lichens in the breakdown of some tuscan rocks In the natural tuscan environment the rocks breakdown by means of the lichens results in the dissolution of primary minerals and not in the formation of neogenesis minerals. Large amounts of Ca-oxalate were found in the weathered sheets of calcareous rocks, while in the ferromagnesian ones the soluble iron oxalate is easily washed away, thus facilitating further weathering. In the lichen sheets the Fe⁺⁺: Fe⁺⁺⁺ ratio is almost constant in contrast with the values found in the rock.