2b Protein is essential to induce a novel gradual cell death in Zucchini yellow mosaic virus-inoculated cucumber cotyledon co-infected with Cucumber mosaic virus

Cucumber cotyledons inoculated with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, Pepo strain) or Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV, Z5-1 isolate) developed either mild chlorotic spots or no symptoms. Cotyledons treated with CMV plus ZYMV also developed mild chlorotic spots. However, plants ZYMV-inoculated cotyledons had veinal yellowing and gradual cell death by 20 days postinoculation (dpi) when co-inoculated with CMV on the other cotyledon. When analyzing this synergism, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that CMV gradually increased in CMV-inoculated cotyledons of plants, with the other cotyledon mock- or ZYMV-inoculated. However, CMV significantly increased at 9 to 14 dpi in the ZYMV-inoculated cotyledons of plants co-infected with CMV. ZYMV similarly increased in cotyledon pairs of both co-infected and singly infected plants. Inoculation with PepoΔ2b, a modified Pepo-CMV that lacks translation of the 2b protein, revealed that PepoΔ2b without the 2b protein systemically infected cucumber but induced no symptoms on cotyledons or true leaves. Plants with a ZYMV-inoculated cotyledon and co-infected with PepoΔ2b did not undergo cell death; nevertheless, PepoΔ2b was at high levels comparable to levels of CMV in the ZYMV-inoculated cotyledon. The 2b protein thus seems essential for induction of the novel gradual cell death in ZYMV-inoculated cotyledons of cucumbers co-infected with CMV.     

一步法RT-PCR检测小西葫芦黄花叶病毒

本文在两步RT-PCR检测ZYMV的基础上进行了一步法RT-PCR检测小西葫芦黄花叶病毒(ZYMV)的实验,并对商品化一步法RT-PCR试剂盒和本文实验的一步法RT-PCR的效果和成本进行了比较,最终建立了一种比较实用的检测ZYMV的方法.     

小西葫芦黄花叶病毒山东南瓜分离物的分子特性

 Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) was detected by RT-PCR from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) plant showing yellowing and mosaic symptom from Liaocheng, Shandong Province. The 3'-termial 1 684 bp genomic sequence covered 633 bp of NIb encoding sequence, 840 bp of cp gene and 211 bp of 3'-untranslated region of the isolate ZYMV-Liaocheng was determined. The cp gene of ZYMV-Liaocheng shared identities of 81.4%-98.8% and 89.4%-99.5% at nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, with other ZYMV sequences available in the GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that ZYMV could be clustered to 6 genotypes. ZYMV-Liaocheng belonged to genotypeⅠ, which contained isolates from Asia, Europe and America. Genotypes Ⅲ and Ⅴ were unique and contained only isolates from East Asia. The isolates from East Asia had the highest variability.     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌对小麦黄花叶病的生物防治

为探索新型生防菌剂解淀粉芽胞杆菌对小麦黄花叶病的防治作用,通过盆栽和田间药效试验研究了解淀粉芽胞杆菌对小麦黄花叶病的防治效果和对小麦幼苗的促生长作用。结果表明,解淀粉芽胞杆菌对小麦黄花叶病有较好的预防效果和一定的治疗效果,浓度为500~2 000 mg/L时,预防效果为24.86%~84.55%,治疗效果为13.61%~62.58%,预防效果明显优于治疗效果。其中灌根处理的防治效果显著高于喷雾、拌种处理,且随着施用浓度的增大,防治效果提高;当灌根处理浓度为2 000 mg/L时效果最好,预防和治疗效果分别达到84.55%和62.58%。另外解淀粉芽胞杆菌对小麦有一定的促生作用,并可提高麦苗的地上部鲜重,浓度为1 200 mg/L时,地上部鲜重增重最大,较对照提高52.76%。表明解淀粉芽胞杆菌可作为生防菌剂防治小麦黄花叶病。     

Biological characteristics and nucleotide sequences of three Korean isolates of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) is one of the most economically important viruses of cucurbit crops, causing severe mosaic, necrosis, and malformation. Three ZYMV isolates were obtained from pumpkins at Andong (ZYMV-PA), Euiryung (ZYMV-PE), and Suwon (ZYMV-PS), and their biological variability was determined on different hosts, including cucurbit crops as well as other indicator plants. ZYMV-PA caused the most severe symptoms, including severe mosaic, size reduction, and deformation, in oriental melon (Cucumis melo) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) leaves. In contrast, ZYMV-PE and ZYMV-PS caused mild mosaic symptoms on oriental melon and cucumber. The nucleotide sequences of the genomic RNAs were determined and compared to the sequences of other potyviruses, including ZYMV isolates Reunion Island and TW-TN3. Each ZYMV Isolate had a genome of 9593 nucleotides, excluding the poly(A) tail, and contained 139 and 214 nucleotides in the 5- and 3-untranslated regions, respectively. Each had one large open reading frame encoding a protein of about 351kDa. The nucleotide sequences of ZYMV-PA, ZYMV-PE, and ZYMV-PS were more than 96.0% and the deduced amino acid sequences were more than 98.1% identical. When compared with other ZYMV isolates in a phylogenetic analysis, these three viruses formed a distinct virus clade and were more distantly related to other potyviruses (43.5%–62.8% identity).The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the GenBank database under the accession numbers AY278998 to AY279000 for ZYMV-PA, ZYMV-PE and ZYMV-PS     

河南省主要推广品种对小麦黄花叶病毒抗性的评价

为了评价河南省主要推广品种对小麦黄花叶病毒(Wheat yellow mosaic virus, WYMV)的抗性,于2006—2010年在河南省西平县病圃进行了田间抗性鉴定试验和室内间接ELISA检测,并分析了病害严重程度对产量的影响。结果表明,在供试的62个品种中,仅有新麦208表现为免疫;豫麦70-36、泛麦5号、阜麦936、山东95519、豫麦70、高优503、豫麦9676、郑麦366和陕麦229等9个品种表现为抗病,占供试品种的14.5%;濮优938、兰考矮早8、新原958、花培2号、温优1号、豫麦18、郑麦9023、豫麦47、豫农201、偃展4110、豫麦36、百农878和豫麦49-198等13个品种表现为中抗,占供试品种的21.0%;另外39个品种表现为感病,占供试品种的62.9%。对48个品种进行了产量与病害严重度分析,发现随着病害的严重度增加,小麦的穗数、千粒重以及产量都有明显下降,严重度为1级时,平均减产9.6%;严重度达到2级和3级时,平均减产分别为30.3%和33.5%。     

引起甘蔗花叶病的病原分子生物学进展

花叶病是最主要的甘蔗病毒病害之一,在全球种植甘蔗的国家或地区普遍发生,可导致甘蔗产量下降,糖分减少,给甘蔗生产带来严重的经济损失。引起甘蔗花叶病的病毒主要有甘蔗花叶病毒(Sugarcane mosaic virus,SCMV)、高粱花叶病毒(Sorghum mosaic virus,Sr MV)和甘蔗条纹花叶病毒(Sugarcane streak mosaic virus,SCSMV)。本文综述了这3种病毒的生物学特性、鉴定与检测、基因组结构与基因功能、遗传变异与分子进化等方面的研究进展,并讨论了对甘蔗花叶病的生态防控措施。     

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus; two outbreaks in the Netherlands and seed transmissibility

In 1983 and 1987/88 two limited outbreaks of zucchini yellow mosaic virus in cucumber and zucchini squash occurred in the Westland glasshouse district in the Netherlands, mainly in glasshouses. The disease could be eradicated and has not recurred so far. In both cases a relatively mild but still highly pathogenic strain of the virus was involved. Diseased plants of zucchini yielded severely distorted or no fruits and it was difficult to obtain seeds from infected plants. Two out of 4196 seedlings grown in isolation from seed from inoculated zucchini plants showed symptoms and contained the virus, indicating that the virus can be transmitted via seed but at very low rate. This explains the erratic incidence and international distribution of the virus.     

Analysis of natural populations and possible natural reassortment of Cucumber mosaic virus

Plants naturally infected with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were collected and analyzed by electrophoresis of the replicative form of dsRNA and by Northern blot hybridization using CMV RNA-specific probes. Some of the CMV-infected plants, especially winter crops, contained two kinds of RNA 1 segments or RNA 2 segments (or both), suggesting that mixed infections of CMV occurred naturally. Single-aphid-transmitted isolates (SATIs) from the field isolate containing two RNA 1 segments were grouped into three types by the electrophoretic mobility of RNA 1 (i.e., those containing one slow segment, those containing one fast segment, and those containing both). Furthermore, SATIs and single-lesion isolates, generated from the plants inoculated with a mixture of two CMV isolates that could be differentiated by their electrophoretic dsRNA profiles, were analyzed by dsRNA, indicating that nonparental progenies were observed. These results suggested that genetic reassortment of CMV RNA may occur in nature and that this is an important mechanism in CMV evolution.     

我国部分地区常见农作物上黄瓜花叶病毒分离物核酸多样性分析

为明确我国黄瓜花叶病毒株系分化及系统进化基本情况,从湖南、新疆、青海和海南4省区采集1 367个样品对其进行酶联免疫和RT-PCR检测,并对分离获得的15个黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)纯化分离物CP、MP、2b核苷酸序列进行相似性和进化树分析及生物学性状比较。结果表明,辣椒、龙葵和黄瓜的CMV阳性检出率较高,分别为54.13%、29.19%和18.46%。进化树分析显示CMV-Q5与CMV亚组II的亲缘性较高;CMV-N7为新发现的重组株系,其CP、2b基因属于CMV亚组IB,MP基因却属于CMV亚组II;其余13个分离物均属于CMV亚组IB。CMV-N7和CMV-Q5在系统寄主心叶烟和枯斑寄主苋色藜上引发的症状相似,但比对照株系CMV-P3613(IB)的发病时间要晚1~2 d,系统花叶较温和,枯斑较小。表明在以上4省区常见农作物上广泛流行的CMV存在分子变异。     

Evidence of a new Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Japan and its detection using PCR

A new isolate of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) has been identified from tomato plants in Kochi Prefecture in Japan and designated TYLCV-[Tosa]. The complete nucleotide sequence of the isolate was determined and found to consist of 2781 nt. In phylogenetic analyses of entire nucleotide sequences, TYLCV-[Tosa] was delineated as a single branch and was more closely related to TYLCV-[Almeria] than TYLCV isolates Ng, Sz, or Ai reported in Japan, which had spread since 1996. Isolate TYLCV-[Tosa] is suggested to be a newly introduced, novel isolate of TYLCV that dispersed into Kochi Prefecture. In addition, a rapid method using the polymerase chain reaction to separate TYLCV isolates into four genetic groups was established. This method would be useful for reliable diagnosis based on genetic differences among isolates of TYLCV.The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers AB192965 and AB192966     

海南甘蔗病毒病的调查及其病原分子鉴定

 海南是我国重要的甘蔗生产省份之一,但其甘蔗主要种植区感染病毒的种类和数量尚不十分清楚,且海南甘蔗花叶病病原病毒缺乏分子水平的系统鉴定。为明确海南甘蔗病毒病的种类、数量、分布及危害情况,本研究拟建立较为完整的甘蔗病毒病检测技术体系,对海南甘蔗病毒病展开调查,为甘蔗抗病毒基因工程及健康种苗发展提供参考。     

Amino acid 129 in the coat protein of Cucumber mosaic virus primarily determines invasion of the shoot apical meristem of tobacco plants

We previously reported that a strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (Pepo CMV) invaded the shoot apical meristem (SAM, tunica corpus) of tobacco plants at 6–8 days postinoculation (dpi), contrary to earlier observations. To identify a viral factor determining the ability to invade the SAM, we inoculated plants with two other CMV strains, MY17 and Y, and tested the three strains in this study. Immunohistochemical microscopy revealed that MY17 CMV invaded the SAM at 7 dpi, the same as Pepo CMV, but Y CMV did not, even at 21 dpi. Using RNA pseudorecombinants between Pepo and Y CMV, we found that Pepo RNA 2 affected the rate of SAM invasion, and Pepo RNA 3 was required for successful SAM invasion. Inoculation with RNA 1 and RNA 2 from Y CMV and RNA 3 containing the chimeric coat protein (CP) gene between Pepo and Y CMV or a Y RNA 3 point mutant containing a Ser-to-Pro substitution at position 129 in CP (Y129P) revealed that amino acid 129 of CP is the determinant for successful SAM invasion. The rate of SAM invasion of the pseudorecombinants and Y129P was consistent with the efficiency of cell-to-cell movement in the inoculated leaves, implying that SAM invasion by CMV strains may be due to efficient cell-to-cell movement.     

Molecular characterization of A2 and D strains of Soybean mosaic virus, which caused a recent virus outbreak in soybean cultivar Sachiyutaka in Chugoku and Shikoku regions of Japan

Coat protein sequences of two isolates in strain A₂ and five isolates in strain D of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), which caused a recent mosaic outbreak in soybeans (cv. Sachiyutaka) in Chugoku and Shikoku in Japan, were compared to published data on 15 other Asian-origin isolates. Sequence comparison and cluster analysis showed that SMV isolates of strain A₂ from these districts were closely related, as were those of strain D, but strains A₂ and D were not. Thus, the two strains may have different origins and be carried through seed transmission.