红火蚁对辛硫磷敏感性及其乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的研究

用点滴法测定了辛硫磷对红火蚁不同品级的毒力,并用乙酰硫代胆碱-二硫双对硝基苯甲酸法(ASCh-DTNB法)测定了各品级乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetyl cholinesterase,AChE)的活性,以探明蚁群中不同品级个体对辛硫磷的敏感性差异及其与靶标酶的关系.毒力测定结果表明,处理后24 h,辛硫磷对工蚁、兵蚁、有翅雄蚁、有翅雌蚁和蚁后的毒力(LC50值)分别为1.04、2.06、7.38、9.39和7.81 μg/ml,显示不同品级红火蚁对辛硫磷的敏感性差异非常大,其中工蚁最敏感,而有翅雌蚁蚁后敏感性最低.靶标酶活性测定结果表明,红火蚁不同品级个体中乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性存在极大差异,其中以有翅雄蚁的总活性最低,为0.0469 nmol/(min·头),而以有翅雌蚁的最高,为14.8929 nmol/(min·头).不同品级红火蚁对辛硫磷的敏感性与其乙酰胆碱酯酶活性不存在显著相关性(r=0.7456).     

防治红火蚁触杀型药剂的筛选

测定了9种杀虫剂的触杀活性和其中8种药剂对红火蚁工蚁的致死中浓度,触杀活性测试表明,48%毒死蜱对工蚁的击倒速度和致死率均高,药后0.5 h工蚁死亡率达100%;氨基甲酸酯类药剂药后8 h工蚁的被击倒率达100%;5%氟虫腈10 000倍和10%溴虫腈10 000倍药液处理后工蚁的被击倒速度低,但药后24 h工蚁死亡率达100%;高效氯氰菊酯和杀虫双对工蚁的毒性是可恢复的。毒力测试表明,98%杀螟丹对红火蚁毒力最强,其次是10%溴虫腈和48%毒死蜱,而有机磷类的敌敌畏和氨基甲酸酯类的丁硫克百威毒力表现较差,拟除虫菊酯类的高效氯氰菊酯表现一般。试验结果表明,氟虫腈、溴虫腈、毒死蜱、杀螟丹等药剂可被推荐用于野外红火蚁的灌巢防治。     

4种双酰胺类杀虫剂对不同虫态草地贪夜蛾的毒力比较

为明确4种双酰胺类杀虫剂对不同虫态草地贪夜蛾的敏感性,采用浸卵法、浸叶法、饲喂毒营养液法测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟苯虫酰胺、四氯虫酰胺、溴氰虫酰胺对草地贪夜蛾的卵、幼虫、成虫毒力。结果表明,4种双酰胺类杀虫剂均不影响卵的发育,但可以明显降低初孵幼虫存活率;四氯虫酰胺对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫毒力最高,LC₅₀值为0.12 mg/L,其次是氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟苯虫酰胺,分别为溴氰虫酰胺毒力的33.83、5.21、2.24倍;对成虫敏感性最高的是氯虫苯甲酰胺,为6.20 mg/L,其次是四氯虫酰胺、溴氰虫酰胺,氟苯虫酰胺敏感性最低,为25.96 mg/L。采用3种生测方法测定了不同虫态草地贪夜蛾对4种双酰胺类杀虫剂敏感性,可以为草地贪夜蛾的化学防治和抗性治理提供依据。     

10种杀虫剂对南京地区Q型烟粉虱的室内毒力测定

在室内测定了10种杀虫剂对南京地区Q型烟粉虱的毒力,为生产上科学选择杀虫剂品种提供依据。根据烟粉虱的虫态和虫龄分别设计毒力测定方法,结果表明:10种杀虫剂中阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、啶虫脒和印楝素对烟粉虱成虫、若虫毒力较高,测定的杀虫剂品种中仅印楝素和噻虫啉对烟粉虱卵表现出较好的杀伤作用;在南京地区防治烟粉虱时应选用敏感性高的抗生素类杀虫剂,交替使用新烟碱类农药,并配合使用对烟粉虱卵高效的杀虫剂品种。     

4种毒饵药剂对红火蚁的室内毒力测定

在室内测定了氟虫胺、多杀菌素、茚虫葳、噻虫嗪4种药剂不同有效成分含量的毒饵对红火蚁工蚁的毒力。结果表明:经过4种杀虫剂的21个处理后,红火蚁在7 d内除0.005%茚虫葳、0.4%氟虫胺、0.1%氟虫胺、0.01%氟虫胺、0.0075%噻虫嗪外,其他16个处理的校正死亡率均达100%。3 d后测得4种药剂的毒力效果强弱依次为:茚虫葳>多杀菌素>噻虫嗪>氟虫胺。     

4种虫生真菌对储粮害虫黄粉虫不同虫态的生防研究

【目的】通过研究虫生真菌对黄粉虫不同虫态的生防效果,以期为储粮害虫的生物防治提供参考。【方法】在实验室模拟干燥的储粮环境,测定了4种虫生真菌菌株(金龟子绿僵菌MAX-2、玫烟色棒束孢IFK-20、球孢白僵菌BBL-3、蝉棒束孢ICG-1)对黄粉虫3种不同虫态(8龄幼虫、蛹、刚羽化的成虫)的生防效果。【结果】在模拟储粮环境中,BBL-3对3种虫态的毒力都较低,说明该菌株不适宜在干燥条件下发挥作用;MAX-2对幼虫和成虫的毒力都最高,IFK-20其次;孢子悬液处理蛹,ICG-1致死速度最快,其次为MAX-2与IFK-20;ICG-1在模拟储粮环境中对幼虫和成虫无毒力,但用其孢子悬液处理蛹,毒力却达到最高,说明虫生真菌有的对不同虫态的毒力较稳定,而有的可能只在昆虫某些发育阶段或在特定环境中发挥有效作用。对MAX-2侵染黄粉虫不同虫态的特征进行了描述,发现其防治害虫的效果具有持续性,部分被感染的幼虫和蛹可以带菌生存,但生活力下降,有的发育畸形,最终都会死亡。【结论】不同虫生真菌菌株对不同虫态的毒力差异显著,同一菌株对不同虫态的毒力也不同。除ICG-1外其它3株菌在黄粉虫不同发育阶段都具有较好防效,MAX-2对3种虫态的持续防效最好,有望应用于储粮害虫的生物防治。     

6种昆虫生长调节剂对红火蚁的毒力

红火蚁是一种危险性入侵生物,选择几丁质合成抑制剂(氟啶脲、氟虫脲)、保幼激素类似物(苯氧威、吡丙醚)、蜕皮激素类似物(甲氧虫酰肼、虫酰肼)3类6种昆虫生长调节剂,以毒饵法室内测定其对红火蚁工蚁的毒力。结果表明：以400 mg·kg^-1昆虫生长调节剂饵剂饲喂红火蚁工蚁1～3 d,部分工蚁出现行动迟缓、呆滞现象,个体间相对分散;9 d后各处理中工蚁的校正死亡率为12.21%～88.27%。其中,甲氧虫酰肼饵剂处理后工蚁的校正死亡率较高,达(88.27±1.84)%,显著高于其他处理,且LT₅₀较短,为3.3 d;氟啶脲和苯氧威饵剂处理次之,工蚁的校正死亡率分别为(77.75±2.99)%和(70.11±1.56)%,LT₅₀分别为4.3和4.8 d。质量分数高于900 mg·kg^-1的甲氧虫酰肼饵剂,以及质量分数高于500 mg·kg^-1的氟啶脲、苯氧威饵剂,对红火蚁工蚁的毒杀作用显著增强,工蚁取食3种饵剂7 d的LC₅₀分别为23.689、79.665、99...     

吡虫啉等6种杀虫剂对河北省不同地区绿盲蝽的室内毒力

采用叶片浸渍法,测定了吡虫啉、氟虫腈、高效氯氟氰菊酯、丁硫克百威、马拉硫磷和辛硫磷6种杀虫剂对河北省不同地区绿盲蝽种群的室内毒力效果。结果表明：氟虫腈对河北省绿盲蝽毒力最高,高效氯氟氰菊酯和丁硫克百威次之,马拉硫磷、辛硫磷和吡虫啉毒力较低;河北省不同地区绿盲蝽种群对药剂敏感性的差异较小,其中保定地区绿盲蝽种群对各药剂的敏感性最高。攀     

5种杀虫剂对B型烟粉虱的毒力测定

采用浸叶法分别测定了苦参碱、阿维菌素、氯氰菊酯、灭多威和吡虫啉对B型烟粉虱不同虫态的毒力.结果表明:苦参碱对烟粉虱卵的毒力最高,LC50为0.802 mg.L-1,其毒力是吡虫啉的323.8倍;阿维菌素、苦参碱和吡虫啉对1龄和3龄若虫的毒力均较高,但对1龄若虫的毒力高于3龄若虫;阿维菌素和苦参碱对成虫的毒力较高,分别是吡虫啉的111.6和77.4倍;而灭多威和氯氰菊酯对烟粉虱各虫态均表现出较低的毒力.     

多杀菌素对红火蚁的毒力及传导毒杀作用

室内测定了生物源杀虫剂多杀菌素对红火蚁的触杀及胃毒毒力,并根据红火蚁的取食生理学,设计出联杯法测定毒饵的传导毒杀活性.结果表明,多杀菌素对红火蚁工蚁的触杀LC50为3.44 mg/L,显著高于对照药剂氟虫腈的LC50值0.76 mg/L;而胃毒LC50为4.22 mg/kg,显著低于氟虫腈的LC50值6.19 mg/kg.联杯法测定结果表明,多杀菌素能通过工蚁的取食和交哺行为进行传导,传导毒力随供药工蚁取食毒饵的活性成分含量上升而增高;当毒饵活性成分为53.64 mg/kg时,处理后8 d受药试蚁死亡率达(64.70±2.37)%.本研究结果显示,多杀菌素对红火蚁具有高胃毒低触杀毒力,适合用于制备红火蚁毒饵的杀虫活性成分,其传导毒杀活性能用联杯法进行测定.     

惠州仲恺高新区红火蚁疫情调查及防控

采用红火蚁克星─Ⅳ型诱杀饵剂对惠州市仲恺高新区及其周边绿化区的红火蚁进行了疫情调查和防控,处理结果表明:2个小区红火蚁疫情达到Ⅴ级,属于严重危害区;另有5个小区红火蚁达到Ⅳ级,属于中度危害区。施药后5 d,蚁丘周围开始出现死蚁,随着施药时间的延长,防控效果愈高。施药后7 d,红火蚁蚁丘的减退率为20.31%～33.33%,工蚁的诱集量减退率为46.28%～78.72%。15 d后,蚁丘减退率上升至49.41%～80.00%,工蚁诱集量减退率为79.55%～92.34%。药后30 d的工蚁平均减退率、蚁巢平均减退率分别为93.08%、88.64%。施药后6个月,工蚁平均减退率为99.01%,蚁巢平均减退率为98.04%,显著地消除了红火蚁的蚁害威胁。     

4种药剂对红火蚁田间防治效果评价

以工蚁减退率和活动蚁巢减退率为指标,评价了10%高效氯氰菊酯、1.8%阿维菌素、噻虫?氟氯氰、0.1%舒绝杀蚁饵剂对红火蚁的田间防治效果。结果表明,1.8%阿维菌素防治效果一般;10%高效氯氰菊酯持效性较好、速效性一般;噻虫?氟氯氰速效性和持效性均较好,但安全性较差;0.1%舒绝杀蚁饵剂在对活动蚁巢防效和工蚁防效上,均表现出较好的持效性,且使用方法简单,对环境友好,是一种较为理想的红火蚁田间防治药剂。     

氟虫腈饵剂防控红火蚁的田间药效试验

以含0.05％氟虫腈为有效成分与多种天然物质配制饵剂,撒于红火蚁(SolenopsisinvatBuren)蚁巢上,药剂中的引诱剂吸引红火蚁取食,将饵剂带入巢内,并通过红火蚁在巢内交哺喂食行为将药剂传递给其它各品级个体,引起全巢红火蚁中毒死亡.结果表明,0.05％氟虫腈杀蚁饵剂对红火蚁具有良好的控制效果,药后15d开始进入防效高峰期,25～30d防效达到最佳.0.05％氟虫腈杀蚁饵剂药后30d对工蚁的防治效果达93.39％～100.00％;灭巢效果达95.84％～100.00％;药后50d,蚁群级别降低率达83.33％～100.00％,显著优于对照药剂.     

Interspecific hybridization and caste specificity of protein in fire ant

One natural population of fire ant in Texas was found to be a hybrid between Solenopsis geminata and S. xyloni. Evidence from isozyme studies and breeding experiments is provided to demonstrate interspecific hybridization in ants. In this hybrid population, all worker ants have both parental types of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-malate dehydrogenase isozymes, but 95 percent of queens possess only the maternal type.     

Tournaments and slavery in a desert ant

Many species of ants engage in physical fighting when territorial borders are challenged. In contrast, colonies of the honeypot ant species Myrmecocystus mimicus conduct ritualized tournaments, in which hundreds of ants perform highly stereotyped display fights. Opposing colonies summon their worker forces to the tournament area by means of an alarm-recruitment system. When one colony is considerably stronger than the other, the tournament quickly ends, and the weaker colony is raided and its ants "enslaved." This is the first example of intraspecific slavery recorded in ants.     

The first mesozoic ants

Two worker ants preserved in amber of Upper Cretaceous age have been found in New Jersey. They are the first undisputed remains of social insects of Mesozoic age, extending the existence of social life in insects back to approximately 100 million years. They are also the earliest known fossils that can be assigned with certainty to aculeate Hymenoptera. The species, Sphecomyrma freyi, is considered to represent a new subfamily (Sphecomyrminae), more primitive than any previously known ant group. It forms a near-perfect link between certain nonsocial tiphiid wasps and the most primitive myrmecioid ants.     

6种饵料对红火蚁(Solenopsis invicta)引诱效果的测定

测定6种饵料对红火蚁(Solenopsis invicta)的引诱效果.结果表明,面包、火腿肠对红火蚁的引诱力最强,花生酱、豆豉鲮鱼次之,每瓶平均诱集工蚁分别达374.00、367.00、142.67和126.00头;在试验设置距离范围内,以离蚁丘外周10 cm处的引诱效果最强,之外则随与蚁丘距离的增大而降低.同时,诱饵对红火蚁的召集蚁量差异明显,面包、火腿肠召集的工蚁最多,到达最大召集蚁量的时间为60 min,持续召集时间可长达240 min.综合来看,面包、火腿肠对红火蚁的引诱效果最好,持续召集时间长,在对红火蚁的防控、监测与防效评价中可选作诱饵.     

Queen control of sex ratio in fire ants

The haplodiploid sex-determination system of ants gives rise to conflict between queens and workers over colony sex ratios, and the female-biased allocation ratios seen in many species suggest that workers often prevail in this conflict. We exchanged queens between male- and female-specialist colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. These exchanges quickly reversed the sex-ratio biases of adopting colonies. The sex ratio of queen-laid eggs differed strongly between male- and female-specialist colonies. These findings suggest that queens can force workers to raise male sexuals by limiting the number of female brood and help to explain why sex investment ratios lie between the queen and worker equilibria in this and many other ant species.     

The evolution of agriculture in ants

Cultivation of fungi for food by fungus-growing ants (Attini: Formicidae) originated about 50 million years ago. The subsequent evolutionary history of this agricultural symbiosis was inferred from phylogenetic and population-genetic patterns of 553 cultivars isolated from gardens of "primitive" fungus-growing ants. These patterns indicate that fungus-growing ants succeeded at domesticating multiple cultivars, that the ants are capable of switching to novel cultivars, that single ant species farm a diversity of cultivars, and that cultivars are shared occasionally between distantly related ant species, probably by lateral transfer between ant colonies.     

Genetic compatibility affects queen and worker caste determination

The development of queen and worker phenotypes in ants has been believed to be largely determined from environmental effects. We provide evidence that the production of discrete phenotypes is also influenced by genetic interaction effects. During the development of eggs into adults, some patrilines among offspring of multiply mated Pogonomyrmex rugosus ant queens became more common in workers while others became overrepresented in queens. Controlled crosses showed that these changes stem from some parental genome combinations being compatible for producing one phenotype but less compatible for the other. Genetic interaction effects on caste may be maintained over evolutionary time because the fitness of an allele depends on its genetic background.