绵羊片形吸虫病和线虫病病情程度的检测与治疗试验

为探讨用廖党金改进的方法对绵羊片形吸虫病和线虫病病情程度的同时诊断及防治，随机抽样试验场56只绵羊进行粪便虫卵检查和计数，结果56只绵羊全部感染寄生虫病，感染的寄生虫主要有片形吸虫、鞭虫、细颈线虫、肺线虫及消化道其它线虫；有48只绵羊感染片形吸虫病，感染率85．7％，56只绵羊均感染线虫病，感染率100％。将该56只绵羊分组，42只绵羊治疗和14只绵羊对照，即A组试验10只(未成年羊)，对照4只；B组试验13只(2～2．5岁)，对照5只；C组试验19只(3岁以上)，对照5只。用复合药物治疗，结果治疗组42只绵羊的片形吸虫虫卵转阴，转阴率100％；对照14只绵羊的片形吸虫虫卵均未转阴；治疗绵羊中41只线虫虫卵转阴，即转阴率97．6％，对照14只绵羊的线虫虫卵均未转阴。表明用廖党金方法可以同时对绵羊的片形吸虫病和线虫病病情程度作诊断，该复合药物对绵羊片形吸虫病和线虫病均有很好的疗效。     

两种阿维菌素制剂治疗绵羊体内外寄生虫病试验

经试验，阿维菌素片和阿维菌素粉剂－虫克星对绵羊肠道马歇尔属等８属线虫的粪便虫卵转阴率为１００％，对羊鼻蝇蛆、羊虱、羊蜱蝇及蜱的杀灭率为１００％。在冬春季应用这两种制剂治疗绵羊体内外寄生虫病可替代丙硫咪唑和溴氢菊酯的驱虫功效，防止寄生虫产生抗药性。     

四种药物驱治对高寒牧区细毛羊胃肠道寄生虫效果分析

[目的]旨在依据高寒牧区羊寄生虫病的流行规律和感染特点。[方法]采用多拉菌素、伊维菌素、阿维菌素片、丙硫咪唑片4种药物,通过用药前后直肠采样检验、线虫EPG检查、用药后粪便虫卵转阴率和EPG及平均EPG值检查,筛选出驱治甘肃高山细毛羊胃肠道线虫的最佳药物。[结果]表明:多拉菌素驱虫前后粪便虫卵各项指标优于其他3种药物,多拉菌素驱治效果可靠、药效维持时间长,21d后虫卵转阴率仍然高达97.5%,而其它各组呈下降趋势。[结论]多拉菌素驱治高寒牧区甘肃高山细毛羊胃肠道寄生虫效果最好。     

三种药物对绵羊的驱虫效果

应用清虫佳口服液、丙硫．苯脒唑和左旋脒唑对绵羊进行驱虫效果对比试验。结果表明．3种药物间隔7天、分2次用药；后，对羊线虫均表现出明显的驱除效果，但清虫佳组粪便虫卵转阴率(90％)高于丙硫苯脒唑组(80％)和左旋脒唑组(80％)；就对羊肝片吸虫的驱除效果而     

呼市青城公园野生草食动物的寄生虫调查及驱虫效果观察

为了防止野生草食动物及人畜共患寄生虫病的流行，呼市青城公园的11种101只野生草食物进行了寄生虫普查，共查出3种虫卵检查阳性动物21只，占被检动物种类的27．27％，查有4种寄生虫，其中3种线虫，占全部感染虫种的75％，分别为马网尾线虫、牛网尾线虫、毛圆线虫；一种球虫，占全部感染虫种的25％，为艾美尔球虫，并准确的计算了每种虫卵的EPG。其中毛圆线虫为人兽共患病，占全部感染虫种的25％，对虫卵检查阳性草食动物用丙硫咪唑片，氨丙林分别进行了投药驱虫，首次驱虫，虫卵减少率达到84％以上，第二次驱虫后，虫卵减少率达到了99％以上。     

放牧绵羊主要寄生虫病药物防治技术试验与示范效果观察

为评价伊维菌素注射剂的驱虫效果与对放牧绵羊线虫病及外寄生虫病的防治示范效果,选择1.5岁感染线虫和部分外寄生虫的绵羊150只,设伊维菌素注射剂0.1,0.2和0.3mg/kg体重剂量组和伊维菌素片剂对照组,进行驱虫效果评价;在冬季应用伊维菌素注射剂按0.2mg/kg体重剂量对放牧绵羊进行规模防治技术示范,检查防治效果和考核防治效益。结果:药效试验中伊维菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg对绵羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率分别为93.3%,99.3%,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为90.0%和96.1%;0.3mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵及原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率均为100.0%;0.1mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率分别为76.7%,88.6%,原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为66.7%和86.1%。防治示范群绵羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率为93.3%,虫卵减少率为96.8%;对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率和减少率分别为90.0%和96.2%。同期检查未防治对照组虫卵EPG和幼虫数略有增加。技术示范群比未示范群每只成年羊平均多增重5.47kg、幼年羊成活率平均提高2.1个百分点。结果表明该防治技术对放牧绵羊主要寄生虫病高效安全,效益显著。     

黑龙江省双城市绵羊寄生虫区系调查

解剖绵羊69只，在54只绵羊体检获寄生虫24种，其中吸虫6种，绦虫(包括绦虫蚴)6种，线虫8种，羊狂蝇1种，以及硬蜱、疥螨和球虫。当地的优势种是捻转血矛线虫、羊仰口线虫、哥伦比亚食道口线虫、粗纹食道口线虫、蛇形毛圆线虫、绵羊毛首线虫、肝片形吸虫、胰阔盘吸虫、前后盘吸虫、贝氏莫尼茨绦虫、羊狂蝇幼虫。腔阔盘吸虫、棘球蚴、丝状网尾线虫、硬蜱和疥螨为双城市首见虫种。丝状网尾线虫是黑龙江省绵羊寄生虫的新记录。     

玉树县国营牧场牦牛、藏羊消化系统常见寄生虫药物防治前后效果分析研究

目的 为了制定玉树县国营牧场有效的牦牛、藏羊消化系统常见寄生虫病防治技术方案.方法 对玉树县国营牧场牦牛、藏羊驱虫前后进行粪检和剖检,并运用统计软件进行综合分析.结果 粪检和剖检显示该地区牦牛、藏羊消化系统感染的寄生虫主要为莫尼茨绦虫、前后盘吸虫、球虫、双士吸虫、毛圆线虫、细颈线虫、仰口线虫、细颈囊尾蚴、毛首线虫、夏伯特线虫等,并且多数为几种混合感染;驱虫后感染率逐渐下降;牦牛、藏羊EPG驱虫前后差异显著(P＜0.05),并且驱虫后多数牦牛、藏羊EPG之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),藏羊驱虫前后剖解虫体数差异显著(P＜0.05),藏羊驱虫后多数虫体数之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).结论 该地牦牛、藏羊每年4月和10月春秋驱虫效果较好,但应轮换用药,减少抗药性虫株.     

三种药物对绵羊的驱虫试验

应用清虫佳口服液，丙硫苯咪唑，左旋咪唑对绵羊进行了驱虫效果对比试验。结果表明，3种药物间隔7d分2次用药后，对羊线虫均表现出明显驱虫效果。但清虫佳组粪便虫卵转阴率（90%）要高于丙硫苯咪唑组（80%）和左旋咪唑组（80%）；就对羊肝片吸虫的驱除效果而言。丙硫苯咪唑要好于清虫佳。而左旋咪唑的效果则很差。     

半山区绵羊驱虫的环节

半山区绵羊驱虫的环节孙志萍裴志国蒋树飞（五常市家畜防治院）我区寄生虫病每年有大批的羊瘦弱死亡，我们狠抓了绵羊驱虫的关键技术环节。１定期驱肝片形吸虫根据我县民意、二河、志广、向阳等半山区乡镇的实际情况，以驱除肝片形吸虫为主，全年搞两次驱虫，第一次最好１...     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein