中国面条的标准化实验室制作与评价方法研究

标准化的实验室制作与评价方法是面条品质改良的前提和基础.针对原商业部SB/T10137-93面条制作与品尝评分标准存在的不完善之处,对面条制作过程中的适宜加水量、和面时间、压片和煮面方法进行了研究,制定出我国面条的标准化实验室制作方法与评价系统.具体程序如下:以加水后面团水分含量为35.0%来确定最适宜加水量;通过低速(1 min)、快速(2 min)、低速(2 min)三个搅拌过程完成和面;在压面机上压片八次,并在最后一次压片时切成面条;在等量(2 L)水中用相同时间(6 min)煮等量(150 g)面条,煮面结束立即把面条放入冰水中冷却2 min.改进后的评价系统为色泽15分、外观10分、软硬度20分、粘弹性30分、光滑性15分、食味10分;以雪花粉为对照,将待评样品与对照相比后给出适宜分值.实验结果表明,改进的方法优于SB/T10137-93标准.     

小麦淀粉与面条质量关系的研究进展

小麦淀粉品质对白盐面条的质量（尤其是煮后的感官特性）有重要影响。直链与支链淀粉的含量及比例是影响面条质量的重要因素,是造成不同小麦品种淀粉糊化和膨胀特性及面条质量差异的物质基础。较低直链淀粉含量的小麦粉具有较好的糊化和膨胀特性,制作的面条煮制时吸水率高,烹调损失低,具有较高的感官评分。优质白盐面条的直链淀粉含量应在22%左右。峰值黏度、稀懈值、峰值时间是影响面条质量的重要糊化参数,这3项参数高的小麦粉适合制作优质面条。高膨胀势或膨胀体积的小麦粉制作的面条中等偏软,光滑且富有弹性,可以作为面条用小麦的重要选择标准。一般认为,直链淀粉含量较低、峰值黏度和稀懈值高、峰值时间长、膨胀势或膨胀体积高的小麦粉适合制作优质白盐面条。其中,直链淀粉含量、峰值黏度和膨胀势是优质面条小麦评价的关键品质性状。     

面条品质评价指标及评价方法的研究

为了全面科学地评价小麦品种的面条加工特性,测定了29个北方小麦品种的面粉品质和鲜湿面条的制作品质,采用相关分析和多元回归分析方法,分析了面粉品质指标与鲜面条加工品质之间的关系.结果表明,面条的蒸煮损失率、拉伸强度、拉断力、延伸率与面条综合得分间的相关系数分别为-0.429、0.944、0.796和0.398,相关性很强,可以用作面条品质的辅助评价指标,即辅助综合得分来评价面条品质;面团的形成时间、稳定时间及弱化度与面条的综合得分和蒸煮损失率均呈极显著相关,面粉中的总淀粉含量与面条的综合得分呈显著相关,并且面粉白度、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度、总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、支直链淀粉比等12项指标都不同程度地进入了面条的上述5个品质评价指标的回归方程,进一步说明用这5个指标来综合评价面条品质是可取的.根据面条各品质指标的相关性推出各品质指标在面条综合评价中所占的权重,再将利用回归方程算出的5个面条品质评价指标的数据进行标准化处理以消除量纲的影响后,即可计算出某个小麦品种所生产面条的综合评价分数.本研究即通过这一方法从29个供试小麦品种中优选出了6个优质面条用小麦品种,它们分别是洛展1号、泰山23、温麦4号、太空6号、淮麦16、温麦8号.     

Effects of vacuum mixing and mixing time on the processing quality of noodle dough with high oat flour content

The effects of different mixing parameters (vacuum mixing and mixing time) on oat (70% oat flour) and wheat noodle dough were investigated on the basis of textural properties and gluten formation. The results showed that at a vacuum degree of −0.06 MPa and mixing time of 10 min, oat and wheat dough sheets exhibited the highest resistance to extension and glutenin macropolymer (GMP) content, and had the most compact and uniform gluten network. Compared with wheat noodle dough, oat dough had lower resistance to extension, lower tightly bound water content, and higher GMP content. Microstructural examination showed that oat noodle dough had a more aggregated distribution of gluten protein compared with wheat noodle dough under the optimum mixing parameters. Furthermore, the poor binding ability of vital wheat gluten with water molecules caused the indexes of oat noodle dough to be more strongly affected by the changes in mixing parameters than wheat noodle dough.     

Effect of NaCl on rheological properties of dough and noodle quality

To assess the effect of NaCl on processing properties of different varieties of wheat flour and noodle quality, the rheological properties of dough, and the quality of white salted noodles made from three different varieties of wheat flour were evaluated. The results showed that the addition of NaCl had different effects on the rheological properties of different varieties of wheat flour. As NaCl concentration increased, the stability time of both intermediate-gluten and weak-gluten wheat flour increased, while that of strong-gluten wheat flour increased initially and then remained stable. The developing time of strong-gluten wheat flour increased, while those of both intermediate-gluten and weak-gluten wheat flour did not change significantly. The energy values of intermediate- and weak-gluten wheat flour did not change significantly while that of strong-gluten wheat flour increased. NaCl had no apparent effects on the hardness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience of noodles. The cooking loss of fresh noodles increased positively with increasing NaCl concentration. Microstructure of noodles showed that gluten network structure of noodles became more and more dense with increasing NaCl concentration. The effect of NaCl on gluten protein contributed to the change of rheological properties and noodle quality.     

关中平原小麦粉鲜面条制作适宜性研究

针对餐饮业连锁经营和向食品制造转化的背景下,食品生产企业对小麦品种质量特性、原料质量稳定性,特别是面条制作适宜性提出新的要求,对关中平原大面积种植的小麦品种籽粒质量性状进行分析,并通过训练的专业感官评价人员对以其为原料、由面点师实验室制作的鲜面条的烹饪特性进行评价,同时统计分析小麦籽粒性状、面粉理化特性和面条感官评价结果之间的关系。结果表明,关中平原小麦千粒重、容重和硬度较高,面粉湿面筋含量高,面团延展性能良好,优质强筋小麦品种的比例明显提高。面粉的黏度参数,特别是峰值黏度,对面条的感官评价总分,面条质量要素中的色泽、硬度和黏性有较大影响,是评价鲜面条专用粉的重要参考指标。面条感官评价总分与峰值黏度呈显著正相关,与籽粒硬度、破损淀粉含量和面粉吸水率呈显著或极显著负相关。小麦品种（面粉）百农207、F50、F20、中麦578、西农583和郑麦366适宜制作优质鲜面条。     

拉面制作过程和产品感官评价方法的评估

为给拉面质量评价、拉面用粉标准的制定提供感官评价方法,采用走访询问、现场调查和网络交流等方式,收集拉面师傅对实验室制定的拉面制作过程感官评价方法的意见和建议;以餐饮市场常用小麦粉为样品原料,在兰州市和北京市分别开展消费者对拉面产品感官评价要素重视程度的问卷调查,分析、评估和确定了拉面制作过程和产品感官评价方法。88.89%的拉面师傅认为,所制定的拉面制作过程和感官评价方法可以概括拉面制作的整个过程,其对评价指标的重视程度依次为"和面难易程度及面团软硬程度""断条扣数及均匀性""跐面力度及黏手程度""醒发后面团色泽"="拉伸力大小";制定的拉面制作工艺可使大多数小麦粉满足加工工艺要求。消费者对产品感官评价要素的重视程度由高到低为弹性色泽硬度光滑性表观黏性;消费者完全可以区分出拉面用小麦粉的质量优劣。本研究制定的方法可用于拉面制作过程和产品感官质量的评价。在百分制评价体系中,拉面制作过程感官评价赋值分别为"和面难易程度及面团软硬程度"35分、"断条扣数及均匀性"20分、"跐面力度及黏手程度"15分、"醒发后面团色泽"15分、"拉伸力大小"15分;拉面产品消费者感官评价赋值分别为"弹性"30分、"硬度"20分、"色泽"20分、"表观性状"10分、"光滑性"10分、"黏性"5分、"食味"5分。     

河北省主推中筋小麦品种面条加工适应性研究

为了解河北省主推中筋小麦品种的面条加工适应性、筛选优质面条小麦品种,对河北省19个主推中筋小麦品种的籽粒、面粉品质性状及面条加工品质特性进行了系统检测与分析。结果表明,河北省中筋小麦品种大部分品质性状的遗传多样性较为丰富;适宜制作面条加工的小麦品种有16个,占河北主推中筋小麦品种的84.21%,其中适宜制作优质面条的小麦品种有6个;面条感官总分与中筋小麦面粉的湿面筋含量呈极显著正相关,与拉伸长度呈显著正相关,与弱化度呈显著负相关,与面条质构参数(TPA)的粘聚性和回复性均呈极显著正相关,与面条TPA的弹性、胶着性、咀嚼度和拉伸距离均呈显著正相关;面条TPA指标参数可间接反映面条的感官品质。     

小麦蛋白质与面条品质关系的研究进展

为促进我国面条工业生产并为面条专用小麦良种的选育提供科学依据,对近年来小麦蛋白质与面条品质关系的研究进行了综述。总体来看,蛋白质含量和质量从各个方面影响面条品质。蛋白质含量与面条白度、表观状态呈负相关,与面条质构特性,尤其是煮熟面条的硬度、弹性呈正相关。较高的麦谷蛋白含量可以提高面条的硬度、咀嚼性、粘合性和抗拉伸能力。在一定范围内,蛋白质质量（面筋含量和质量、沉降值、流变学特性）的提高有助于面条蒸煮品质的改善和感官评分的提高,但蛋白质质量过高（湿面筋含量〉35%,沉降值〉60mL,稳定时间〉16min）会导致面条外观品质变劣,评分下降;高分子量谷蛋白亚基5＋10可能与较好的面条品质有关。一般认为,优质面条小麦的蛋白质品质指标为：蛋白质含量12%～14%;湿面筋含量28%～34%,沉淀值40～45mL,稳定时间5～15min。     

淀粉老化调控对燕麦全粉挤压面条蒸煮品质的影响

燕麦粉不含面筋蛋白,使燕麦全粉面条煮熟后易浑汤、蒸煮损失率大,目前只能温水浸泡复水食用,是限制燕麦更广泛推广的难题之一。为了满足市场对燕麦全粉面条的需求,以利用二级挤压技术生产的燕麦全粉挤压面条为试材,对成型面条进行了调湿老化、蒸制老化及冷冻老化处理,比较了不同老化方式对燕麦全粉挤压面条蒸煮品质的影响。结果表明,调湿老化处理的面条蒸煮损失率最小(2.26%~3.34%),蒸制老化次之(4.19%~5.19%),冷冻老化最大(5.16%~7.97%)。不同老化处理的面条感官评分差异不显著,以调湿老化处理24h的面条感官评分最高(87.2分);调湿老化处理面条的淀粉相对结晶度(12.47%~16.10%)、热焓值(1.044 0~1.056 0J·g-1)及回生值(519.5~558.0cP)均最大,蒸制老化次之,冷冻老化最小。综合分析可知,对燕麦挤压面条进行淀粉老化处理,能够显著降低燕麦全粉挤压面条的蒸煮损失率,最优方式为调湿老化24h。     

The impact of protein characteristics on the protein network in and properties of fresh and cooked wheat-based noodles

The relation between protein characteristics, protein network formation and wheat noodle properties was studied. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), soy glycinin, ovalbumin, S-ovalbumin and lysozyme were included in the recipe of wheat-based noodles. The characteristics of these non-wheat proteins impacted the type, rate and extent of protein network formation during noodle dough preparation and cooking, and thereby the properties of fresh and cooked noodles. None of the added proteins enhanced the properties of fresh noodles. BSA and soy glycinin enhanced Kieffer-rig extensibility parameters of cooked noodles. Addition of ovalbumin or S-ovalbumin led to excessive protein polymerization in cooked noodles and lowered their quality. Inclusion of lysozyme lowered the rate and extent of polymerization during cooking. Experiments in which urea, olive oil or urea were added in the recipe showed that non-covalent interactions dominate the properties of fresh noodles while covalent cross-links and hydrogen bonds mainly impact the properties of cooked noodles.     

Effect of A- and B-granules of wheat starch on Chinese noodle quality

To investigate the effect of A- and B-type granules of wheat starch on noodle quality, the fractionation and reconstitution method was used to prepare noodles with five different ratios of A-to B-granules (100A-0B, 75A-25B, 50A-50B, 25A-75B, 0A-100B). The pasting and swelling properties of reconstituted flours and the microstructure of noodles observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) indicated that there were at least two aspects were responsible for the changes in noodle quality. First, the water distribution, texture and cooking quality of noodles were influenced by the different physicochemical properties of A- and B-granules; and second, the gluten structure in noodles was altered by the granule size distribution, which further led to a difference in noodle quality. In general, with increasing number of B-granules, the A₂₂ (the proportion of less immobilized water) of raw noodles and the hardness, resilience and chewiness of cooked noodles increased first and then decreased, while the cooking loss, water absorption and protein loss showed the reverse trend. Raw noodle samples containing 50A-50B had the minimum T₂₂ (less immobilized water) but the maximum A₂₂ and, when cooked, had the greatest hardness, chewiness and resilience and the least cooking loss (6.6%) and water absorption (166.1%). These results have important implications for illustrating the mechanism by which A- and B-granules affect noodle quality and guide efforts to improve noodle quality and wheat breeding.     

新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系

为了给优质面包、馒头、面条专用品种选育提供品质辅助选择指标,以30份新疆冬小麦品种(包括自育品种和引进品种)为材料,分析了新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系.回归分析结果表明,小麦籽粒性状、面粉品质、面团特性、淀粉糊化特性以及面粉色泽对新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头和面条加工品质均有显著影响;面粉灰分、湿面筋、稀懈值、亮度和红度是影响面包、馒头和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;形成时间、稳定时间、延展度是影响面包和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;而籽粒性状仅对新疆冬小麦品种馒头加工品质有显著影响.相关分析结果表明,千粒重、形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力、红度和黄度与面包总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.460、0.516、0.537、0.719、0.707、0.534和-0.403;籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉蛋白含量和湿面筋含量与馒头总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.397、-0.458和-0.552,面团延展度、稀懈值与面条总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.438和0.432.从以上结果可以看出,面包与面团流变学特性,馒头与蛋白质和面筋数量,面条与面团流变学特性及淀粉糊化特性的关系更为密切,这些品质性状可以作为新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头、面条加工品质改良时的辅助选择指标.     

Sensory and physicochemical properties of whole wheat salted noodles under different preparations of bran

Whole wheat products have gained popularity in recent years due to the health and nutritional benefits, with Asian salted noodles as one formulation. However, there is a general perception of decreased product quality and sensory acceptance of whole wheat noodles This study examined changes to sensory properties, texture (tensile and compressive strength), color, and cooking loss of noodles prepared from blends of wheat flour and bran that underwent five forms of hydro, thermal, pressure and their combined treatments: autoclaving, extrusion, jet-cooking, puffing, and roasting. Including the control (bran without processing) all six treatments were deemed palatable by sensory panel evaluation despite having statistically significant differences in physiochemical and sensory properties. For instance, 10 of the 22 sensory properties demonstrated significant differences among treatments. Bran processing tended to result in weaker (tensile and compressive strength) and stickier noodles while allowing for greater uptake of water during cooking.     

Investigation of amber durum wheat for production of yellow alkaline noodles

Samples of Canadian amber durum wheat varieties, of various protein content and a composite of export cargo samples, were milled to yield straight-grade and patent flours by reducing semolina and processed into yellow alkaline noodles (YAN). Samples of Canada Hard White Spring (CWHWS) and Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) were included for comparative purposes. YAN from durum wheat displayed a colour advantage over CWRS and CWHWS YAN. The durum YAN displayed an approximate 9–20 unit greater b* (yellowness) value than CWRS and CWHWS at 2 and 24 h after preparation. This relates to greater yellow pigment and flavonoid contents in the durum flours. All durum wheat YAN exhibited excellent noodle brightness, which was retained over time due to lower levels of the enzymes polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). Durum noodles displayed significantly fewer specks than CWRS and were comparable to CWHWS. Durum wheat YAN cooking quality was equal to or slightly superior to CWRS and CWHWS. Durum wheat flour refinement imparted no significant effects on cooked noodle texture (maximum cutting stress, recovery, resistance to compression). However, the various texture parameters improved with durum wheat protein content and gluten strength.     

Investigation of amber durum wheat for production of yellow alkaline noodles

Samples of Canadian amber durum wheat varieties, of various protein content and a composite of export cargo samples, were milled to yield straight-grade and patent flours by reducing semolina and processed into yellow alkaline noodles (YAN). Samples of Canada Hard White Spring (CWHWS) and Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) were included for comparative purposes. YAN from durum wheat displayed a colour advantage over CWRS and CWHWS YAN. The durum YAN displayed an approximate 9–20 unit greater b* (yellowness) value than CWRS and CWHWS at 2 and 24 h after preparation. This relates to greater yellow pigment and flavonoid contents in the durum flours. All durum wheat YAN exhibited excellent noodle brightness, which was retained over time due to lower levels of the enzymes polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). Durum noodles displayed significantly fewer specks than CWRS and were comparable to CWHWS. Durum wheat YAN cooking quality was equal to or slightly superior to CWRS and CWHWS. Durum wheat flour refinement imparted no significant effects on cooked noodle texture (maximum cutting stress, recovery, resistance to compression). However, the various texture parameters improved with durum wheat protein content and gluten strength.     

郑麦1860品质特性及面条加工适用性分析

为明确郑麦1860的品质及加工适用性,对2020-2021年河南省29个地点收获的郑麦1860的籽粒性状、磨粉品质、面团流变学特性、淀粉糊化特性和面条加工品质指标进行了测定与分析。结果表明,郑麦1860为优质中强筋面条小麦品种,特点是籽粒大、容重高、出粉率高,面条弹性好、色泽白亮、褐变较轻。在不同地点间郑麦1860的多数品质性状变异程度小,品质表现较稳定;相比较而言,其粉质参数、拉伸参数变异程度较大,淀粉糊化特性和面筋特性变异程度次之,籽粒品质性状、磨粉品质和面条加工参数变异程度较小。籽粒硬度、粒径、容重与出粉率呈显著正相关;容重、籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉灰分含量与面条总评分呈显著负相关;面粉色泽L^*值、吸水率、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、终值黏度、回生值与面条总评分呈显著正相关。综上所述,籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉色泽和淀粉糊化特性是影响郑麦1860面条品质的主要因素。郑麦1860制作的面条感官评分高、品质稳定,在豫北、豫东和豫南等区域种植均适合制作优质面条。     

小麦品系干白面条品质特性的遗传差异研究

对四川58份小麦品系的面条品质进行了系统测试和分析,旨在研究不同基因型与面条加工品质的关系,为优质面条小麦品种的选育提供理论依据。研究结果表明,多数品种(系)的面条品质特性在基因型间存在显著差异,其中面条咬劲、延伸性和最佳烹调时间具有很大的遗传选择潜力。面条的口感与咬劲、最佳烹调时间、吸水率、弹性和白度显著相关,r值分别为-0.480、0.735、-0.807、0.423和-0.312,用最佳烹调时间和吸水率可较好反映面条的口感。     

Effect of extrusion cooking of sorghum flour on rheology,morphology and heating rate of sorghum–wheat composite dough

Addition of a gluten-free flour such as sorghum has negative impact on the quality of wheat dough for bread making. One of the methods which can be used to promote the quality of sorghum-wheat composite dough is to extrude the sorghum flour before incorporation. In this regard, to produce a dough with appropriate bakery properties sorghum flour was extruded at 110 °C and 160 °C die temperature with 10%, 14% and 18% feed moisture. The effect of extruded sorghum flour incorporation (10%) on rheological (farinography and stress relaxation behavior), morphological and temperature profile of sorghum-wheat composite dough were evaluated. Extrusion cooking altered the sorghum-wheat composite dough properties through partial gelatinization of starch granules. Addition of extruded sorghum flour increased the water absorption and dough development time but it decreased the dough stability. Native sorghum-wheat composite dough showed viscoelastic liquid-like behavior whereas addition of sorghum flour extrudate changed dough to a more viscoelastic solid-like structure. Maxwell model was more appropriate than Peleg model to describe the viscoelasticity of the sorghum-wheat composite dough. Extrusion cooking decreased composite dough elasticity and viscosity. Sorghum extrudate increased the heating rate of composite dough crumb during baking. Addition of extruded sorghum flour formed a non-uniform and less compact dough structure. As a result, dough containing extruded sorghum flour had a good potential for producing a high-yielding bread in a short time of baking.     

Effects of transglutaminase on the rheological and noodle-making characteristics of oat dough containing vital wheat gluten or egg albumin

Incorporating exogenous proteins into food production is a common practice for improving processing characteristics. In the present study, oat dough containing 15% (w/w, blends of protein-oat flour basis [POB]) vital wheat gluten (VWG) or 15% (w/w, POB) egg albumin (EA) was used to produce noodles with or without gluten (i.e., gluten-free). The rheological and noodle-making characteristics of oat dough containing exogenous proteins and the effects of added transglutaminase (TGase) were examined. The results indicate that the extent of TGase’s modification of the thermomechanical and dynamic rheological characteristics (G′ and G″) is dependent on the source of exogenous proteins in the oat dough. By adding 1.0% (w/w, POB) TGase, the cooking qualities of the resulting noodles (i.e., those containing VWG and EA) were significantly elevated with lower cooking loss; the elasticity of both types of noodles increased. The effects of TGase in different dough systems were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. In oat dough prepared with VWG, TGase was shown to catalyse the cross-linking of both oat protein and gluten protein; however, oat protein acted as the only substrate of TGase in the noodles that had been prepared with EA.