Reframing well-being: Lessons from Aotearoa New Zealand's first wave COVID-19 response

Well-being is increasingly being promoted and used to describe social progress. However, tension exists between framings that focus on enhancing individual well-being (living well) and societal or collective framings of well-being (living well together). Well-being is central to Aotearoa New Zealand's COVID-19 response and recovery. The COVID-19 pandemic reopened debates about what kind of society people want to live in. Our research explored the ‘shared typical’ or commonality of experiences of the first wave of COVID-19 response in Aotearoa New Zealand. Semi-structured interviews provided insights into a wide range of concerns participants faced and what that meant for their well-being and the well-being of Aotearoa New Zealand. We found that well-being is both multidimensional and hierarchical, and while people talked about their own well-being, it was often in the context of broader social well-being. These findings support research showing that well-being is relational. We suggest that Indigenous models of well-being are well placed to inform policy strategies enabling holistic well-being, but this needs to be done in ways that pair Indigenous and Western knowledge, rather than integrating or assimilating this knowledge into Western science approaches.     

新冠肺炎疫情下“生物学基础”课程在线教学初探

新冠肺炎疫情期间各高校大力推动在线教学,以黑龙江八一农垦大学“生物学基础”课程为例,探讨在新冠肺炎疫情下基于中国大学慕课平台的校内SPOC+QQ屏幕分享的线上教学方式。     

The imported underclass: poverty and social exclusion of black African refugees in Aotearoa New Zealand

Abstract: Changes in immigration and refugee policy since 1991 have led to an increasing number of minority ethnic groups settling in Aotearoa New Zealand. The number of Black African migrants and refugees granted permanent residence in New Zealand has increased substantially from about six in 1982 to over 770 in 1998 (New Zealand Immigration Services, 2001). The socio‐economic, professional and cultural characteristics of this emerging Black African minority ethnic community are complex but fascinating. In mid 2000 the majority of the Black African community in New Zealand were refugees ( Chile 1999A ). This paper is part of a broader study to analyse the nature and structure of Black African migration and settlement in New Zealand. It is an attempt to undertake applied migration research from a participatory methodology framework that addresses the expressed needs of the grass‐roots level client community. The paper examines the socio‐economic status of Black African refugees in New Zealand and analyses the factors and processes that create an impoverished community that is increasingly excluded from mainstream society. Strategies to reverse the process of marginalisation and create a healthy, vibrant community with the capacity to participate effectively in New Zealand society are examined.     

新冠肺炎疫情对中国美洲鲥产业的影响及对策建议

新型冠状病毒肺炎（以下简称“新冠肺炎”）疫情对中国水产养殖产业、水产品流通和消费造成了严重的影响,特别是特色水产品养殖和销售尤为严重,而且影响还在进一步延伸。为了了解新冠肺炎疫情对美洲鲥整个产业链的影响,本调研组于2020年10月采用实地走访、电话网络采访和座谈等形式对美洲鲥主产区——长三角地区的技术服务人员、养殖户、商贩、外销主要经销大户等进行调研,收集和分析了疫情时期美洲鲥的繁育、养殖、流通、餐饮等领域的现实状况和存在问题,探究了疫情防控对美洲鲥产业影响的成因。针对当前美洲鲥产业中突出问题,提出了相关建议：引导消费市场、降低上市规格;创新营销模式、激活家庭烹饪;研发高抗品种、转变养殖模式;加强技术培训、引导绿色发展。     

Pacific approaches to fundraising in the digital age: COVID-19, resilience and community relational economic practices

The aim of this paper is to discuss how community relational economic practices in virtual spaces are effective in building resilience because they are borne of and sustained by familiar traditional Fijian values of collective work and social interdependence. The researchers adopted a pandemic-induced methodology, conducting online-based talanoa (fluid conversations between two or more people) with a number of people leading, or involved in, these initiatives. We also engaged with online community groups behind a number of initiatives. Examples are provided of online crowdfunding, livestreaming of concerts to solicit donations, and bartering facilitated by social media sites. To conclude, we stress the enduring nature of communal bonds and traditional systems which Pacific people readily adapt and translate into different forums and forms in the face of challenges such as the restrictions and financial hardships caused by COVID-19. The findings highlight that solesolevaki – a tradition of working together for a common cause – can also occur in the digital era: this demonstrates the deep connection of Fijian peoples and their sense of obligation to one another and to their culture, regardless of where they are in the world.     

Occupation‐specific analysis of migration and remittance behaviour: Pacific Island nurses in Australia and New Zealand

Abstract: Most previous empirical studies of migration and remittances ignored possible differences among occupational categories of migrants. Where human capital investment decisions and occupational choices are influenced by perceived prospects for international migration, internationally tradable occupations such as nursing are likely to attract individuals with particular attributes and with a stronger propensity to migrate. We argue that this can also affect the remittance behaviour of such occupational groups, pointing to the need for a disaggregated analysis by occupational category. This paper reports the results of a recent survey of nurses in Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, and nurse migrants from the same countries in Australia and New Zealand. We also report the findings from a re‐analysis of earlier remittance data from Tongan and Samoan migrants in Australia. Nurse household remittance behaviour is statistically different from others, with nurses remitting more generously and consistently over time. The reasons and implications are explored. The impact and volume of nurse remittances emphasise the sustainability of the migration, remittances, aid and bureaucracy (MIRAB) system.     

Bonding,bridging and linking social networks: A qualitative study of the emergency management of Cyclone Pam,Vanuatu

Cyclone Pam (March 2015) was an unprecedented event in Vanuatu forcing the simultaneous involvement of national and long‐term international actors, well integrated into the national disaster governance system, as well as numerous short‐term international actors, unfamiliar with the geopolitical and cultural disaster context of the country. Cooperation between these three groups of actors evolved through the three scales of bonding, bridging and linking social networking. This paper questions the different drivers and challenges within and across these scales of social networks affecting cooperation among the three different groups of actors during an emergency. Using a mixed methodology based on social network analysis, this paper utilises the case study of Cyclone Pam in Vanuatu to study the strengths and weaknesses of the disaster governance system in place based on bonding and bridging social capital to conduct disaster risk management and to prepare the integration of linking social capital when external support is needed. This paper contributes to the identification of key considerations in the development of resilience‐building strategies: the interactions of diverse actors to address disaster management needs and the reciprocal impacts of these interactions within and across the three different scales of social networks.     

Examining trans‐Tasman migration of new immigrants to New Zealand from the People's Republic of China: A quantitative approach

‘Back‐door’ migration refers to the entry of overseas‐born New Zealand citizens to Australia. Many New Zealand Chinese migrants from the People's Republic of China (PRC) are within this migration flow. Based on a detailed analysis on the permanent and long‐term arrival and departure data from Statistics New Zealand and an online survey conducted by the author, this paper examines the trans‐Tasman migration of New Zealand's PRC migrants. The result shows that compared with New Zealand‐born citizens, the trans‐Tasman migration of China‐born New Zealand citizens is not large in number. The 2001 Australia immigration policy change of the welfare provisions to New Zealand citizens discouraged ‘back‐door’ migration of the PRC migrants in the short term only. Australia still remains a favoured destination for many of them. Economic consideration is the main factor drawing these migrants to Australia. This paper also reveals a circulatory feature of the PRC migrants' trans‐Tasman migratory movements, as evidenced by a significant number of respondents who had migrated from New Zealand to Australia indicating that they would come back to New Zealand at some future time.     

Chinese urban migrants' sense of place: Emotional attachment,identity formation,and place dependence in the city and community of Guangzhou

In this paper, we study urban migrants' sense of place in Guangzhou, China, focusing on the structural relations between place attachment, identification and dependence as the three key place dimensions. Through both quantitative structural equation modelling and qualitative analysis of in‐depth interviews data, our research suggests that migrants' sense of place demonstrates complex relationships between the three registers of emotional attachment, identity formation and functional dependence. The construction of sense of place is also related to the personal experiences of living as urban ‘outsiders’. Our research also reveals a striking difference between the city and community levels in terms of the ways in which migrants' sense of place is constructed. Urban migrants tend to exploit the functional utilities of microscopic urban spaces to meet their demands for recreation, education and socialisation. On the other hand, their sense of place to the city is largely compromised by their attachment to the hometown and conditioned by their personal identification to the city.     

卢氏新旧两站观测资料的差异研究

利用卢氏站2014年新、旧站址正式气象观测记录月报表数据,采用通用差值统计方法,分别计算气温、最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度、2 min平均风速的差值平均值、年差值标准差等;风向一致性采用相符率统计。通过上述计算结果对卢氏新、旧站址的气象资料进行对比、分析与评估工作,并分析引起变化的原因,以期为站址迁移及迁站后的预报服务工作提供参考。结果表明：新址年平均气温和年最高气温比旧址分别低0.3℃、1.1℃,年最低气温比旧址高0.1℃,年最高气温相差最大;年平均相对湿度差值为0%,说明相对湿度受站址迁移的影响不大;新址风速大于旧址,年平均风速偏大1.0 m/s;旧址与新址年风向相符率只有26%,两站风向一致性很差。通过对新、旧站址各气象要素的差异研究,为气象预报服务中气象要素的精准预报和科研业务中气象资料的准确利用提供保障,为卢氏站气象资料序列延续和均一化处理提供依据。     

Sustainable fisheries management in the resource periphery: The cases of Chile and New Zealand

Abstract: Chile and New Zealand both depend on their natural resource bases for their exports. This situation characterises the historical condition of the resource periphery. Despite similar processes of globalisation in their fisheries sectors since the 1970s, the ways in which public and private policies and management strategies have been brought to bear on sustaining the resource base differ considerably. In light of the strategic economic agreement between the two countries (and Singapore and Brunei) signed in 2005, these contrasts reveal that multiple options exist for countries in the resource periphery to enhance their national development by working with comparative advantages alongside competitive advantages introduced into the sector. Chile’s explosive growth in aquaculture and its low levels of public and private concern for more sustainable fisheries is contrasted with New Zealand’s more sustainable approach to natural resource management through a range of instruments and commitments. The principal conclusion is that resource periphery producers should capitalise on their natural assets, but only within the context of a sustainable strategy that promotes and enforces responsibility. The current crisis in global capture fisheries is both an opportunity and a warning in this regard.     

Productive transformations and bilateralism in the semi‐periphery: A comparative political economy of the dairy complexes of New Zealand and Chile

Abstract: This paper examines the evolution of the dairy complexes of New Zealand and Chile in the context of increasing bilateral interaction between the two countries, and their recent signing of a ‘Trans‐Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership’ (TPSEP) free‐trade agreement. The two economies can be said to occupy semi‐peripheral positions in global markets and have, through the twentieth and into the twenty‐first century, increasingly competed for market share in a range of primary product (particularly agricultural)‐based export markets. Similar sets of historical processes, although variably timed, have shaped the roles of New Zealand and Chile respectively as resource peripheries, and the extent to which the two countries can collaborate for mutual benefit and transcend these roles is uncertain. In taking a sectoral approach this paper questions the compatibility of the two dairy complexes in the context of the TPSEP, and recommends further sectoral and localised studies in order to better appraise the model of ‘co‐opetition’ promoted through the agreement.     

The Evolution Characteristics of Spatial Layout of Ancient Chinese Capitals: A Case Study of Sui,Tang and Northern Song Dynasties With Important Changes in the Historical Development of Feudal Society

Imperial city and outer city are the most important differentiation of the spatial structure of ancient Chinese capitals.The relationship between city and Guo changed from the original spatial structure mode of respecting the west and sitting in the west and facing the east to the spatial structure mode of sitting in the north and facing the south and the three outer cities in the east,south and west surrounding the imperial city after the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties,and gradually changed from the original multi palace system to the single palace system.Finally,a heavy city capital spatial structure with the outer city around the imperial city and the imperial city around the palace city,and the central axis of the chessboard format was formed.During the Tang and Song Dynasties,it was a period of great change in the history of feudal society in China.Through the investigation of the evolution characteristics of the spatial form of capital cities in the Tang and Song Dynasties,the track of the transformation of social ideology,political system,economic structure and many other fields in the Tang and Song Dynasties was made clear.     

Evolving social capital and networks in the post‐disaster rebuilding process: The case of Typhoon Yolanda

Typhoon Yolanda brought major devastation to the local communities and infrastructure and also reshaped social structures and networks in the Philippines. During the immediate recovery process, bridging, bonding and linking social capital have had differential impacts and outcomes on how communities cope with the aftermath of the disaster. This article investigates the interplay between the various types of social capital and their contributions to immediate coping strategies of Typhoon Yolanda communities. This article also evaluates the complexity of defining social capital in a disaster context. In particular, it unpacks the blurring of the bridging and linking social capital at the immediate stage of rehabilitation in a post‐disaster context and its impacts on the social fabric of the communities. We deduce from this case study the social capital strategies necessary for a speedy recovery process both economically and socially for disaster‐affected communities.     

Contrasting the spatial management of nitrogen and phosphorus for improved water quality: Modelling studies in New Zealand and France

Critical source areas (CSAs) define areas of a farm or catchment that emit the majority of water quality contaminants but account for a minority of the area at a field, farm or catchment scale. Using process based modelling we tested the hypothesis that the definition and management of CSAs would decrease losses of phosphorus (P) in two New Zealand catchments and nitrogen (N) in a French catchment. In the New Zealand catchment, CSAs of P loss were isolated to small areas within fields commensurate with surface flow pathways, while in the French catchment, CSAs for N loss were influenced by factors (inputs and land use) relevant at a field (or multiple field) scale. Scenarios were tested that examined the management of CSAs versus whole field management for P, and decreasing N loss within CSAs by increasing the proportion of grassland fields and changing their location relative to cropland. The results showed that N losses decreased by up to 25% as more grassland was incorporated into the catchment, especially in wet areas near valley bottoms due to a longer growth period and better utilisation/storage of N than cropland. For P, focusing mitigation on CSAs decreased catchment losses to a similar degree as mitigations applied across the whole catchment, but was on average 6–7 times more cost-effective. Therefore, the definition and management of CSAs at an appropriate scale is recommended to improve water quality and minimise the impact on farm profitability.     

Social differentiation revisited: A study of rural changes and peasant strategies in Vietnam

This article analyses the processes of transformation and differentiation since the 1950s in a Vietnamese rural village, hereafter called Chieng Hoa. ¹ It examines how radical changes in political discourse and economic policies at the national level have affected the welfare and social relations of villagers and how the latter have in turn coped, resisted, as well as shaped such structural changes. Using concrete life stories of local people, the article identifies the winners and losers in this transformation process, the trajectories households or individuals have taken to arrive at their current positions, and the strategies that they are adopting for the future. It demonstrates that differentiation in Chieng Hoa implies changes in social relations, including but not limited to relations of production, and that even within this single locality, differentiation can take various forms and processes over time, whether specific to or cutting across changes in macro‐policies. The article also reveals that in the often perceived equal collectivisation, inequalities still existed and became causes of differentiation in the subsequent decollectivisation period. However, while conditions for a permanent differentiation were present, such process has failed to materialise in the current integration period. Differentiation has become more unpredictable as past winners can lose out due to unstable market conditions.     

新农村建设中失地农民社会保障问题探要——昆山市失地农民社会保障问题调研及思考

随着中国城市化进程的加快,越来越多的土地被征用,大片农民成为失地农民,失地农民的生活急需保障。为了加强失地农民社会保障工作,进一步消除城乡二元发展的弊端,城乡一体化社会保障制度被提出并实践。通过对昆山这一社会保障领跑城市的调查和分析,总结了昆山社会保障的现状,归纳出该市城乡一体化进程中存在着户籍制度造成的城乡差距依然存在以及农民自我保障的能力相对不足两点问题,并基于这些不足,结合昆山市的实际情况,提出相应推进昆山市失地农民社会保障制度建设的几点意见,即加大财政投入力度、增加农村社保资金、建立地方性法规、建立最低生活保障、出台就业扶持政策、增强就业能力。     

Reworking the frame: analysis of current discourses on North Korea and a case study of North Korean labour in Dandong,China

North Korea remains a place of obscurity, mystery and even of imminent threat in popular imagination of East Asia and America. In this article, we explore existing representations of and discourses around North Korea and argue for a different framework to consider how North Korea is a critical participant in the contemporary world. Drawing on our respective fieldwork in Dandong, China, throughout 2006 to 2014, the article suggests a new way of thinking about issues surrounding North Korea.     

Application of the concepts of test value and varietal value to the study of genetic advance in recurrent selection: A synthesis

Summary The concepts of varietal ability and value in test of a genotype or group of genotypes are specified according to the type of variety (clones, hybrids, lines, synthetics) and the testing system (phenotype, S₁, General combining ability (GCA), line value, General synthesizing ability (GSA)). Varietal ability and value in test are to be considered as any quantitative characters for which it is possible to define additive effects, dominance effects and epistasis. For diploids in recurrent selection, only additive effects and additive× additive epistasis for varietal value contribute to genetic advance. Genetic advance depends on the covariance between the testing value of the parents and the test value of the progeny by intercrossing. Such a parent-offspring covariance is, in the absence of epistasis and inbreeding, one half of the covariance between additive effects in test of the parents and additive effects in test of their progenies. This allows one to express directly the genetic advance in varietal value according to the type of variety and to the testing system used in recurrent selection. The case of biallelic populations is considered; it allows some discussions on the relative values of components of variance of varietal and test values.