灌浆期遮阴对小麦胚乳淀粉粒度分布及糊化特性的影响

为了解灌浆期遮阴对小麦胚乳淀粉粒度分布及淀粉糊化特性的影响,研究了灌浆期对扬麦13、宁麦13和烟农19进行30%遮阴后籽粒的淀粉粒度分布与糊化特性的变化。结果表明,小麦灌浆期遮阴显著降低了<10μm的B型淀粉粒体积和表面积占比,增加了>10μm的A型淀粉粒的体积和表面积占比,其中A型淀粉粒中主要增加了10~20μm淀粉粒的体积和表面积占比;遮阴处理对淀粉粒数目分布无显著影响。遮阴处理后,峰值粘度、低谷粘度、稀懈值、最终粘度、回升值等糊化参数指标均显著降低。小麦籽粒硬度、容重、出粉率等指标也因遮阴处理而显著降低。综上所述,遮阴处理改变了小麦籽粒淀粉粒粒度分布,降低了淀粉糊化参数和加工品质。     

Effects of monoglycerides on pasting properties of wheat starch after repeated heating and cooling

The effects of repeated heating and cooling on the properties of pastes prepared from a commercial wheat starch (Triticum aestivum L.) with added monoglycerides were studied using a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). The nanostructure of the freeze-dried pastes was determined by X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering. Pastes prepared from the wheat starch alone, or from the starch mixed with tripalmitin, which does not form complexes with starch, produced regular viscosity profiles in the RVA when subjected to multiple heat-cool cycles. In comparison, the effects of adding monoglycerides (or monoacylglycerols) depended on the chain length and saturation of the fatty acid of the monoglyceride. Repeated heat-cool cycles in the RVA of the starch with different monoglycerides induced the formation of complexes of varying stability that influenced the viscosity trace of the paste during multiple heating and cooling cycles. Small-angle X-ray scattering in combination with X-ray diffraction proved useful in describing the nanostructural changes in the RVA pastes induced by monoglycerides and temperature cycling. The results indicate that the functional properties of starch pastes may be manipulated through the strategic selection of an added monoglyceride.     

脂肪酸对小麦淀粉糊化特性及热特性的影响

为了解脂肪酸对小麦淀粉糊化特性和热特性的影响,在小麦淀粉中分别添加月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸,采用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对淀粉-脂质复合物糊化特性、晶体结构和热特性进行分析。结果表明,小麦淀粉与四种饱和脂肪酸所形成的复合物的晶体结构均为V型晶型。加入脂肪酸后小麦淀粉的峰值黏度、热浆黏度和崩解值降低,而最终黏度和回生值升高,起始糊化温度(To)、峰值糊化温度(Tp)、终点糊化温度(Tc)略降,而糊化焓值(ΔH)则显著下降。综合来看,添加脂肪酸对小麦淀粉的糊化特性和热特性有显著影响,其中月桂酸对小麦淀粉糊化特性及热特性的影响最显著。     

不同生长期木薯块根淀粉糊化特性的差异

对木薯品种(系)SC8、南植199、C869、D346和E632在6～11个月生长期的块根淀粉糊化特性进行研究。结果表明,木薯的含粉量随生长期的延长呈先增后减趋势,不同品种的变化拐点各不相同;直链淀粉含量随生长期变化趋势因品种而异,表现出显著的品种效应和生长期差异性;峰值粘度在生长期为8个月后随生长期的延长而增加,其值与鲜薯含粉率、直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关关系;木薯淀粉糊化温度的生长期差异性显著,且变化趋势因品种的差异而略有不同,它与直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关关系。木薯淀粉恩氏粘度与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关。     

Physical properties of cryomilled rice starch

Cryomilling of rice starch was evaluated as a non-chemical way to modify starch structure and properties. Cryomilling in a liquid nitrogen bath (63–77.2 K) was done to Quest (10.80% amylose) and Pelde (20.75% amylose) rice starch at five different time frames (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min). The viscosity of the cryomilled rice starch decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing milling duration, including peak viscosity, hot-paste viscosity, cold-paste viscosity, breakdown, and consistency. Increasing milling time significantly increased (p < 0.05) water solubility index and water absorption index. Infra-red spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction crystallography both showed that the crystallinity of the cryomilled starch decreased with increasing milling time. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses showed that after 60 min cryomilling there was partial loss of crystallinity (86% for Quest and 91% for Pelde) of both cryomilled starches. The cryomilling process modified the rice starch by causing a loss of crystallinity, that reduced its pasting temperature and increased water absorption, and by fragmentation of starch (probably the amylopectin fraction) that reduced the viscosity and increased solubility.     

Effect of a gibberellin-biosynthesis inhibitor treatment on the physicochemical properties of sorghum starch

Inhibition of plant growth by Trinexapac-ethyl, TE, a gibberellin-biosynthesis inhibitor, can produce a shorter stemmed plant, requiring less nutrients and water to grow, while maintaining grain yield. Although TE and other plant growth regulators are commonly used in grain crops, their effects on starch biosynthesis in the grains have not been systematically examined. The changes in the structural and functional properties of starch in grains harvested from TE-treated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) were examined, and the results compared with those from the untreated controls. TE treatment had little or no effects on the molecular structures of starch, starch granule morphology, and starch and amylose contents, but increased the protein content of the grains significantly. Consistent with the lack of change in the molecular structure, there were no significant effects on the thermal properties of the starch. The pasting properties of TE-treated sorghum flours, however, showed lower peak viscosity, trough, and final viscosity, which were attributed to their higher protein contents. The TE treatment thus does not have an appreciable effect on the biosynthesis of starch during grain development in sorghum.     

Thermoplastic starch modified during melt processing with organic acids: The effect of molar mass on thermal and mechanical properties

Thermoplastic starch (TPS) was modified with ascorbic acid and citric acid by melt processing of native starch with glycerol as plasticizer in an intensive batch mixer at 160 °C. It was found that the molar mass decreases with acid content and processing time causing the reduction in melting temperature (T_m). As observed by the results of X-ray diffraction and DSC measurements, crystallinity was not changed by the reaction with organic acids. T_m depression with falling molar mass was interpreted on the basis of the effect of concentration of end-chain units, which act as diluents. FTIR did not show any appreciable change in starch chemical compositions, leading to the conclusion that the main changes observed were produced by the variation in molar mass of the material. We demonstrated that it is possible to decrease melt viscosity without the need for more plasticizer thus avoiding side-effects such as an increase in water affinity or relevant changes in the dynamic mechanical properties.     

小麦淀粉的粒度分布、组分及糊化特性对氮硫肥的响应

为明确氮硫肥对小麦淀粉粒度分布及主要理化特性的影响,以强筋小麦品种西农9718和中筋品种陕农138为材料,采用不同氮硫肥水平进行处理,系统分析了小麦A、B淀粉的粒度分布、淀粉组成、膨胀势及糊化特性对氮硫肥的响应。结果表明,强筋和中筋小麦品种的淀粉粒度分布基本一致。A淀粉粒体积分布占总淀粉的74.95%～75.43%,但淀粉粒数量远少于B淀粉粒。A淀粉的直链淀粉、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、崩解值、最终黏度以及回生值高于B淀粉,而B淀粉有更高的支链淀粉、膨胀势和糊化温度。不同氮硫肥处理改变了小麦淀粉的粒度分布,进而影响淀粉的组成和糊化特性。在施氮(230kg.hm-2)条件下,强筋品种西农9718和中筋品种陕农138的A、B淀粉分别在硫肥施用量为46和56kg.hm-2时有较低的直链淀粉含量、较高的膨胀势及较好的糊化特性。陕农138淀粉的粒度分布、组成及糊化特性对氮硫肥的响应比西农9718更敏感。适当的氮、硫肥配施有利于改善小麦的淀粉品质。     

耕作方式对旱区冬小麦籽粒品质性状的影响

为了解耕作方式对旱区冬小麦籽粒品质的影响规律,在长期定位试验的基础上,分析了深耕、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖和传统耕作4种耕作方式间冬小麦籽粒主要基础品质性状、粉质特性、拉伸特性、淀粉糊化特性和淀粉产量的差异。结果表明,在4种耕作方式中,深耕处理条件下,冬小麦籽粒硬度,灰分含量,沉降值,湿、干面筋含量,吸水率及面团形成时间最高,而面团稳定时间和弱化度最低;与传统耕作相比,深松覆盖和免耕覆盖能够提高籽粒粒径、出粉率和面团稳定时间,降低籽粒硬度、沉降值、湿面筋含量和面粉吸水率。面团拉伸面积、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力和拉伸比例均表现为免耕覆盖>传统耕作>深耕>深松覆盖。免耕覆盖和深松覆盖有利于提高淀粉糊化温度、峰值黏度、最终黏度和反弹值,在一定程度上降低了稀懈值。同时,深松覆盖和免耕覆盖可以显著提高小麦籽粒淀粉含量和淀粉产量。深松覆盖和免耕覆盖对冬小麦籽粒品质性状的影响具有一定的积极效应。     

菠萝蜜种子淀粉体外消化酶解动力学及血糖值分析

以菠萝蜜种子为原料提取淀粉,以木薯淀粉、大米淀粉、玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉为参照,采用体外消化试验测定菠萝蜜种子淀粉的快速消化淀粉、慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量,并进行酶解动力学实验。结果表明:菠萝蜜种子淀粉快速消化淀粉、慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉的含量分别为4.50%、19.65%和75.85%,酶解速率为0.60 h-1,平衡浓度为36.93%,酶解指数为41.43,血糖指数为62.45,属于中等血糖食物;菠萝蜜种子淀粉消化性、平衡浓度、酶解指数与血糖指数均高于马铃薯淀粉,而低于其他三种淀粉,酶解速率比马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉快,比大米淀粉、玉米淀粉慢。      

Physico-chemical Characteristics as Indicators of Starch Availability from Milled Rice

The hypothesis was tested that certain physico-chemical characteristics might be used as indicators of total starch availability and rate of starch availability of milled rice. Milled unparboiled (uPB) and parboiled (PB) rice samples (n=93) were characterized using standardized methods of physical tests and chemical analyses and anin vitromethod was used for measuring the rate of starch digestion on a subsample of rice (n=26). The rice varieties were dominated by medium long, bold rice grain with high amylose rice and intermediate gelatinization temperature (GT), but a wide range in all characteristics was measured. Small amounts of resistant starch (RS) were measured in the cooked rice, indicating virtually complete starch availability. The RS of PB rice (0·4 g/100 g rice as eaten) was significantly (P<0·004) higher than the RS of uPB rice (0·1 g/100 g) however. The rate of starch digestion was significantly affected by both variety and parboiling. The starch digestion index (SDI) values of the PB samples (mean value 73·7) were significantly (P<0·001) lower than those of the uPB samples (mean value 79·0). The apparent amylose content (AC) was the strongest determinant for SDI in both uPB and PB rice. The widths and shapes of the raw grains and the elongation after cooking were correlated significantly with SDI values for the uPB rice, while the relatively mild parboiling procedure followed in this study eliminated this correlation. The minimum cooking times were correlated significantly with the SDI values in the uPB samples.     

不同类型小麦品种大、小淀粉粒的分离和特性

为给小麦品质育种提供依据,以3个不同类型的小麦品种(济南17号、扬麦12号和扬麦9号)为材料,分离了大、小淀粉粒,并对它们的特性(形状、大小、膨胀势、晶体特性、糊化特性等)进行了测定和分析.结果表明,大、小淀粉粒形状为椭球形或球形,品种间无差别,但其大小和含量在品种间存在很大差异;大淀粉粒的膨胀势大于小淀粉粒.大、小淀粉粒都为A型淀粉晶体,大淀粉粒的相对结晶度差别不大,但小淀粉粒的相对结晶度差别较大,表现为济南17号＜扬麦12号＜扬麦9号.品种内大淀粉粒的起始温度To、峰值温度Tp值和吸收热焓△H高于小淀粉粒,终止温度Tc值却比小淀粉粒低.     

不同直链淀粉含量小麦淀粉理化性质与消化特性研究

为深入理解小麦直链淀粉含量与淀粉理化性质及消化特性之间的关系,以4份直链淀粉含量差异较大的小麦品种为材料,分析了其淀粉理化性质以及消化特性方面的差异。结果表明,随着直链淀粉含量的增加,回生值呈增加趋势;在体外消化前期,4个小麦品种的淀粉消化速率差异显著,西农836最慢,陕糯1号最快。这种差异与直链淀粉含量及回生值密切相关,说明直链淀粉比支链淀粉更易于回生,糊化后的冷却过程中更容易发生分子间部分重排和再结晶,重新组装成有序的聚集体,导致供试材料之间快速消化淀粉含量及总体消化程度不同。直链淀粉含量高的品种具有更多的B型小淀粉粒,但是大量B型小淀粉粒的存在并没有导致淀粉消化速率以及淀粉总体消化程度的提高,说明淀粉充分糊化后,粒度的差异并不改变淀粉消化特性。     

真空辅助酸凝固天然橡胶加工性能的研究

天然橡胶（NR）的性能与制胶工艺密切相关,其中凝固是制胶工艺的重要环节。本文采用真空辅助酸凝固天然橡胶,对比自然凝固天然橡胶和酸凝固天然橡胶,探讨了真空辅助酸凝固对天然橡胶门尼粘度、理化性能、物理机械性能以及加工性能的影响。研究表明,不同凝固方法得到的NR理化性能有一定的差异,自然凝固NR的氮含量>真空辅助酸凝固NR的氮含量>酸凝固NR的氮含量,真空辅助酸凝固NR的塑性初值（P₀）和塑性保持率（PRI）比自然凝固和酸凝固NR的P₀和PRI都高,其中真空辅助酸凝固NR的PRI为85%,而酸凝固NR的PRI为75.7%。真空辅助酸凝固NR的交联密度高于自然凝固NR和酸凝固NR。真空辅助酸凝固NR的拉伸强度、拉断伸长率均高于自然凝固NR和酸凝固NR的拉伸强度、拉断伸长率,3种NR的拉伸强度分别为21.06、19.35、17.60 MPa。RPA测试表明,真空辅助酸凝固NR的弹性模量（G'）<自然凝固NR的G'<酸凝固NR的G',损耗因子（tanδ）变化趋势恰好相反,即真空辅助酸凝固得到的胶样的加工性能最好,自然凝固胶样次之,酸凝固胶样最差。     

稻米淀粉影响食味品质机理的研究进展

稻米食味品质是决定消费者选择和市场流通最重要的因素之一。稻米食味品质主要是由淀粉（少量蛋白质和脂肪）在水和温度共同作用下经过一段时间物理和化学变化形成独特的质构和滋味。本文介绍了稻米食味品质评价的发展历程,综述了淀粉组成结构、淀粉与其他成分互作、淀粉生物合成与分解对食味品质的影响,以及利用分子生物学手段对稻米食味品质改良的研究进展,以期为稻米食味品质提升、水稻品质育种提供参考。     

茶树嫩梢力学特性与粗纤维试验

以黄旦、福鼎大白茶、肉桂、毛蟹、铁观音鲜叶为原料,对其驻芽一、二、三叶进行力学特性及粗纤维含量的测定,研究表明,茶树嫩梢的弹性模量在4 158.88～14 849.11 kPa,最大应力在870.00～1 842.97 kPa,断裂应力在673.33～1 639.62 kPa,叶位对弹性模量、最大应力与断裂应力的影响达到极显著水平,大小排序为:三叶＞二叶＞一叶.茶树嫩梢最大力点应变在10.61％～18.36％,断裂应变在12.19％～26.95％,叶位对最大应力与断裂应力的影响达到极显著水平,大小排序为:三叶＞二叶＞一叶,不同品种有所差异.茶树嫩梢力学参数为茶叶加工机械设计提供了一定的参考价值.     

铝盐絮凝天然橡胶制备及其性能表征

采用铝盐絮凝天然胶乳,探讨所得生胶的理化性能、硫化特性及其动态力学性能与传统凝固方法之间的差异.结果表明:通过氯化铝与盐酸溶液的互配,能够获得理化性能指标均达标的生胶产品;氯化铝与盐酸混合溶液凝固胶的拉伸强度较高;铝离子的存在有利于提高天然橡胶的加工安全性,使天然橡胶的损耗因子和损耗模量略有升高,但其储能模量降低.通过红外光谱可以看出,铝盐凝固胶蛋白质的特征吸收峰比酸凝固的弱.     

不同成熟度‘贵妃’枇杷果实色泽与糖酸含量关系

采用色差计测量不同成熟度‘贵妃’枇杷果实的色泽,并分析其与果实糖、酸含量的关系。试验结果表明:枇杷果实色差参数L*、H°值随成熟度的增加而逐渐降低,a*值则相反,成熟度间的b*、C*值差异不显著。不同成熟度果实的糖酸含量差异显著,其中7成熟至9成熟期间是变化最明显时期。相关分析表明:色差参数L*、a*、H°值均与果实的可溶性固形物含量、总酸含量和糖酸比存在显著或极显著相关关系,认为色差参数L*、a*、H°值可作为枇杷成熟度判定指标,果实完全成熟时‘贵妃’枇杷果皮色差参数L*、a*和H°值分别达到63.00、11.00和74.00,为枇杷果实采收期的确定提供参考依据。