From saving to survivance: Rethinking Indigenous Papuan women's vulnerabilities in Jayapura,Indonesia

Racism, sexism and gendered violence disadvantage Indigenous Papuan women, yet government responses often focus on individual interventions like ‘raising awareness’ or training. In this article, we build on efforts to challenge these narratives about women's vulnerabilities. We draw on life history interviews with older Papuan women in Jayapura to rethink vulnerabilities and everyday struggles in the context of structural inequalities. We interpret their stories as forms of ‘survivance’ and argue that contrary to dominant perspectives, Papuan women are not economic novices or passive victims. Rather, opportunities have narrowed over time, and women's long history of activity, strategy, persistence and resistance has largely been forgotten. Women's life histories shed light on urban colonialism and Indigenous survivance in Jayapura since the 1940s, when Jayapura was still a Dutch colonial capital and not yet an Indonesian frontier. In a time dominated by concerns about Papuan demise, their experiences are provocative for rethinking vulnerabilities.     

What can the experiences of rural women in Solomon Islands teach us about innovation in aquatic food systems?

In Solomon Islands, women's groups play an important role in promoting socially inclusive development and women's empowerment. In this paper, we summarise the experiences of a 5-year participatory action research partnership to enhance rural livelihood activities based on aquatic foods. The women's savings groups that participated in this research identified solar-powered freezers as an innovation suitable to their skills and environment. The 12 freezers we used in our partnership to pilot this innovation had tangible benefits. More than 700 unique users accessed the freezers, 3900 kg of fish was stored and over USD6,000 was saved in total; however, accumulation of savings varied greatly between groups. The women's groups demonstrated that operating solar-powered freezers can be financially viable, and the innovation integrated well with their livelihood activities. This conclusion provides an alternative to dominant development narratives, which tend to focus on building large-scale infrastructure, and often exclude women. Existing marketing skills and cooperation were strengths on which the women built. Poor-quality technology was the biggest impediment to success. Solving this basic problem should be a priority for any future cold-storage initiative.     

Cross‐border ‘Traffic’: Stories of dangerous victims,pure whores and HIV/AIDS in the experiences of mainland female sex workers in Hong Kong

Abstract: In recent years, dramatically increasing numbers of mainland Chinese women have entered Hong Kong to engage in sexual labour. Public discourses on the threat of HIV/AIDS increasingly locate these women's bodies as sites of danger, colluding with pre‐existing imaginations of mainland rural women as ignorant, desperate and deceptive in representing these women's penetration of Hong Kong's border as a primary means of infection of the Hong Kong body. Drawing on state, media and popular representations, and the narratives of female sex workers themselves, this paper examines the interwoven bio‐medical, gendered, sexual and cross‐border relationships that intersect in the experiences of mainland Chinese sex workers in Hong Kong. I argue that while images of disease and danger have been used to regulate these women's bodies, mainland female sex workers challenge these images by drawing on other popular stereotypes of mainland women as pure, feminine and traditional. Although images of the related but still ‘other’ figure of the mainland Chinese woman are powerful mechanisms for the regulation of these women's bodies, mainland female sex workers skilfully use inherent tensions in those images in resisting that control and in struggling to achieve their own personal and economic goals.     

Female transnational migration,religion and subjectivity: The case of Indonesian domestic workers

Drawing on an analysis of in‐depth interviews with returned migrant women from East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, this paper considers the links between migration, religious beliefs and subjectivity. Low‐skilled migrant women, including domestic workers, have often been represented as marginalised. This paper argues that in the context of migration, women constantly move through trajectories of power using religion as a spiritual resource. Against the commonly patriarchal characteristics of their religion and community, the women employ cognitive strategies to face challenges in migration. In each stage of their transnational migration, the women's experiences reveal the multitude of ways in which they continue to invest in their beliefs through everyday practices, rituals and networking. These experiences highlight the women's strategies in accessing different forms of power. This study demonstrates the significance of focusing on these women's experiences, including their everyday religious practices and their shifting sense of self, as a way of broadening the conceptual basis of our understanding of female migration.     

Urban evictions,public housing and the gendered rationalisation of kampung life in Jakarta

The dispossession of urban communities across class and racial lines is a global phenomenon linked to the expansion of international investment in the development of ‘exemplary’ city space. However, city evictions are also historically informed and gendered processes which are continuous with past colonial and postcolonial urban rationalisation projects. Drawing on testimonies of women evictees in Jakarta, as well as interviews with public housing managers, this article details the gendered nature of the rationalisation of urban life in the context of a contemporary evictions regime. We argue that the rationalisation of urban space serves to sharpen the gender order by placing material constraints on women's roles, limiting their economic activities and defining them as hygiene‐responsible housewives. Further, and in turn, the limited provision of ‘rusunawa’ public housing, which we show to be a gendered spatial and social transition informed by state doctrine on the family, provides the state with justification for dispossession itself. Finally, women's everyday acts of refusal and resistance show not only that kampung forms of social life continue to be preserved in Jakarta, but also that rationalisation itself is a negotiated and contingent process.     

Regionalism and tourism: exploring integral links in Singapore

Traditionally, tourism development in Singapore involves creating and promoting tourist attractions to lure inbound visitors. Today in the 1990s the focus is on regional tourism, and Singapore is being developed as a ‘tourism capital’ and a hubbing centre for visitors travelling to and within Asia. Tourism development now has a regional focus and tourism enterprises are being encouraged to invest in overseas projects in the Asia Pacific. This paper explores Singapore’s forays into regional tourism. Specifically, it argues that ‘regionalisation’ and tourism enjoy a mutually reinforcing relationship. This means that regionalism provides an avenue for the tourism industry to expand and, conversely, the tourist industry provides an opportunity for Singapore to regionalise its economy. The turn towards regionalisation hints at local problems faced by Singapore’s maturing economy as a whole and its tourism industry in particular. Such local problems include: geographic constraints of site and the lack of natural attractions; limited market and investment opportunities within Singapore; increasingly sophisticated leisure needs of Singaporeans; and strategic concerns for political survival. ‘Tourism regionalisation’ helps to circumvent both real and perceived problems but this paper also warns that many challenges and difficulties will be faced even as Singapore’s regional economy takes root.     

莆田妈祖文化旅游地产发展思路研究

基于莆田定位为世界妈祖文化中心,从文化创意的视角研究妈祖文化旅游地产,旨在把妈祖文化资源优势转变为经济优势,延伸妈祖文化旅游产业链,提高妈祖文化旅游产业的附加值。应用SWOT 分析法分析了莆田拥有发展妈祖文化旅游地产的四大优势：妈祖文化发源地优势、临海且滞后开发的较原始自然环境生态优势、客源市场优势和政策环境优势,因此具有很大的发展空间。针对存在的优势、弱势、机遇和挑战,笔者提出了莆田发展妈祖文化旅游地产的思路：做好资源整合规划;突出旅游房地产的文化特色;提升旅游房地产的环境品质;创新融资平台;注重营销策略。文章为莆田妈祖文化旅游的跨越发展提供决策参考。     

Trading places: Inclusive cities and market vending in the Pacific Islands

Rapid population growth in Pacific island cities far exceeds employment opportunities and is contributing to rising urban inequality and social exclusions. Livelihoods in the informal urban sector, such as market vending, provide much needed income, rural–urban connectivity and food security, but remain largely excluded from policy and planning frameworks. Spatial, economic and social exclusions limit vendors’ economic advancement, their influence over decision‐making, and their access to basic services. Local communities close to informal markets fill some of the gaps left by the policy neglect, but investment and strategic management remains inadequate when vendors do not have secure market places and recognised rights to work. This article reports on a study of three informal markets in Honiara, Solomon Islands. These markets lack legal status but make significant contributions to urban development and economic opportunities. Drawing on surveys and focus groups with vendors and urban decision‐makers we explore the impact of informal markets on urban economies, how social and institutional relationships hinder vendors’ economic advancement, and the opportunities to create more inclusive livelihoods that could contribute to equitable cities.     

城市旅游发展潜力评价体系构建及应用研究——以中国15个副省级城市为例

城市旅游发展潜力是指城市在旅游资源、旅游区位、旅游企业、旅游产业地位等自然经济环境等因素的综合作用下,在与其他城市竞争中所体现出来的潜在的、能够发挥出来并能促进旅游产业持续发展的能力。目前关于城市旅游发展潜力的研究日益引起学者们的关注与重视,笔者以中国15个副省级城市为例,通过对前人研究的总结和归纳,从旅游发展基础、旅游发展能力和未来发展空间3个维度选取6个指标进行量化分析,运用离差最大化法对各城市进行旅游发展潜力进行比较,结果显示,广州与杭州在15个副省级城市当中旅游发展潜力最大,论文最后对评价结果进行了分析与总结,以期对中国城市旅游产业的发展提供相应的理论支持。     

Spatiality,belonging and citizenship in the age of migration in contemporary China

While internal migration in contemporary China ascribes a great change to urban China's demographic composition, social structures and economic development trajectories, it is yet to restructure the formal definitions of urban identity and belonging, which are still dominated by the household registration system (hukou). The paper suggests that as a result of changes in the political, economic, demographic and social contexts within which China's internal migration develops, there emerge a crucial need to re‐examine the crude forms of determining identity and belonging, questioning the addressing of spatiality within the existing mechanisms (such as hukou system or the shiminhua discourse). To do so, the paper argues that the existing de‐territorialisation of the migration experience has to be replaced with a more nuanced understanding of how spatial practices and conceptualisations shape migrants’ experiences, as it is becoming imperative to develop a new framework that is more sensitive to migrants’ lived process of identification and belonging, especially as these traverse multiple geographies and spatial scales. This close engagement with migrants’ spatiality can then be used as a base from which to engage with a more complex view of migrants’ spatial and social relatedness, as well as the development of their urban belonging and identity.     

Regional Innovation Clusters: A Critical Review

In this paper, we present a critical assessment of recent economic development policy directions centered on the concept of regional innovation clusters. We begin by investigating the rationale underlying the Obama administration's promotion of regional innovation clusters (RICs) and their introduction to the policy arena in its Strategy for American Innovation. The connections among RICs and existing research and policies in industry and occupational clusters, regional innovation systems and regional economic development are identified and analyzed to highlight those most critical challenges to conceptualizing and theorizing RICs. While we applaud the long overdue focus of economic development policies on sub‐national regions, we identify several major conceptual shortcomings and programmatic difficulties associated with RICs as a centerpiece for economic development strategies.     

Entropy Method-based Performance Evaluation of the Tourism Industry in Xinjiang

The tourism industry is a strategic pillar industry in China,and its performance evaluation has been a focus of research in the academic circle of tourism economics.On the basis of making clear the connotations of tourism industry performance,this paper establishes an evaluation index system for tourism industry performance from such five aspects as of economic income,tourism employment,tourism person-time,tourism industry and tourism transportation,and then adopts the entropy method to make a comprehensive evaluation for the tourism industry performance in Xinjiang during a period of 2005~2014.Finally,this paper pertinently proposes the strategies for promoting the development of the tourism industry in Xinjiang from such four aspects as of enhancing the collaboration between the tourism industry and transportation departments,strengthening the inter-regional cooperation on tourism in Xinjiang,making integration in the tourism industry and consolidating the macroscopic adjustment and control of government and the assurance of social security,in expectation of providing references for making decisions on improving the tourism industry performance in Xinjiang.     

Construction of Comprehensive Old-age Tourism Complex in Kunming City

As the population aging becomes a global trend,old-age tounsm has gradually become a newly-emerging industry integrating tounsm industry and old-age support industry for such functions as leisure sightseeing,vacationing and health care,learning and expenence,recuperation,soul comfort and so on.In face of the market opportunities of old-age tounsm,Kunming City owns many advantages such as climate,location,traffic and tounsm resources,but also shows deficiencies such as few and low-grade old-age tourism agencies,insufficient funds for old-age tourism,underdeveloped old-age service industry.To enhance the advantages and avoid disadvantages,this paper proposed the industrialized development mode of old-age tourism complex for Kunming City.On the basis of sorting out tourism resources in the city this paper first concluded 6 old-age tounsm resource spaces,integrated characteristic tounsm resources,cultural resources and social resources of each space into the 7 sub-systems of the old-age tounsm complex,proposed specific conceptions for the construction of old-age tounsm complex in Kunming,and finally gave suggestions in view of the development environment of local old-age tourism complex.     

江苏省休闲农业发展现状研究

休闲农业是乡村产业的重要组成部分,已成为发展农业、繁荣农村、富裕农民的新业态。笔者通过梳理江苏省休闲农业发展现状,以期为促进休闲农业可持续健康发展提供理论依据。本研究在分析江苏省发展休闲农业优势的基础上,结合文献资料、数据统计和实地调研,对江苏省休闲农业发展的历程、特征、模式以及存在的问题进行系统分析。良好的自然生态、雄厚的农业基础、发达的社会经济、明显的区位优势、丰富的旅游资源和悠久的农耕文明,已成为江苏省大力发展休闲农业的优势和机会。江苏省休闲农业主要经历了萌芽阶段、发展阶段、创意阶段3个阶段,应着力解决好政策落实不到位、融资难、缺乏规划引领、基础设施亟待完善、管理服务水平较低、文化内涵挖掘不够等问题。江苏省休闲农业呈现出了蓬勃发展的态势,经营主体不断壮大、营业收入快速增长、市场需求持续旺盛、促进农民就业增收、提升品牌培育水平、类型模式丰富多样,成为经济社会发展的新业态。针对江苏休闲农业发展存在的问题,提出了科学规划布局、强化政策扶持、完善基础设施、加大宣传推介、加快创意发展等对策。     

The Work trips of Rural Non-metropolitan Women in Iowa

ABSTRACT The paper presents a model of worktrip length for rural nonmetropolitan resident women. We find that some factors important in constraining the length of urban women's commute, such as linking worktrips with household-related trips. are less relevant in a rural setting. We also find that women working in non-feminized occupations, women receiving employer-provided health benefits, and women with better transportation resources, tend to have longer worktrips.     

Creating community‐based indicators of gender equity: A methodology

It appears that an almost unquestioned development pathway for achieving gender equity and women's empowerment has taken centre stage in mainstream development. This pathway focuses on economic outcomes that are assumed to be achieved by increasing women's access to material things, including cash income, loans, physical assets, and to markets. Gender equity indicators, which measure progress towards these outcomes, cannot escape reinforcing them. We argue that far from being neutral, indicators are embedded in political and ideological agendas that serve as guides to the appropriate conduct of those whose performance or behaviour is being measured. Drawing on participatory feminist, diverse economies and strengths based approaches, we outline a research methodology for developing community‐based indicators that recognises women's and men's participation and relationships in all spheres of life, including the ‘non‐economic’. If indicators are grounded in local meanings and realities, we propose that community members can use them to identify aspirational goals for gender equity, and measure progress towards these goals.     

Overcoming barriers: Myanmar's recent elections and women's political participation

Myanmar's 2015 elections have been credited with bringing about a myriad of changes within the country. Much has been written about the changing political climate within Myanmar. One topic which has not yet been discussed adequately, however, is the role of Burmese women in these recent elections. This paper seeks to examine women's political participation in Myanmar's recent move towards democratisation. Using rates of female candidacies in Burmese elections, comparing these figures with rates of female participation in other Southeast Asian countries, and ethnographic research with the Burmese voting public, this paper will contribute to the sparse scholarship regarding the role of women in new democracies and regime transitions. This paper finds that beliefs about traditional gender roles, rooted in traditional Buddhism, still shape the way both men and women in Myanmar view women's political participation. While women are better represented in Myanmar's government than they were in the past, this paper suggests that measures such as quotas or reserved seats based on gender may be the best way to increase Burmese women's political representation in the future.     

Small enterprises,fungibility and Indonesian rural family livelihood strategies

One critical aspect of the study of rural development involves the contribution of non–farm employment. In light of the need for employment creation and income expansion, the analysis of small businesses and home enterprises has been understudied. The current paper focuses on these activities in a spatially differentiated sample of transmigrant households from South Sumatra, Indonesia. An overriding objective is the deeper understanding of enterprise activities in terms of economic, social and contextual variables. Statistical inference is used to draw out relationships which contribute to the body of knowledge on enterprises and entrepreneurs in the developing world. In addition qualitative analyses of business experiences are presented using a case study approach with information derived from in–depth household interviews. In this regard the family mode of production is used as a theoretical tool to gain insight and seek more generalisation on the Lipton defined concept of ‘fungibility’.     

Capturing cluster life cycle with a mixed‐method analysis: Evidence from a French cluster case study

This article contributes to the growing literature on cluster life cycles (CLC) by demonstrating the opportunities offered by a mixed‐method approach. The combination of qualitative and quantitative data is useful both to describe the evolution of network patterns and to provide an understanding of the drivers of CLC. Based on the literature, we rely on a theoretical background integrating the pre‐existing context (cognitive, institutional, and social) in which actors involved in the nascent cluster are embedded, in order to capture the impact of the genesis period on the cluster's subsequent trajectory. The operationalization of this mixed‐method focused on one case study highlights the determining period of the genesis, since CLC is rooted in (a) the building of interpersonal relationships between actors from science and industry, (b) a longstanding specialization in a technological domain, and (c) policy opportunities and guidelines. The cluster trajectory remains driven by the initial policies, the cluster's nascent specialization and the founders' pre‐existing relationships over time, with an evolving role of each type of embeddedness over time.     

Influence of 2022 Winter Olympics on Tourism Development of Zhangjiakou City and the Countermeasures

Mega-event is an important driving force for the development of urban tourism industry. As a co-host city of 2022 Winter Olympics, Zhangjiakou will encounter new opportunities in tourism development. This paper build a dynamic model about the influence of Olympics on urban tourism industry, and put forward specific strategies for the city promoting its tourism development by taking the opportunity of hosting the Winter Olympics.