Comparative Assessment of the Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility and of Haematological and Plasma Biochemical Values in the Nigerian White Fulani and N'dama Breeds of Cattle

The blood profiles of the Nigerian White Fulani and N'dama breeds of cattle were compared. The White Fulani cattle had a significantly higher haemoglobin concentration (p<0.001), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (p<0.05), plasma sodium (p<0.02), total protein (p<0.01), albumin (p<0.01) and globulin (p<0.02), but lower neutrophil counts (p<0.01) and osmotic fragility of erythrocytes than the N'dama cattle. The plasma potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, inorganic phosphate, albumin/globulin ratio, urea, creatinine, packed cell volume and mean corpuscular volume, and the erythrocyte, leukocyte, lymphocyte, eosinophil and monocyte counts were similar in the two breeds.     

不同能量水平精料对日本和牛与雷琼牛杂交牛生长性能和血浆生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同能量水平精料对日本和牛与雷琼牛杂交牛生长性能和血浆生化指标的影响,筛选合理的日粮配方。选择15月龄的日本和牛与雷琼牛杂交F1代去势公牛42头,随机分为3组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组）,对应的精料综合净能（NE_mf）分别是6.43、6.90和7.50 MJ/kg,试验期为90 d。试验期间,每30 d测定1次体重,试验开始和结束采集血液样品进行血浆生化指标的测定。结果显示,①试验期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组试验牛总增重分别为77.43、93.71和84.29 kg,Ⅱ组增重效果明显,与Ⅰ组差异显著（P<0.05）;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组平均日增重分别为0.86、1.04和0.94 kg/d,Ⅲ组较Ⅰ组提高9.3%（P>0.05）,Ⅱ组较Ⅰ、Ⅲ组分别提高20.9% （P<0.05）、10.6%（P>0.05）。②试验90 d后,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组试验牛尿素（UREA）、总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）水平及乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性差异均不显著（P>0.05）,但均比试验第1天高。③试验期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组肉牛每天饲养成本分别为13.440、14.000和14.685元/头;单位增重成本分别是15.63、13.46和15.68元/头。结果提示,综合净能为6.90 MJ/kg的精料增重效果最好,育肥效益最高。     

不同铜添加水平对肉牛铜代谢及肥育性能的影响

选用 2 4头西门塔尔杂种阉牛 ,随机分为 3组 ,进行了日粮中不同铜添加水平 ( 0、5、1 0mg/kgDM)对强度肥育条件下肉牛铜代谢及肥育性能影响的研究。结果表明 ,肉牛低铜日粮中 (约含铜 4mg/kgDM)长期添加铜 5mg/kgDM ,可提高血浆铜浓度和血红蛋白水平 ,增加干物质采食量 ,促进生长和提高日增重 ,提高饲料转化率和降低饲料消耗 ,获得较薄的背脂和较大的眼肌面积 ,且不影响屠宰率与大理石花纹等级。添加铜对干物质采食量、日增重及饲料转化率的影响又以使用精料型日粮的肥育后期较为明显     

补饲不同蛋白水平日粮对北川白山羊生产性能和屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在研究放牧补饲不同蛋白水平日粮对北川白山羊生产性能和屠宰性能的影响。选择60只(6月龄)北川白山羊作为研究对象,随机分成4组,即14%蛋白组、16%蛋白组、18%蛋白组和对照组(不补饲),每组15只,测定生产性能、血液生化指标和屠宰性能。结果显示:补饲组北川白山羊平均日增重、血清总胆固醇、尿素氮含量、葡萄糖含量、谷草转氨酶活性、宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率、眼肌面积以及羊肉粗蛋白含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。随着补饲蛋白水平的增加,血清尿素氮含量呈线性增加(P<0.05),而羊肉水分含量呈线性减少(P<0.05);平均日增重、血清总胆固醇含量、血清葡萄糖含量和羊肉粗蛋白呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。结果表明:补饲不同蛋白水平日粮可以提高血清中血糖、尿素氮、总胆固醇浓度和谷草转氨酶活性,可以在一定程度上改善和提高北川白山羊的生产性能、屠宰性能及肉品质等,北川白山羊的补饲料适宜蛋白水平为16%。     

不同β-受体激动剂添加模式对肉牛血液生化指标和激素水平的影响

试验旨在研究不同β-受体激动剂添加模式对肉牛血液生化指标和激素水平的影响。选取15头体况良好、体重相近（257.9 kg±33.3 kg）的西门塔尔肉牛,随机分为3组,每组5头。对照组饲喂基础日粮;试验Ⅰ组添加莱克多巴胺,添加剂量为670.0 μg/kg体重;试验Ⅱ组添加莱克多巴胺、沙丁胺醇和克伦特罗的混合物,添加剂量分别为223.3、50.0、5.3 μg/kg体重。给药期28 d,停药期28 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,在给药第28天时,试验Ⅰ组肉牛血浆中游离脂肪酸（FFA）浓度显著降低（P<0.05）,试验Ⅱ组肉牛血浆中葡萄糖（GLU）和游离脂肪酸浓度均显著降低（P<0.05）;整个试验过程中,除停药第28天时试验Ⅰ组肉牛血浆中胰岛素（INS）水平显著高于对照组外（P<0.05）,β-受体激动剂对各试验组血浆中激素水平均无显著影响（P>0.05）。综合上述试验结果,肉牛血浆中的FFA可作为β-受体激动剂潜在的生物标志物,可通过对其的监测来监管β-受体激动剂在肉牛生产环节中的非法使用。     

不同日粮非蛋白氮、硫水平下肉牛铜的需要量研究

以3头利木赞×鲁西黄牛杂交一代公牛为研究对象,应用永久性瘤胃瘘管和颈静脉插管技术,研究了不同非蛋白氮(NPN)、硫水平对肉牛营养物质代谢、铜的生物学利用率和需要量的影响。试验根据3个日粮尿素和硫水平(0%和0.150%,1%和0.225%,2%和0.300%)分3个阶段进行,每个阶段设3个日粮铜水平(10,25和50mg/kg),采用拉丁方试验设计。研究结果表明:日粮NPN和硫水平一定时,增加铜水平,能提高血铜浓度、血清铜蓝蛋白和SOD活力,减少瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成(P<0.05);日粮铜水平一定时,提高NPN和硫水平,可使血清铜蓝蛋白和SOD活力下降,血铜浓度降低,微生物蛋白质合成增加(P<0.05)。日粮中尿素和硫水平分别为0%和0.150%、1%和0.225%、2%和0.300%时,肉牛铜的需要量相应为10、10和25 mg/kg日粮铜。     

山东地方肉牛品种保护与开发现状、存在的问题及对策

山东是全国的养牛大省,拥有3个肉牛地方品种,多个国外引进品种,形成了肉牛生产3大片区,但是地方品种牛的保护与开发却存在着诸多问题,制约了全省肉牛业的发展。文章从五个方面提出了地方品种肉牛保护与开发的建议与对策,对改善当前的地方肉牛品种选育、保护与开发具有一定的现实意义。     

Reproduction and Lactational Performance of Cattle in a Smallholder Dairy System in Zimbabwe

A study was conducted in two adjacent locations. Nharira (communal) and Lancashire (small-scale commercial) farming areas in Zimbabwe to characterize the breeds and evaluate the reproductive and lactation performance of dairy cattle under smallholder management. The types of cows identified were Friesian, Jersey and Red Dane, and an indigenous Sanga breed called the Mashona and its crossbreds. Both sectors used more exotic and crossbred cows than indigenous cows. The mean monthly weights of the dairy cows were higher in Lancashire than in Nharira and the calving intervals were longer in Nharira than in Lancashire. The mean age at first calving was higher and the mean total lactation yields were greater in Nharira than in Lancashire, but the mean 305-day lactation yields were not significantly different. The mean lactation lengths were longer for the cows from Nharira. It was concluded that the reproductive and lactation performances were low. The calving intervals were extended, probably owing to suboptimal nutrition and heat stress, particularly during the dry season, and to poor management practices, such as delayed mating due to the poor availability of bulls.     

Plasma hormones and metabolites in cattle in relation to breed (Belgian Blue vs Holstein) and conformation (double-muscled vs dual-purpose type)

Four Belgian Blue double-muscled type (BBDM) bulls, four Belgian Blue dual-purpose type (BBDP) bulls and four Holstein bulls were used in a fattening trial in order to relate differences in the extent of muscle development and adiposity to differences in digestibility, endocrine status, protein and lipid metabolism. The larger muscle development in BBDM animals was associated with a trend to higher nitrogen retention, higher food conversion efficiency (p<0.05) and lower apparent digestibility (p<0.05). No difference was found between the groups for plasma glucose concentration. Higher creatinine, lower -amino nitrogen, lower triglycerides and higher non-esterified fatty acid plasma levels were observed in BBDM as compared to Holstein bulls (p<0.05), the BBDP group being intermediate. A trend to a higher cholesterol plasma level was found in BBDM animals. There was no difference between the three groups in plasma fatty acid composition, except for the C_14:0 content. Some of the differences in plasma metabolites were related to carcass composition and endocrine regulation, a decrease in muscle development and an increase in adiposity being associated with lower growth hormone production (p<0.05) and higher insulin (p<0.05) and IGF₁ secretions. The insulin/growth hormone ratio at the end of the fattening period was 0.0011, 0.0018 and 0.0069 in BBDM, BBDP and Holstein bulls, respectively, and was directly associated with fat deposition.Abbreviations BBDM Belgian Blue breed double-muscled type - BBDP Belgian Blue breed dual-purpose type - IGF₁ insulin-like growth factor 1 - NEFA non-esterified fatty acids - T₃ triiodothyronin - T₄ tetraiodothyronin     

不同光照与水分条件下2种白三叶生长特性比较

为探究不同光照和水分条件对不同品种白三叶（Trifolium repens L.）生长特性的影响,本研究以TKPR和TNSP 2个白三叶品种为试验对象,通过温室控制设定了3个光照梯度和3个水分梯度共9个组合处理,分析了不同处理下白三叶形态、生物量积累、生物量分配比及其可塑性指标的响应特征。结果表明：品种TKPR各指标受光照强度影响较大,品种TNSP受水分强度、光照与水分交互作用的影响较大;品种TNSP的相对生长速率大于TKPR;在适宜的环境下品种TNSP的生物量积累高于品种TKPR;光照与水分的交互作用对品种TKPR的开花繁殖策略影响较大;在不利的环境下品种TKPR适应可塑性较强,TNSP较弱。本研究结果为培育白三叶的新品种和高效生产栽培管理等方面提供了一定的参考依据。     

高档肉牛育肥期饲养管理技术

高档肉牛生产作为一项综合配套生产技术,在各级政府的重视支持下,日益发展壮大,已成为畜牧业新的经济增长点。但随着其不断发展,各地都以不同的方式方法进行培育发展。本文就固原地区高档肉牛育肥期饲养管理技术进行简单论述,旨在给广大养殖户提供技术指导。     

Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Indigenous Zebu Cattle under Pastoral and Nomadic Management Systems in the Lower Plain of the Southern Highlands of Tanzania

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal nematode infections in indigenous Zebu cattle in the lower plain (lowland zone) of the southern highlands of Tanzania. Gastrointestinal tracts were randomly purchased at the Iringa regional abattoir and at Kihesa and Ipogolo slaughter slabs in different seasons of the year. The contents of the abomasum, small intestine and large intestine were processed separately to recover the worms. The results indicated that 140 out of 144 (97.2%) of the examined animals were infected. The mean (±SE) total worm burden was 1284±183 (range 10–12 600) worms per animal and most infected animals contained more than one nematode species. The nematode species present, their prevalence and mean burden were as follows: Haemonchus placei, 84.7%, 316; H. similis, 5.6%, 1; Oesophagostomum radiatum, 79.2%, 66; Cooperia pectinata, 55.6%, 713; C. punctata, 44.4%, 157; Bunostomum phlebotomum, 5.6%, 5; Trichuris globulosa, 5.6%, 2; and Trichostrongylus colubriformis, 1.4%, 24. The burdens were mainly composed of Cooperia pectinata (55.5%), Haemonchus placei (24.6%), Cooperia punctata (12.3%) and Oesophagostomum radiatum (5.1%). The highest burdens occurred at the end of the rainy/early dry season, while the lowest burdens were found at the end of the dry/early rainy season. There was no difference in the burdens between male and female animals. Immature cattle (<3 years) had significantly higher worm burdens than mature cattle (p<0.01). A poor grade for a live animal was associated with higher worm burdens only in immature cattle and then especially during the dry season (r = 0.456, p<0.001). Anthelmintic treatments in the late rainy/early dry season and early rainy season are recommended in order to prevent outbreaks of helminthosis during the dry season and to reduce carryover of infection into the next rainy season. An additional wet season treatment is advisable in immature cattle, but may not be needed for mature cattle owing to the availability of plenty of mature, good quality pasture.     

浅析安徽地区大别山牛饲养管理技术

大别山牛是安徽省优良地方种质资源之一,主要分布于大别山区,具有适应性好、耐粗饲、抗病力强、体型小和易管理的优点。本文就大别山牛犊牛、育成母牛、妊娠母牛、哺乳母牛和育肥牛的日常饲养管理进行了阐述,以期为大别山牛养殖提供参考。     

日粮中不同钼铜水平对肉牛血液生化指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨日粮中不同钼铜水平对肉牛血液生化指标的影响。选用性别一致、年龄、体重相近(340±10)kg的3头健康未去势公牛作为试验动物。试验采用3×3拉丁方设计,分2期进行,第一期日粮钼的水平为0.27 mg/kg DM,第二期钼的水平为5.27 mg/kg DM。每期日粮铜的添加量分别为:10 mg/kg(低铜组),25 mg/kg(中铜组),50 mg/kg(高铜组)3个水平。颈静脉采血测定血铜、血清铜蓝蛋白(ceruloplasmin,Cp)和血浆中过氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)的活性。试验结果表明:在同一钼水平下,随铜水平的增加,牛体内血铜含量、血浆中SOD活性和血清Cp的活性逐渐增加。其中钼水平为0.27 mg/kg时,这种变化不显著(P>0.05)。钼水平为5.27 mg/kg时,添加10 mg/kg铜,血铜含量和血浆中SOD活性显著小于其他2个铜水平(P<0.05),Cp活性小于其他2个铜水平,且差异极显著(P<0.01)。在同一铜水平下,低钼组2种酶的活性普遍高于高钼组。日粮钼水平为0.27 mg/kg时,添加10 mg/kg铜可满足机体需要;日粮钼水平为5.27 mg/kg时,添加25 mg/kg铜较适宜:牛在缺铜时,与血浆SOD的活性比较,血清Cp更宜作为评价铜营养缺乏的指标;铜满足机体需要后,血铜、血清Cp和血浆SOD均对铜和钼的变化不敏感。血铜和血清铜蓝蛋白与日粮铜水平呈强相关。     

The Survival,Growth and Carcase Characteristics of Crossbred Beef Cattle in Tanzania

Sires of seven Bos taurus beef breeds were mated with Bos indicus Boran cows at two sites, one near sea level and the other at about 1000 m altitude, and over three years. Purebred Boran calves provided controls for comparisons between sire breeds for growth to 4 years of age, mortality and carcase characteristics in a range environment where all the animals were kept under a similar management regime. Numerous sire breed×site, sire breed×year of birth and site×year of birth interactions were established. Mortality was high, but there was no significant sire breed effect, although purebred Borans had a higher survival than crossbred calves. There was no significant difference between genotypes in birth weight. Generally, Bos taurus cross steers achieved greater live weight gains and heavier carcase weights at 4 years of age than did purebred Borans. Limousin-cross steers had significantly (p<0.05) less fat in the tenth rib sample joint than any of the other genotypes. A productivity index that combined calf survival and carcase weight indicated that the Chianina crosses were more productive than any other genotype at either site. Purebred Borans were more productive than all the Bos taurus crossbreds with the exception of the Chianina crosses at site 1, but were only superior to the Limousin crosses at site 2, which was at the higher altitude. When lean meat yield was introduced into the productivity index, the Boran purebreds were the least productive at site 2.     

Plasma,Urinary and Biliary Residues in Cattle Following Intramuscular Injection of Nortestosterone Laurate

The synthetic androgen 19-nortestosterone (-NT) has been used illegally as a growth promoter in cattle production in the European Union. Elimination of -NT and its metabolites in plasma, urine and bile was studied in three cattle with cannulated gallbladders following intramuscular injection at a single site of 500 mg of the laurate ester (NTL) containing 300.5 mg -NT. Using enzyme immunoassay quantification, plasma Cmax of free -NT was 0.5±0.15 g/L (mean±SEM). Concentrations of free -NT in plasma were consistently greater than the assay limit of quantification (0.12 g/L) for 32.7±13.42 days. Mean residence time for free -NT in plasma was 68.5±20.75 days. Following sample preparation by immunoaffinity chromatography, high-resolution GC-MS was used to quantify -NT and -NT in urine and bile. -NT was detected irregularly in urine from two of the three animals post injection. The principal metabolite present in the urine, -NT, was detected for 160.3±22.67 days post injection. Cmax for -NT in urine was 13.7±5.14 g/L. Mean urinary AUC0–183 days for -NT was 845.7±400.90 (g h)/L.In bile, -NT was the only metabolite detected for 174.3±8.67 days post treatment. Cmax for -NT in bile was 40.8±12.70 g/L and mean biliary AUC0–183 days for -NT was 1982.6±373.81 (g h)/L. Concentrations of -NT in bile samples were greater than those in urine samples taken at the same time. The mean ratio of biliary:urinary AUC0–183 days was 3.0±0.72. It is concluded that bile is a superior fluid for detection of -NT following injection of NTL, owing to the longer period during which residues may be detected after administration.     

不同加工处理对大豆蛋白质瘤胃降解及动态降解参数的影响

研究选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的肉牛,利用尼龙袋法比较研究大豆粕、膨化全脂大豆与焙烤大豆对瘤胃干物质、蛋白质降解率及瘤胃动态降解参数的影响。结果表明:与大豆粕相比,膨化全脂大豆及焙烤大豆的干物质及蛋白质的快速降解组分(a)比例显著下降(P<0.0001),慢速降解组分(b)比例显著提高(P<0.0001)。膨化能够显著降低大豆蛋白质的瘤胃降解率,进而提高蛋白质的过瘤胃比例。焙烤大豆的瘤胃干物质、蛋白质降解率显著低于大豆粕但高于膨化全脂大豆。     

不同纤维和蛋白质水平饲粮对12月龄焉耆马营养物质消化代谢、血浆生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同纤维和蛋白质水平饲粮对12月龄焉耆马营养物质消化代谢、血浆生化指标的影响,为焉耆马的科学饲养提供理论依据。试验选取年龄为12月龄、平均体重为(191±20)kg的焉耆马公马12匹,随机分为2组,每组6匹;采用分期分组的设计方法,第1期为试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组,第2期为试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅳ组,各组饲喂不同纤维和蛋白质水平的饲粮(各组饲粮中纤维和蛋白质水平分别为76.59%、6.81%,74.21%、7.88%,71.82%、8.94%,69.41%、10.01%),进行21 d的消化代谢试验,其中预试期15 d,正试期6 d。结果表明:焉耆马对饲粮中干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、钙、磷摄入量随饲粮中蛋白质水平的增加呈上升趋势,但中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维摄入量呈下降趋势;焉耆马对干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、钙的消化率以及消化能和代谢能随饲粮中蛋白质水平的增加而增加,其中试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组、试验Ⅳ组钙的消化率比试验Ⅰ组分别提高10.78%(P0.05)、19.48%(P0.05)、7.46%(P0.05);试验Ⅲ组、试验Ⅳ组代谢能显著高于试验Ⅰ组及试验Ⅱ组(P0.05)。就氮、钙、磷代谢而言,焉耆马体内钙、磷的沉积率也呈增加趋势,但增加饲粮中蛋白质水平对氮沉积率无显著影响(P0.05);各组血浆中总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、尿素氮、谷氨酰胺含量无显著差异(P0.05)。由此得出,提高焉耆马饲粮中的蛋白质水平可增加营养物质的摄入量,提高营养物质的消化率和沉积量,且以饲粮中纤维水平为69.41%、蛋白质水平为10.01%时最佳,但对血浆生化指标无显著影响。     

不同品种肉牛产肉性能、牛肉营养品质及风味物质的比较

本文旨在比较不同品种肉牛的产肉性能、牛肉营养品质及风味物质的差异。试验选取6月龄健康西杂牛、犏牛和宣汉黄牛去势公牛各6头,平均体重分别为(616.67±9.50)kg、(457.01±15.73)kg、(462.67±12.57)kg。所有试验牛均在相同饲养条件下人工育肥至30月龄。结果表明:1)西杂牛的胴体长、胴体深、胴体胸深、后腿长、后退宽和后腿围均显著高于犏牛和宣汉黄牛(P<0.05),西杂牛的腰部肉厚、肋部肉厚和大腿肉厚显著高于犏牛(P<0.05)。2)西杂牛的金钱展、前腱子、上脑、外脊、里脊、大黄瓜条、小黄瓜条、霖肉和臀肉的产量都显著高于犏牛和宣汉黄牛(P<0.05)。犏牛的辣椒条和眼肉产量占胴体重比显著高于西杂牛(P<0.05),宣汉黄牛的上脑、眼肉和外脊产量占胴体重比显著高于西杂牛(P<0.05)。3)西杂牛背最长肌中钙、磷、钠、钾和镁含量均显著高于犏牛和宣汉黄牛(P<0.05)。4)犏牛背最长肌中的总氨基酸、必需氨基酸含量以及必需氨基酸/总氨基酸、必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸均显著高于西杂牛和宣汉黄牛(P<0.05),犏牛背最长肌中的鲜味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸含量显著高于西杂牛(P<0.05),犏牛的背最长肌氨基酸评分也要优于西杂牛和宣汉黄牛。5)犏牛背最长肌中的谷氨酸钠含量显著高于西杂牛(P<0.05),犏牛背最长肌中硫胺素和肌苷含量均显著高于宣汉黄牛和西杂牛(P<0.05)。综上所述,西杂牛的产肉性能和肉中矿物质含量要高于犏牛和宣汉黄牛,犏牛肉的氨基酸组成和评分以及风物物质含量要优于西杂牛和宣汉黄牛。