控释氮肥对寒地粳稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

控释氮肥因其具有比普通肥料养分释放慢的优势越来越受到重视,但控释氮肥在黑龙江省水稻生产上应用的研究报道较少.笔者在庆安县对控释肥在水稻生产上的应用效果进行了研究,结果表明,在等氮量条件下,在水稻上施用控释尿素都比施用普通尿素增产,在70%氮量条件下,施用控释尿素处理产量比施用普通尿素增产1.13%～1.88%,在100...     

金正大控释尿素在玉米上的应用试验

摘要：通过控释尿素不同用量和不同掺混比例试验结果表明,在等氮量条件下,控释尿素比普通尿素提高氮肥表观利用率13.3％-21.5％,增产8.0％-18.2％。减量30％的控释尿素与两次性施用全量的普通尿素产量接近。控释尿素与普通尿素掺混使用效果更好,可以提高氮肥利用率。施用70％的控释尿素掺混30％的普通尿素比单纯施用等氮量的普通尿素玉米增产18.2％,氮肥表观利用率提高20.7％;比单纯施用等氮量的控释尿素玉米增产9.5％,氮肥表观利用率提高7.4％。施用控释尿素玉米主要通过增加穗粒数和百粒重提高产量,同时提高了籽粒粗脂肪含量。     

日本控释肥对水稻生长发育及产量的影响

水稻控释肥具有肥料利用率高、增产效果明显等特点,随着科技进步,控释肥在水稻生产中应用越来越引起人们重视。本文对日本控释肥与尿素加氮磷钾复合肥进行田间对比试验。结果表明:控释肥对水稻生长发育及产量构成因素的调控效果较好,并具有一定的增产效果。     

控释肥对大豆根际土壤微生物数目、肥力及大豆农艺性状的影响

采用无肥、常规肥、控释尿素和控释复合肥4种肥料处理,于大豆播种前和成熟期对大豆根际土壤的细菌、真菌、放线菌采用平板计数法进行测定;并对大豆成熟期根际土壤微生物数量变化、土壤养分含量变化及大豆农艺性状及产量相关因素进行分析.结果表明:与无肥和常规肥比较,控释尿素和控释复合肥可明显增加土壤中细菌、真菌及放线菌数目,并且控释...     

控释尿素对黑龙江省玉米氮肥利用率及产量的影响

采用田间小区试验方法,设置不同的控释尿素和普通尿素施用量及施用方法,研究控释尿素在黑龙江玉米生产上的施用效果及高效施用技术。结果表明,施用控释尿素玉米的产量均高于普通尿素。与不施氮处理相比,40%普通尿素与60%控释尿素混合一次性基施处理增产68.1%。在100%、75%、50%氮肥用量下,基施控释尿素较基施普通尿素氮肥表观利用率分别增加5.6%、6.2%、9.3%;氮肥农学效率分别提高2.2、4.1和5.1 kg/kg;肥料贡献率提高3.2%、5.1%和5.2%。控释尿素具有较高的生态环境效应,普通尿素与控释尿素混合基施能够在不影响玉米产量的同时省去追肥环节。     

树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施对强筋小麦产量、品质和氮肥利用率的影响

为给小麦高产优质栽培中控释尿素的合理应用提供理论依据,以控释期90 d的树脂膜控释尿素为材料,通过田间小区试验,研究了树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施对强筋小麦产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响.结果表明,与普通尿素(PU)全部底施相比,树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施抑制剂处理均能显著提高小麦产量和氮肥利用率,增幅分别达5.6％～12.6％和32.4％～137.3％.与分次施用普通尿素相比,树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施抑制剂处理使籽粒产量增加1.5％～8.2％;等氮量施用树脂膜控释尿素处理显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量、沉降值及湿面筋含量;等氮量施用树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施抑制剂处理显著提高了氮肥利用率,增幅达13.9％～42.6％.小麦籽粒产量、品质、土壤无机氮与氮肥利用率皆以树脂膜控释尿素70％+普通尿素30％处理最高,其中产量和氮肥利用率与其他施氮处理差异显著.     

控释氮肥拔节期施用对冬小麦产量及干物质、氮素积累与分配的影响

为比较控释尿素和普通尿素作为冬小麦拔节肥的施用效果,2015-2016年通过在安徽省太和县及宿州市两地布置冬小麦拔节肥控释尿素机施、普通尿素机施和普通尿素撒施田间大区试验,研究拔节期追施控释尿素和普通尿素对冬小麦产量、氮素含量、SPAD值、贮存物质再分配及经济效益的影响。结果表明,在降水条件较好的太和试验点,控释尿素处理的小麦产量比普通尿素撒施和机施分别显著增加7.2%和12.5%,氮素吸收量分别显著增加16.5%和22.6%,经济效益分别显著增加8.3%和11.5%。拔节期控释尿素施用30d后小麦旗叶SPAD值和氮素含量高于普通尿素处理。控释尿素处理的花后干物质和氮素积累量均显著高于普通尿素处理。在降水条件相对较差的宿州试验点,拔节期施用控释尿素的效果不明显。在降水量丰沛或者灌溉条件好的情况下,拔节期施用控释尿素较普通尿素能显著促进小麦花后干物质和氮素积累,提高产量和经济效益,施用效果较佳。     

包膜控释尿素对马铃薯生长发育及产量的影响

试验开展了包膜控释尿素对马铃薯生育期株高、主茎数、茎粗、叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、单株结薯数、单株产量、商品薯率和产量的影响研究。结果表明,与施用普通尿素相比,包膜控释尿素施用量为普通尿素的80%时,在所有调查指标方面均表现最好,且商品薯率达到87.3%,折合产量为2 646 kg/667m2,较不施氮肥增产33.4%,较普通氮肥增产8.7%。     

控释尿素与普通尿素混施对大豆农艺性状及产量和品质的影响

按尿素种类和施肥量共设6个处理,研究控释尿素和普通尿素混施对大豆农艺性状及产量和品质的影响。结果表明:控释尿素和普通尿素混施能够提高大豆不同生育期的株高和干物质积累量,且T6(控释尿素100%)提高最多。从R2到R6时期,叶绿素含量逐渐增加,R4和R2期施肥各处理与对照相比差异达到显著水平,处理T4(控释尿素50%+常规尿素50%)叶绿素值最高,但各施肥处理间差异不显著;叶面积指数(LAI)值先增大后减小,R4时期最大,施肥处理LAI显著高于不施肥对照,且以处理T4最佳。控释尿素和普通尿素混施极显著提高了大豆的产量,且以T4处理产量最高。控释尿素不同比例混施能够提高蛋白质含量,降低脂肪含量,并使蛋脂总量增加。综合试验结果可知,控释尿素50%+常规尿素50%为最佳混施比例。     

控释肥对夏玉米的应用效应研究

试验研究了控释肥和普通化肥对夏玉米产量、子粒品质、土壤性状以及肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明,施用控释肥有助于夏玉米干物质积累,提高夏玉米的穗粒数、容重和千粒重,比对照增产22.2%,比普通化肥增产4.3%;与施用普通化肥相比,施用等养分量控释肥更有助于提高子粒粗蛋白、可溶性糖的含量,显著提高肥料中的氮素表观利用效率、生理效率和生产效率。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.