Suitability of cage culture for Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino production in China

Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) aquaculture is a thriving industry in China. This study describes a novel submerged cage culture system for abalone rearing in Fujian, South China. The cage consisted of five vertical slots that were oriented perpendicular to the flow of water. The slots were separated by six vertically connected plastic plates for abalone attachment and shelter at the bottom of the cage. Experiment 1 was designed to determine the appropriate stocking density at the start of the abalone sea‐based production cycle. Eight‐month‐old hatchery reared and size‐graded juveniles were transferred to the sea‐based culture system. For different stocking densities, shell length of juveniles obtained in this novel culture system on 2, 3.5 and 5 months, respectively, was compared with shell lengths obtained in a traditionally multi‐tier basket culture system. In Experiment 2, daily growth rates (DGRs) in shell length and biomass in terms of wet weight of 2‐year‐old abalones reared in cage and tiered basket culture systems were compared over a 6‐month period. Results of Experiment 1 showed that growth of abalone in the cage culture system is density‐dependent; the mean final shell length of juveniles obtained was 6.7–15.9% higher than in tiered baskets system even at the same initial stocking density. In Experiment 2, DGRs in shell length of 53.83–78.38 μm day^?1 obtained in cage system were significantly higher than that in tiered baskets (P < 0.01). And in terms of wet weight biomass, it was 1.48–3.01 times higher in the cage system compared with the traditional system. Abalone survival was more than 87.5% in both culture systems in both experiments. Advantages of the newly established cage culture system included better growth performance of the animals reared and potential improvement of rearing conditions, such as improved water flow velocity and dissolved oxygen.     

皱纹盘鲍蛋白酶的研究

利用分光光度计比色法测定了２－３ｃｍ的皱纹盘鲍的蛋白消化酶的最适温度、最适ＰＨ以及１１种金属离子对其的影响。结果表明：在最适温度５０℃下的活化能为４．８９×１０×４Ｊ／ｍｏｌ；最适ＰＨ为２．６０和５．００。对其最适ＰＨ值的分析表明：皱纹盘鲍存在有胃蛋白酶，且活性颇高。     

The potential for utilizing fouling macroalgae as feed for abalone Haliotis discus hannai

In order to assess the potential of utilizing fouling macroalgae as feed for abalone Haliotis discus hannai, the species, biomass and total stock of fouling macroalgae attached on the aquaculture facility‐lines were investigated and assessed at Sungo Bay, China, in August 2007. The nutritional value of four fouling macroalgae (Codium fragile, Sargassum muticum, Ulva pertusa and Laminaria japonica) and one cultured macroalgae (Gracilaria lemaneiformis) as the diet of abalone was assessed by analysis of the chemical composition of the macroalgae and by measuring bioavailability and digestibility to abalone H. discus hannai under laboratory conditions in August 2007. The results showed that the biomass of fouling macroalgae at the two sites was 243.61 ± 26.23 and 1078.15 ± 50.28 g m^?1 respectively. The contents of protein of G. lemaneiformis and C. fragile were 18.30% and 17.60%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the others. The five macroalgae were accepted by the abalone, and growth energies (P) and growth efficiency (%) were positive. However, significant differences were found among the different macroalgae. The growth efficiencies of abalone show a negative relationship with the levels of dietary lipid and a positive relationship with the protein contents. These results suggest that fouling macroalgae have a great potential to be used as diets of abalone.     

用流式细胞仪检测活体鲍倍性

分别取皱纹盘鲍（Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓ ｄｉｓｃｕｓ ｈａｎｎａｉ）足肌和血液制样,经ＤＡＰＩ染色后,用ＰａｒｔｅｃＰＡＳ－Ⅲ型流式细胞仪测定其倍性,试验证明三倍体鲍的ＤＮＡ相对含量是二保体的１．５倍,切足法和抽取血液法两种制样方法均得到满意结果,用流式细胞仪法检测鲍倍性适应鲍多倍体产业化的需要。     

皱纹盘鲍与盘鲍杂交效果分析

从杂种优势的角度对皱纹盘鲍♀与盘鲍♂杂交子一代的经济性状进行分析。结果表明,4月龄杂交鲍子一代(F1)活体重比皱纹盘鲍增加36.87%,软体部干重增加33.21%,总干重增加29.20%,其它性状也显著优于皱纹盘鲍。杂交鲍F1的壳长、壳宽、活体重、软体部干重和总干重等主要性状的变异系数为12.94%~44.51%,其中软体部干重的变异系数最大,壳长的变异系数最小;且杂交鲍各性状的变异系数均大于皱纹盘鲍。杂交鲍子一代的变异有助于定向选择,提高杂交育种的效果。     

Shelter selection by juvenile Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) as a function of food distribution and water flow velocity

Juvenile Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) are currently reared in land‐based aquaculture systems until they reach the necessary size for seeding in the sea. One problem that this industry faces is that an uneven distribution of juveniles in tanks can lead to variations in the growth rate. Understanding the cues that affect the sheltering behaviours exhibited by juvenile Pacific abalone—namely, the food distribution and the water flow velocity—will help optimize abalone culture settings. In this study, a group of 1,000 juvenile Pacific abalone (distributed across three tanks) was visually observed and enumerated during six experiments that were conducted over a 5‐month study period. It was found that juvenile Pacific abalone preferred to shelter close to food sources when the food was unevenly distributed. When the food was evenly distributed, the juveniles tended to avoid areas of rapid water flow and distributed evenly across the sheltered areas receiving the equal water velocity. This distribution might be the confounding effects between water flow velocity and food stimulus. Based on these findings, it was recommend that the food and water velocity be evenly distributed in an abalone aquaculture system.     

皱纹盘鲍食道的结构与功能

以组织学，组织化学，扫描电镜和透射电镜观察及酶活性测定等方法研究了皱纹盘鲍的食道，食道可分为前，中后，三段，中段又可分为食物通道和食道侧囊，食道粘膜上皮由纤毛柱状细胞，粘液细胞，闰状腺细胞，微绒毛细胞和分泌细胞组成，纤毛柱状细胞参与运输食物和分泌物，并呈现吸收细胞的结构特征；粘液细胞分泌中性和酸性粘多糖；颗粒状腺细胞内充盈分泌颗粒；微绒毛细胞呈现吸收细胞的特征；分泌细胞具有强的蛋白酶等酶活性，能以楔浆分泌形式分泌消化酶，该细胞还具有吸收和细胞内消化作用。食道中段还呈现3种植物多糖酶活性。     

周期性断食对皱纹盘鲍生长、摄食、排粪和血细胞组成的影响

对壳长为65mm的皱纹盘鲍进行投喂2d、饥饿1～4d的周期性断食处理,连续投喂组作为对照。皱纹盘鲍的摄食、生长、排粪和血细胞组成的研究结果表明,当投喂2d,饥饿天数少于2d时,皱纹盘鲍的生长没有显著差异(P>0.05),饥饿天数多于3d,鲍体重开始下降;摄食率呈随解饿时间增加呈升高趋势,但实验组间无显著差异(P>0.05);排粪率与粪便中的有机物含量随饥饿时间增长而降低,其中,各处理阶段间的差异显著(P<0.05)。血细胞中颗粒细胞的比例在饥饿少于2d的实验组间无差异,但显著高于投喂2d、饥饿3d的实验组与投喂2d、饥饿4d的实验组(P<0.05)。     

Production and sinking rates for bio‐deposits of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino)

Particle size distribution, organic content and the sinking velocity of bio‐deposits of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino were evaluated. The abalone was divided into three size classes according to shell length: Group B: 68.8 ± 2.8 mm, group M: 56.1 ± 2.3 mm and group S: 42.4 ± 2.8 mm. The faecal pellets had an amorphous shape, with a cross‐sectional area ranging from 0.01 to 2.64 mm². The mean cross‐sectional area varied among the size classes: 0.59 (B), 0.21 (M) and 0.12 (S) mm². The bio‐deposit organic content was similar among the groups (B: 18.3 ± 1.1%; M: 19.9 ± 0.9%; S: 19.3 ± 1.0%). Sinking velocity ranged from 0.5 to 2.3 cm s^?1. Larger abalone tended to have larger and thus faster‐sinking faecal pellets. The median sinking velocity for groups B, M and S was 0.9, 0.5 and 0.7 cm s^?1 respectively. The mean daily production rates for groups S, M and B were 2.8 ± 1.2, 3.4 ± 1.3 and 4.3 ± 1.8 g ind.^?1 respectively. Bio‐deposit production rate estimated to be between 134.4 and 206.4 mg m^?2 day^?1 in the bay. Our results suggest that the pellet size was within the appropriate size range for filter‐feeding bivalves.     

2种壳色皱纹盘鲍营养成分的比较

对皱纹盘鲍 (HaliotisdiscushannaiIno) 2种壳色个体———红壳个体和绿壳个体的一般营养成分、矿物元素以及脂肪酸的组成和含量进行比较研究。结果表明 ,两者对应组织 (足肌、内脏、生殖腺 )中水分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、灰分的含量基本无差异 ;内脏灰分颜色均为红褐色 ,但足肌灰分颜色明显不同 ,绿壳个体呈灰白色而红壳个体则呈浅砖红色。矿物元素的分析结果进一步显示 ,足肌中除了Ca之外 ,所测元素的含量均以红壳个体为高 ,其中Fe、Cu、Mn的含量为绿壳个体的2～ 3倍 ;红壳个体贝壳中Mn的含量亦较高 ,约为绿壳个体的 2倍。两者上述对应组织的脂肪酸种类相同 ,含量基本一致。此外 ,粗脂肪、无机元素含量以及脂肪酸的组成和含量在不同组织之间存在较明显的差别     

皱纹盘鲍脓毒败血症病原菌的发现及初步研究

１９９２年９月至１９９４年１１月间，在大连沿海发现的致皱纹盘鲍脓毒败血症的一株病原菌，对皱纹盘鲍人工感染有很高的死亡率，并且与自然发病有相同的症状。     

皱纹盘鲍遗传多样性的RAPD分析

对采自山东长岛和辽宁大连海域的两个自然群体皱纹盘鲍的遗传多样性进行了RAPD分析。16个随机引物在两群体中共检测到了179个位点,其中,长岛和大连群体中的多态位点数分别为88和91个,两群体的多态位点百分率分别为49·16%和50·84%;Shannon′s多样性指数(H0)分别为0·2496和0·2668。有70%以上的遗传变异来自群体内,显示两群体内均有较高程度的遗传变异。研究结果表明,长岛和大连的皱纹盘鲍群体已出现了明显的遗传分化。     

Effects of dietary guaiacol on shell biomineralization of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai, Ino

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of guaiacol on shell biomineralization of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Seven semi-purified diets were formulated with graded levels of guaiacol (0, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 mg kg⁻¹). Abalone (initial weight: 0.29±0.01 g; initial shell length: 8.55±0.27 mm) were fed with these diets in a re-circulated water system for 152 days. The results showed that the contents of calcite in the shell increased significantly with dietary guaiacol levels, but the aragonite content decreased significantly. Dietary guaiacol significantly decreased the contents of calcium and strontium, but significantly increased the magnesium content in the shell. The effects of dietary guaiacol on the contents of phosphorus and zinc in shell were not significant. It was obvious that the ratio of potential acidic/basic amino acids [(Asx+Glx)/(Lys+Arg+His)] in the shell was elevated by dietary guaiacol. In conclusion, dietary guaiacol has effects on both the mineralogy and the amino acid composition in the shell. Furthermore, changes in mineralogy are related to the ratio of (Asx+Glx)/(Lys+Arg+His) in the shell.     

4种多糖对皱纹盘鲍血细胞活性氧和血清凝集活力的影响

水温为(20.0±3)℃,盐度为30.0±1.5下,将灵芝多糖1、灵芝多糖2、脂多糖和酵母多糖分别配制成0、1.0、5.0、10、50、100、200μg·mL-1质量浓度,采用鲁米诺化学发光法(CL)和凝聚法检测其对皱纹盘鲍(HaliotisdiscushannaiIno)血细胞产生活性氧和血清凝集活力的影响。这些多糖均能增强鲍血细胞产生活性氧的能力和吞噬能力,其增强效果由强至弱依次为:灵芝多糖2>灵芝多糖1>脂多糖>酵母多糖;同种多糖中,急性组增强鲍血细胞活性氧产生和促进血清凝集活力的能力强于孵育组。本研究还比较了浸泡和注射灵芝多糖2(50μg·mL-1)和脂多糖(10μg·mL-1)对皱纹盘鲍血细胞活性氧产生和血清凝集活力的影响。结果表明,注射的效果优于浸泡。     

叶酸对皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成的影响

以皱纹盘鲍幼鲍Haliotis discus hannaiIno(平均壳长:13.90±0.01mm;平均体重:482.2±2.2mg)为研究对象,在室内循环水养殖系统中进行112d的摄食生长实验,以海带为对照,探讨饲料中不同叶酸含量(0.06、1.44、2.86、5.88、14.27、35.71mg/kg饲料)对皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成的影响。实验结果表明,(1)叶酸缺乏可显著降低皱纹盘鲍C20∶4n-6和C20∶5n-3的含量(P<0.05),却显著提高C18∶3n-3和C22∶6n-3的含量(P<0.05);(2)海带与实验基础饲料中的脂肪酸组成存在显著差异,海带中的C14∶1、C16∶0、C18∶1n-9、C18∶3n-3、C20∶4n-6、C20∶5n-3含量显著高于饲料组(P<0.05),而C18∶0、C18∶1n-7、C18∶2n-6、C20∶0、C22∶6n-3均显著低于饲料组(P<0.05);(3)海带组鲍鱼的C20∶4n-6、C20∶5n-3显著高于饲料组鲍鱼(P<0.05),而C18∶1n-9、C18∶1n-7、C18∶2n-6、C22∶6n-3则显著低于饲料组鲍鱼(P<0.05)。(4)C16∶0、C16∶1、C18∶0在鲍鱼体内的含量比较稳定,不受饲料中叶酸含量和脂肪酸组成的显著影响(P>0.05)。这些结果说明,饲料中叶酸缺乏导致皱纹盘鲍脂肪酸组成发生改变,很可能抑制C18∶2n-6和C18∶3n-3的碳链延长和去饱和作用,从而减少C20∶4n-6和C20∶5n-3的合成。此外,饲料中的脂肪酸组成也是影响皱纹盘鲍体组织脂肪酸组成的一个重要因素。