松材线虫病死木处理试验

为探索松材线虫病死木的利用问题，作者从1988年起，先后在松材线虫病发生地6家木制品厂进行了病死木处理试验，其工艺流程是病死木制材后加温烘干，温度65－120℃，杀灭了松材线虫和松褐天牛，进而在木板上涂胶、高温高压下（140－150℃，7－10kg/cm^2)压成不同规格的层压胶合板。工艺是安全可行的。松材线虫病死木处理试验结果表明，这是控制松材线虫病扩散蔓延的有效途径之一。     

加工活性炭处理松材线虫病死木技术的研究

经３ａ的试验和实践结果表明,加工活性炭处理松材线虫病死木中松褐天牛成、幼虫等媒介昆虫是一项简单易行、灭害彻底、效益较高的处理松材线虫病死木的新技术,值得在疫区推广应用。     

松材线虫病死木就地销毁技术分析探讨

松材线虫病死木就地销毁技术分析探讨￥浙江省宁波市林业局＠周岳松￥浙江省宁波市大榭开发区＠陆忠尧＠俞林祥松材线虫病死木就地销毁技术分析探讨浙江省宁波市林业局周岳松浙江省宁波市大榭开发区陆忠尧俞林祥松材线虫病是当今世界最棘手的森林毁灭性疫病，被称为松树的癌症，...     

清理死松树对混交林中松材线虫病控制作用的初步分析

常年清理死松树对马尾松混交林份松材线虫病的发生及自然扩散有较好的控制作用，是一种比较经济有效的除治模式；以宁国市的除治实践，病死率、病死树总量呈双下降趋势。彻底清理烧毁死松树，严格进行伐桩处理，是控制松材线虫病疫情的关键；实行专人常年监测，准确掌握疫情动态，是采取该种除治方式的基本前提。     

薄膜覆盖熏蒸法在死松树除害中的应用效果初步调查

为探明山区使用覆盖熏蒸法在死松树除害中的实际效果及可行性,进行了试验。经调查,薄膜覆盖药物熏蒸除害超过60d以后,松材中仍发现松材线虫病传播媒介昆虫--松褐天牛幼虫成虫活体。故试验结果表明,在山区进行松材线虫病死亡松木除害处理时,用薄膜覆盖熏蒸法除害处理法缺乏可行性。     

明光市松材线虫病治理对策

松材线虫病Bursaphelenchus xylophilus（Steiner ＆ Bulbrer）Niclde是松树的毁灭性病害，我市于1988年在原卞庄乡首次发现该病，至今先后有1185．9hm2松林发病，累计枯死松树60余万株，经济损失上亿元。尤其在2003年省政府将我市划定为松材线虫病疫区后，我市松木生产和销售大受影响，损失无法估量。近几年松材线虫病工程治理的开展，疫木管理力度的加大，使松材线虫病发病率、死树率、松褐天牛种群密度显著降低，疫木利用秩序得到有效规范。     

韩国松材线虫病防控成效及启示

由松材线虫引起的松材线虫病对松林构成了严重威胁,松材线虫病的防控受到社会极大关注。30多年来,韩国为了遏制松材线虫病的扩展蔓延,减少灾害损失,保障生态安全,对松材线虫病采取立法及检疫、化学防治、清理病死树及疫木无害处理、预防性造林、检测和监测等措施,取得了良好的防治效果。文中回顾韩国松材线虫病发生过程,分析其流行特点,介绍防控措施及成效和近期研究现状,提出韩国松材线虫病防控成效对我国松材线虫病研究与防控的主要启示,即制定和完善松材线虫病防治相关法规,分类施策、综合治理,建立适合我国国情的松材线虫病防控体系和加强科学研究,提高科技支撑水平。     

苏州松材线虫病发生与防治

松材线虫病（Ｂｕｒｓａｐｈｅ－ｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ）是松树的一种毁灭性、传播性病害,具有发病期短、死树快、潜伏浸染时间长、危害大、防治难等特点。１９９５年１０月,苏州首次发现松材线虫病危害以来,通过采取积极有效的防治措施,取得了较好的效果,疫点基本扑灭,控制了松材线虫病的危害,保护了６０００ｈｍ２松林的安全。本文就本地区松材线虫病发生与防治等情况予以介绍。     

无人机遥感监测技术在松材线虫病疫情监测中的应用探讨

基于无人机遥感的松材线虫病监测技术,能够及时获取多时态、多角度、多光谱和高精度的遥感图像,为决策者提供松材线虫病监测和防控数据支持,在松材线虫病防控上有着较大的发展空间。对松材线虫病无人机遥感监测技术的基本原理、遥感图像的采集、处理与解译研究进展以及应用现状等方面进行了阐述,提出了无人机遥感监测松材线虫病实际应用中存在的问题和不足,并就其在松材线虫病监测中的发展方向和应用前景进行了展望。     

大面积集中连片松材线虫病综合治理的做法

本文阐述了在大面积集中连片的松材线虫病Ｂｕｒｓａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ发生区采取清理死树、皆伐改造病区、严格处理病材和加强森林植物检疫等综合防治措施，以达到逐步控制、延缓、压缩疫情的目的     

松材线虫病致病机理的研究进展

该文对松材线虫病的致病机制的研究进行了概述。目前对松材线虫病的病原有两种看法，一种认为松材线虫是惟一病原，另一种认为病原为松材线虫和细菌两种生物。对于松材线虫的致病机理，目前存在3种观点。第1种观点认为松材线虫的酶使松树薄壁细胞的细胞壁和细胞膜遭到破坏，树脂不正常地从树脂道中渗漏并扩散到相邻的管胞中，使水分输导受阻，导致萎蔫。第2种观点认为松树感染了松材线虫后，木质部内挥发性萜烯类物质的含量增加，这些物质进入管胞在管胞中形成空洞，致使水分输导受阻。第3种观点认为松树感染松材线虫后，体内产生有毒物质，这些物质使松树萎蔫。     

Response of pine forest to disturbance of pine wood nematode with interpretative structural model

Pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), originating from North America, causes destructive pine wilt disease. Different pine forest ecosystems have different resistances to B. xylophilus, and after its invasion, the resilience and restoration direction of different ecosystems also varies. In this study, an interpretative structural model was applied for analyzing the response of pine forest ecosystem to PWN disturbance. The result showed that a five-degree multi-stage hierarchical system affected the response of the pine forest ecosystem to PWN disturbance, in which direct affecting factors are resistance and resilience. Furthermore, the analysis to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th degree factors showed that not only does distribution pattern of plant species and pine’s ecological features affect the resistance of pine forests’ ecosystem, but removal of attacked trees and other measures also influence the resistance through indirectly affecting the damage degree of Monochamus alternatus and distribution pattern of plant species. As for resilience, it is influenced directly by soil factors, hydrology, surrounding species provenance and biological characteristics of the second and jointly dominant species, and the climate factors can also have a direct or indirect effect on it by affecting the above factors. Among the fifth elements, the elevation, gradient and slope direction, topographical factors, diversity of geographical location and improvement of prevention technology all influence the response of pine forest ecosystem to PWN disturbance. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(8): 85–90 [译自: 林业科学]     

First isolation of pine wood nematode from Pinus tabuliformis forests in China

Previous risk prediction studies have mostly shown that suitable areas for pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN), in China are mainly concentrated in eastern and southern China, with pest reaching no further northern than the Yangtze River basin. The Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis, Chinese pine or Chinese red pine) is the main, native, afforestation species in areas to the north of the Yangtze River basin. To our knowledge, there is no report on PWN infecting Chinese pines in the north of the Yangtze. In this study, we used Baermann funnel method and several PCR primers to detect the presence of PWN in Chinese pine forest fields in 2010 in Shaanxi, China, which is far to the north of the Yangtze River and a cause for concern. Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine) may also be at risk and should also be monitored to prevent invasion by PWN.     

Effect of pine wood nematode invasion on pine community functions in the Pinghu region, Zhejiang Province, eastern China

In order to investigate the effect of invastion by pine wood nematode （PWN）, this study analyzed severalfunctional indices, i.e., the increment in DBH and stand volume and biomass, in the damaqed stands with various mixedpercentages of Pinus massoniana and P. thunbergii and with different levels of damage. According to the results of rate of change in increment of DBH and stand volume, the forest ecosystem resistance against PWN increased with a reduct on n the m xed ratio of pine. The resistance was highest with a mixed percentage of 50%. The invasion of PWN hanged the corresponding relationship of increment between DBH and stand volume （pure stands 〉 7：3 conifer and roadleaf 〉 6：4 conifer and broadleaf 〉 5：5 conifer and broadleaf） among the P. thunbergii stands when there is no amage, but for P. massoniana stands this phenomenon did not occur. For the increment rate of DBH and stand volume, is significant change in P, thunbergii forest indicates that the resistance of pure P. thunbergii forest was higher than at of P. massoniana. The invasion of PWN accelerates the succession from pure stands to mixed stands and then tohe broadleaf evergreen stands.     

Direct PCR‐based method for detecting Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,the pine wood nematode in wood tissue of Pinus massoniana

Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, leads to serious losses to pine forestry around the world. Pinus massoniana, which is vulnerable to be attacked by the PWN, is the dominant species used in pine forestry in China. The objective of this study is to develop a direct PCR‐based method for detecting B. xylophilus in the wood of P. massoniana without a separate nematode extraction step. A simple procedure was first developed for isolating B. xylophilus DNA in 5 mg pine wood tissue samples harbouring PWN for detection by PCR amplification. A B. xylophilus‐specific amplicon of 403 bp (DQ855275) was generated by PCR from the infested wood tissue. The entire procedure can be completed within 5 h with one pair of primers. This assay can serve as a rapid, cheap and environmentally friendly method to detect B. xylophilus in samples of P. massoniana.     

Comparison of the gene expression profiles of resistant and non‐resistant Japanese black pine inoculated with pine wood nematode using a modified LongSAGE technique

The Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) is highly susceptible to pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). To cope with this disease, researchers and tree breeders selected PWN‐resistant individuals in a previous breeding program. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms of resistance in the Japanese black pine, we created four LongSAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) libraries. A total of 20 818 tags were studied, including 5194 tags from a PWN inoculated resistant pine, 5218 a non‐inoculated resistant pine, 5194 an inoculated non‐resistant pine, and 5212 a non‐inoculated non‐resistant pine. The analysis of the libraries indicated that 14 tag species were significantly up‐regulated (e.g., pathogenesis‐related proteins 2 and 4, osmotin, lipoxygenase, and chalcone synthase), and nine were down‐regulated (eukaryotic translation initiation factor SUI1, translationally controlled tumor protein, and xyloglucan endotransglycosylase) by the PWN inoculation in both the resistant and non‐resistant pines. On the other hand, 38 tag species were significantly expressed at a higher level only in the resistant pine (catalase, dienelactone hydrolase family protein) and 25 were expressed at a higher level in the non‐resistant pine (pathogenesis‐related proteins 1, 2, and 3, and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase). These differentially expressed genes are presumed to reflect some of the differences between the resistant and non‐resistant pines. Our results provide valuable information on the complex responses induced in the resistant and non‐resistant pine trees in response to PWN invasion.     

Comparison of histological responses and tissue damage expansion between resistant and susceptible Pinus thunbergii infected with pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has been epidemic and has had disastrous impacts on pine forests and forest ecosystems in eastern Asia. Many pine species in this area are susceptible to this disease. Pinus thunbergii is particularly susceptible. In Japan, tree breeders have selected surviving trees from severely damaged forests as resistant candidates, and have finally established several resistant varieties of P. thunbergii. However, this breeding procedure requires much time and effort due to the lack of physiological and phenotypical information about resistance. To investigate the resistance mechanisms of selected P. thunbergii, we compared histochemical responses, tissue damage expansion, and PWN distribution in resistant and susceptible clones of P. thunbergii after PWN inoculation. The results suggested that the mechanisms of resistance are as follows: damage expansion in the cortex, cambium, and xylem axial resin canals are retarded in resistant trees soon after inoculation, probably due to the induction of wall protein-based defenses. Suppression of PWN reproduction was particularly caused by inhibition of damage expansion in the cambium. The slow expansion of damage in each tissue provides time for the host to complete the biosynthesis of lignin in the walls of cells that surround the damaged regions. This lignification of cell walls is assumed to effectively inhibit the migration and reproduction of the PWNs. The mechanism of initial damage retardation is presumed to be a key for resistance.     

Localized within‐ and between‐tree variation in nematode distribution during latent state of pine wilt disease makes the disease status cryptic

The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, an epidemic disease that has severely damaged pine forests in East Asia. The disease has spread to northern areas in Asia and parts of Europe. To prevent disease spread as the forefront of damage prevention, a better understanding of infection status is highly important. Not all infected trees show disease symptoms, and such asymptomatic PWN‐carrying trees are likely to be overlooked and can become a pathogen reservoir. To elucidate PWN infection status in asymptomatic trees, we performed PWN inspection of branches and trunks in 21 test trees in two different conditions: trees that had experienced PWN inoculation and those with suspected PWN infection that had experienced transient foliage discoloration. We detected PWNs in eight test trees (38%) and in 13 (1.5%) of a total of 843 samples. The difference in these percentages suggests that nematode inhabitation was highly localized within the trees, possibly owing to the restricted migration of PWNs. Our data demonstrated that trees that were once weakened but recovered their vigour can persist, as the asymptomatic carriers, in the forest. The implications for disease control are also discussed.     

Migration of pine wood nematodes in the tissues of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus thunbergii</Emphasis>

The distribution of pine wood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, PWNs) in Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) tissues was investigated by staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin. After PWNs were inoculated to current-year stems of pine seedlings, their distribution at about 5 cm below the inoculation site was confined only to cortical resin canals 1 day after inoculation, and then spread to other tissues, including resin canals of short branches. When PWNs were inoculated onto cross or tangentially cut surfaces of stem segments, maximal PWN migration speed was estimated to be faster through cortical resin canals and xylem axial resin canals vertically (>6.7 and <2.3 mm/h, respectively) than through cortical tissues both vertically and horizontally (<1.2 and <0.2 mm/h). To examine whether PWNs in cortical resin canals could invade surrounding tissues, segments in which PWNs resided only in cortical resin canals were prepared by removing the top portion 6 h after inoculation. Additional incubation of such segments caused extended PWN distribution to xylem axial resin canals and then to other tissues. A similar experiment with top portions of girdled segments removed 12 h after inoculation also showed extended PWN distribution from xylem axial resin canals and pith to cortical resin canals and then to other tissues. These results provided direct evidence that PWNs have the ability to migrate from cortical resin canals and xylem axial resin canals to other tissues.     

A new on‐site detection method for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in infected pine trees

The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), which is a major problem in East Asia and West Europe. Quick identification of PWN is needed to prevent the dispersal of PWD to healthy forests. Various detection methods of PWN have been developed using anatomical characters and molecular markers. These methods are not suitable for rapid diagnosis because it is difficult to distinguish B. xylophilus from the non‐pathogenic species Bursaphelenchus mucronatus based on morphological characters without expertise in nematode taxonomy and most PCR or isothermal amplification detection methods require time‐consuming processes. In this study, we developed an on‐site PWN detection method using a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay with a novel extraction buffer (DAP buffer). This new PWN detection method is able to extract genomic DNA from PWN in pinewood by simple buffer consisting of sodium hydrate, polyethylene glycol 200 and dimethyl sulfoxide in 10 min without using the experimental devices and able to distinguish between B. xylophilus and other Bursaphelenchus spp. by amplifying the species‐specific 5S rDNA fragment of B. xylophilus in 10 min. Taken together, our protocol can obtain the result for the detection of PWN in pine tree samples within 30 min. This result suggests that RPA/DAP assay is much faster, easier and cheaper than the conventional methods for detecting PWN.