花圣紫薇

人间六月芳菲尽，山上紫薇始盛开。紫薇花开的时候，远看，只见枝梢花穗累累，满树花团锦簇，彰显出热烈的气氛，宛如绚丽的云霞，灿烂无比。近看，串串花穗结满了许多圆如青豆的花蕾，有的青绿，有的绿里泛红，含苞待放。正在绽开的花蕾，花瓣攒聚着，皱缩着，活像一朵朵小小的康乃馨，已经盛开的花蕾，浅红色的花瓣向外飞扬，     

建设生态嘉兴

以新塍塘，苏州塘，长纤塘，平湖塘，海盐塘，嘉善塘，长水塘，杭州塘八条水系为绿廊，形成水绿交融，城乡交汇 ，植物多样，景观优美的“一心，三环，三园，三楔，八带”绿化大格局的建设思路，并把该规划纳入城市总体规划。     

抓住机遇把握大势全力推进鄂尔多斯林业现代化建设

全国防沙治沙现场会是我市林业建设史上召开的一次级别最高、规模最大、影响最为深远的会议。通过这次会议，鄂尔多斯市作为防沙治沙的典型，被推向了全国，推向了防沙治沙的前沿阵地，对我们来讲，这既是机遇，也是压力，我们必须保持清醒的头脑，把机遇变成责任，把挑战变成动力，把成绩看成压力，把问题看成潜力，在这个关键时刻，我们的信心不能动摇，精神不能松懈，     

坚定的信念 无悔的选择——记安徽省郎溪县方里村林场场长刘傲柱

光阴荏苒，日月如梭，回首往事，历历在目。1984年春天，30岁出头的刘傲柱，英姿勃发，踌躇满志，怀着对林业事业的满腔热情来到安徽省郎溪县方里村林场，挑起了场长的重任。转眼间，28年逝去。如今，花甲之年的刘傲柱，白了头，驼了背，酸甜苦辣尝遍，却依然无悔当初的选择。     

故乡的枣树

我的故乡在西岩山脚下，无论是房前屋后，还是田间地埂，以及荒原野坡，处处都有枣树的踪影，甚至在悬崖峭壁的石缝间也能茁壮成长，一株株，一片片，郁郁葱葱，生机盎然，漫山遍野，成林成坡，山下的片片枣树园是枣树林，山坡上的片片枣树园是枣树坡，誓与大地结缘，谱写着灿烂的生命之光。     

森林北京

森林，树木密集之地，若把森林臆想为热带雨林那般树木交错郁闭遮天，或者如寒带针叶林那样挺拔伟岸绵延不绝，那么北京实在没有森林可言。但环顾京城周边，自东北至西南，群山之间，参差错落的树木聚集，若非森林，又为何物？或者莫不如说，北京的森林，虽然有失磅礴气概，但其中的细腻婉约，白有一番韵味，将霸气氤氲的王城，环抱出了一份绿色的旖旎情怀。     

卧龙唱响英雄壮歌——追记四川省汶川卧龙特别行政区森林公安局副局长王刚

2008年5月16日是四川汶川卧龙森林公安局副局长王刚的42岁生日。就在这一天，他献出了自己宝贵的生命。王刚担任森林公安民警十多年来，始终牢记全心全意为人民服务的宗旨，始终保持共产党员的高尚品质，忠于党，忠于人民，以自己的平凡行动，努力实践“三个代表”重要思想，扎根偏远林区，以林为业，以警为荣，大公无私，勇于奉献，清正廉洁，为人诚实正直，以自己的言行，树立了人民警察的良好形象。     

中年话语

那英和王菲合唱的《相约98》音犹在耳，猛一抬头，竟然十年过去，2009年如约而至，揽镜自顾，虽还未衰老，但已身心疲惫，苦不堪言。转眼，自己也步人中年，也有了一番切身的感受。绿深成青，青化为黄，黄又被自所覆盖。绿、青、黄、白，这是一年四季中的颜色，也是人一生中，在黑与白的世界中，不断地轮回般穿越的颜色。亘古亘今的年月日时之链，凝结成了生命的年轮，凝结成了沧桑的一年年。人到中年，生活中的甜酸苦辣已尽品尝，     

发展城郊林业 建设和谐黄州

黄州区地处黄冈市郊，总面积3.6万hm^2，总人口37.5万，是一个面积不大的平原湖区，近几年来，以实现黄州林业的跨越式发展，建设林业强区为目标，扬长避短，突出城郊生态建设和产业建设为重点，以林业工程项目为支撑，初步建立以扬树速生丰产林基地，水果基地，     

世界枣产销概况及重庆枣业发展前景

枣(Zizyphus Juiuba Mill)是我国特有果树。枣果风味独特，口感佳良，营养价值高，用途广，既可鲜食，又可加工成多种产品，干制后久贮不腐，耐贮运性强，是传统的重要滋补保健品和中药材。枣树抗旱耐瘠，适应性广，容易栽培，耐粗放管理，投产快，丰产稳产，结果年限长，且是很好的蜜源果树，经济效益高。枣树根系发达，是退耕还林、防治水土流失、保持生态平衡、适合山区丘陵发展的理想的经济树种之一。     

泡桐叶片蛋白质多态性及其聚类分析(英文)

根据白花泡桐（Paulownia fargesii）、白花兰考泡桐（P.elongata f. alba）、毛泡 桐（P. tomentosa）、川泡桐（P. fargesii）、山明泡桐（P. lamprophylla）、成都泡桐 (P. albiphloea var chengtuensis)、鄂川泡桐（P. albiphloea）、南方泡桐（P. austra lis）、白花泡桐（P. fortunei）、兰考泡桐（P. elongata）叶片蛋白质单向电泳和双向 电泳结果，可将它们聚类分为白花泡桐组（白花泡桐和白花兰考泡桐）、南方泡桐组（南方 泡桐和成都泡桐）和毛泡桐组（毛泡桐、川泡桐、鄂川泡桐、山明泡桐和兰考泡桐）。该结 果为泡桐属植物的分类提供了参考依据，也为泡桐属植物种确立、杂种鉴定和新品种培育奠 定了基础。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Some biological interactions between the parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anagyrus pseudococci</Emphasis> (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and its host <Emphasis Type="Italic">Planococcus ficus</Emphasis> (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)

The development, longevity, fecundity and life-table parameters of the endoparasitoid Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), 15 d.o. (3rd-instar nymphs) and 21 d.o. (young adult females) of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) at 28 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10%RH and 16:8h L:D under laboratory conditions. The developmental time of female parasitoids within the host was 17.7 ± 0.39 days in 15 d.o. and 16.65 ± 0.25 days in 21 d.o. hosts; for males, development time was 16.85 ± 0.29 and 15.25 ± 0.09 days, respectively. The average number of offspring per female was 22.35 ± 1.68 in 15 d.o. and 34.8 ± 2.56 in 21 d.o. vine mealybugs. The longevity of female parasitoids was 14.8 ± 0.98 days in 15 d.o. and 15.65 ± 0.92 days in 21 d.o. mealybugs, respectively; for males, longevity was determined as 7.3 ± 0.43 and 6.7 ± 0.54 days, respectively. The mean time of pupation was 7.85 ± 0.003 days in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 8.65 ± 0.003 days in 21 d.o. mealybugs. The aggregate encapsulation rate in the parasitized 15 d.o. mealybugs was 49.73 and 60.36% in 21 d.o. mealybugs. Furthermore, effective encapsulation was 24.82% in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 37.50% in 21 d.o. mealybugs. Population growth rate (r _m) for A. pseudococci was 0.0999 female/female/days in 15 d.o. mealybugs and 0.1269 female/female/days in 21 d.o. mealybugs. The mean population generation time was 23.49 days for parasitoids reared in 15-days-old and 22.39 days when reared in 21 d.o. mealybugs.     

Nitrogen contribution of five leguminous trees and shrubs to alley cropped maize in Ibadan, Nigeria

There are abundant local legume trees and shrubs potentially suitable for alley cropping systems in the sub-Saharan Africa, which are yet to be studied. The nitrogen contribution of two years old Albizia lebbeck and S. corymbosato yield of maize grown in alley cropping was compared to that of Senna siamea, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala in four seasons at Ibadan. Maize shoot biomass and maize grain yield in A. lebbeck alley compared favourably with that in G. sepium and L. leucocephala. Maize biomass and grain yield in S. corymbosa alleys were the lowest. Within A. lebbeck, L. leucocpehala, and G. sepium alleys there were no significant differences in the maize yield in the alleys that received 0, 40 or 80 kg N/ha. Application of more than 40 kg N/ha in S. corymbosa alleys was not necessary as there was no significant increase in maize yield at the higher level of nitrogen. Maize yield and N uptake in A. lebbeck alleys were not significantly different from yield and N uptake in G. sepium, and L. leucocephala at the same fertilizer level. There was a significant correlation between hedgerow tree biomass and maize grain yield. At the end of twelve weeks after pruning application, the organic residues of the pruning applied in the alleys ranged from 5% in G. sepium and 44% in A. lebbeck in the first year compared with the original pruning applied which showed that the slow rate of A. lebbeck decomposition could have a beneficial effect on the soil. The maize N recovery from applied N fertilizer was low (10–22%). Percentage N recovery from the prunings was low in the non-N fixing trees (12–22%), while the recovery was high (49–59%) in A. lebbeck as well as in the other nitrogen fixing tree prunings. Thus A. lebbeck, apart from enhancing maize growth and grain yield like in L. leucocephala and G. sepium, had an added advantage because it remained longer as mulching material on the soil because of its slow rate of decomposition. It was able to survive pruning frequencies with no die-back. This indicates that A. lebbeck is a good potential candidate for alley cropping system in West Africa. S. corymbosa performed poorly compared with the other legume trees. Though it responded to N fertilizer showing a positive interaction between the hedgerow and fertilizer application, it had a high die back rate following pruning periods and termite attack.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Ethnicity, land use and woody vegetation: a case study from south-western Burkina Faso

Woody vegetation in cultivated landscapes in Burkina Faso is influenced by agricultural activities that are in turn influenced by institutional arrangements. Research was undertaken in a village in south-west Burkina Faso to investigate the relationship between species composition, diversity, density, species accumulation and land use category. Additionally the relationship between number of trees, size of farmed land and farmer ethnicity was investigated. Indigenous Tiéfo farmers had on average more than double the number of large (>4 m) trees of Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn. f., Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. Ex G. Don and Anacardium occidentale L. than farmers belonging to other ethnic groups, but this was partly explained by a larger area being available. Differences between ethnic groups were not significant when expressed per ha. Botanical inventories of fallows more than 4 years old, cultivated parklands and plantations of Mangifera indica L. and A. occidentale showed that tree density and Simpson’s index of diversity for trees were highest in the fallow. Simpson’s index was not significantly different for regeneration, but sample-based species accumulation curves indicated that species accumulation in parklands was faster than in plantations when expressed per individual. The average regeneration density was 12,605, 1,995 and 6,772 seedlings ha^-1 for fallow, parklands and plantations, respectively. This low density for parklands means that species accumulation is slow compared to the other land uses when expressed per unit area. Fallow seems the most efficient way of keeping tree diversity in the agricultural landscape.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica II. Cacao and wood production,litter production and decomposition

During 7 years (1979–1985) cacao harvests (beans and husks) have been recorded for the agroforestry systems ofTheobroma cacao underCordia alliodora andErythrina poeppigiana shade trees. The mean oven dry cacao yields were 626 and 712 kg.ha^–1.a^–1 cocoa beans underC. alliodora andE. poeppigiana respectively. Harvests have gradually increased over the years and the plantation has now reached maturity.Annual extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits, which is relatively small, was calculated on the basis of chemical analyses. The following average values were found (kg.ha^–1.a^–1): At the age of 8 years, theC. alliodora trees have reached 26.7 cm diameter (DBH) and 14.0 m in height. Mean annual growth (from age 5 to 7) is 14.6 m³.ha^–1.a^–1.Natural plant residue production has been measured for 4 years (Nov. 1981–Oct. 1985). UnderE. poeppigiana it has reached a value of 8.91 t.ha^–1.a^–1 and underC. alliodora 7.07 t.ha^–1.a^–1. The shade trees have contributed 57 and 47% respectively. Transference and decomposition rates are high and important in the nutrient cycles.The nutrient content of the litter was analysed and corresponding average yearly transfers were (kg.ha^–1.a^–1): For part I see Vol. 4, No. 3, 1986.Agroforestry Project, CATIE/GTZ (Tropical Agricultural Research and Training Center/Gesselschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit), Turrialba, Costa Rica     

Contact and ingestion toxicities of plant extracts to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thaumetopoea solitaria</Emphasis> Frey. (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae)

Thaumetopoea solitaria is a serious pest of pistachio throughout the Mediterranean and the surrounding region. In this study, contact and ingestion toxicities of Bifora radians, Fumaria officinalis, Humulus lupulus and Rhododendron ponticum extracts against T. solitaria larvae were examined under laboratory conditions. Dimethoate was used as a positive control. In the contact toxicity bioassays B. radians extract was the most toxic, causing 32% mortality. In the ingestion toxicity bioassays H. lupulus extract was the most active, causing 83% mortality after 48 h. This shows that H. lupulus is acting as a stomach poison. The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values for H. lupulus ingestion toxicity bioassays were 1.7 and 8.7%, respectively. The LT₅₀ value was 29.3 h. Since H. lupulus extract caused >50% mortality even 6 days after application, its long lasting residual effect promises fewer applications. These results imply that H. lupulus has potential for use as a crop protectant against T. solitaria.