地衣芽胞杆菌对仔猪生产性能和猪舍氨浓度的影响

为了研究地衣芽胞杆菌作为微生态饲料添加剂对仔猪生产性能的影响,随机选39头断奶仔猪分成4组,按非配对试验设计,对照组饲喂含12%预混料的配合料,试验组饲料在对照组的预混料中按10×109CFU/kg添加地衣芽孢杆菌,试验期为15d.试验结果表明:试验组与对照组相比,断奶2d的仔猪日增重提高12.67%,料肉比降低1.47%,仔猪腹泻率减少33.3%;断奶10d的仔猪日增重提高26.87%,料肉比降低23.66%,仔猪腹泻率减少70.37%,差异显著(P＜0.05).同时,试验组猪的粪便中氨含量显著下降.说明饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌能有效地提高仔猪生长性能、减少猪场环境污染、提高仔猪抗病力.     

枯草芽孢杆菌与中药提取物联用对断奶仔猪生长性能及抗腹泻效果的影响

试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌与中药提取物联用对断奶仔猪生长性能和抗腹泻性能的影响。试验选用200头初始体质量约9 kg的30 d断奶仔猪,随机分为2个组(公母各半),每组5个重复,每重复10头。1组为试验组(在基础日粮基础上按照1 000 g/t的剂量添加枯草芽孢杆菌与中药提取物);2组为对照组(在基础日粮基础上按照500 g/t的剂量添加金霉素)。试验期28 d。结果表明:试验组断奶仔猪的增重率显著高于对照组(P0.05),增加6.52%,说明枯草芽孢杆菌与中药提取物可以提高乳仔猪的生长性能;试验组断奶仔猪的采食量比对照组增加5.71%,差异显著(P0.05),说明枯草芽孢杆菌与中药提取物适口性较优;试验组断奶仔猪的料肉比比对照组下降8.48%,差异不显著(P0.05),说明枯草芽孢杆菌与中药提取物可以提高乳仔猪的生长性能。试验组断奶仔猪的腹泻指数和腹泻率分别比对照组降低28.57%、25.00%,差异显著(P0.05),说明枯草芽孢杆菌与中药提取物在控制断奶仔猪腹泻方面效果显著优于金霉素。综上可得,枯草芽孢杆菌与中药提取物可作为饲料添加剂替代抗生素,可改善断奶仔猪的生长性能并降低腹泻率。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对仔猪生长性能和腹泻率的影响

为研究地衣芽胞杆菌对仔猪生长性能和腹泻率的影响,选取体重25 kg左右（杜×长×大）三元杂交仔猪80头,作为试验动物,根据体重相近、公母各半的原则将其随机分为对照组和试验组,每组设2个重复,每个重复20头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在每吨基础日粮中添加100 g地衣芽孢杆菌。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组仔猪日增重提高11.94%（P﹤0.05）,仔猪腹泻率减少10%（P﹤0.05）,说明日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌能有效提高仔猪生长性能,降低腹泻率。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对仔猪和生长猪生长性能与腹泻率的影响

本试验旨在研究地衣芽孢杆菌对仔猪和生长猪生长性能与腹泻率的影响。选取体重为25kg左右(杜×长×大)三元杂交仔猪80头和50kg左右(杜×长×大)三元杂交生长猪80头,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组设2个重复,每个重复20头,分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组)、基础日粮+100mg/kg地衣芽孢杆菌粉剂的试验日粮。结果表明,在日粮中添加100mg/kg的地衣芽孢杆菌对仔猪日增重提高11.94%(P0.05),仔猪腹泻率减少10%(P0.05);然而对生长猪的生长性能没有产生显著影(P0.05)腹泻率也没有影响。由此可见饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌对于提高仔猪生长性能和降低腹泻率具有一定的促进作用,对生长猪生长性能及腹泻率效果不显著。     

复合益生菌对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

为验证复合益生菌对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响,本研究选取30日龄杜×长×大三元杂断奶仔猪1 132头,随机分成对照组和试验组两个组,进行为期50 d的动物试验。试验结束后对所有仔猪和剩余饲料称重,并计算日均增重、总耗料和料肉比。试验结果显示,相比于对照组,试验组断奶仔猪日均增重提高约35%,料肉比降低0.16,饲料转化率显著提高,同时腹泻现象明显减少,腹泻率降低0.6%。这说明在基础日粮中添加复合益生菌可以有效的改善断奶仔猪的生产性能,减少腹泻率,提高生产效益。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

为探究添加地衣芽孢杆菌(商品名:雅旺宝B200)对断奶仔猪生产性能及腹泻率的影响,选用25日龄断奶杜长大仔猪96头,随机分为2组,每个组设2个重复,每个重复24头(公母各半),各处理组间初始体重差异不显著(P>0.05)。1组为空白对照组,饲喂基础日粮,2组为试验组,在基础日粮的基础上添加0.02%的地衣芽孢杆菌,试验期为21d。试验结果表明,与空白对照组相比,芽孢杆菌组提高仔猪增重12.33%、平均日增重提高了13.89%、料肉比降低15.49%;地衣芽孢杆菌对腹泻有明显的预防作用,可以降低腹泻率17%,差异极显著(P<0.01),具有很好经济效益。     

加酶益生素添加时间对哺乳断奶仔猪日增重和腹泻率的影响

将 2 0窝杜斯哺乳仔猪随机分为两组 :试验组和对照组。试验组哺乳仔猪 0～ 7天通过涂抹益生素接种 ,7～ 35天饲喂含加酶益生素的饲料 ,断奶仔猪饲喂含加酶益生素的饲料 ;对照组哺乳仔猪 7～ 35天按常规以基础料诱食补食 ,断奶仔猪饲喂含加酶益生素的饲料。试验结果表明 :试验组哺乳仔猪日增重比对照组提高 11.4 2 % (P <0 .0 1) ,腹泻率比对照组降低 37.5 2 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ;试验组断奶仔猪日增重比对照组提高 7.0 9% (P >0 .0 5 ) ,腹泻率比对照组低4 6 .5 6 % (P <0 .0 1)。加酶益生素的添加时间不仅影响哺乳仔猪的日增重 ,而且影响断奶仔猪的腹泻率 ;哺乳仔猪 0～7天涂抹益生素接种 ,哺乳断奶全程使用加酶益生素可有效提高哺乳仔猪日增重 ,降低断奶仔猪腹泻率     

枯草芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

选择90头8 kg断奶仔猪,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每重复10头猪,进行为期52 d的饲养试验,研究基础日粮中分别添加0.05%和0.1%的枯草芽孢杆菌对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响。结果表明:在基础日粮中添加0.05%枯草芽孢杆菌试验效果比添加0.1%枯草芽孢杆菌试验效果好。与对照组相比,在日粮中添加0.05%枯草芽孢杆菌,日增质量明显比对照组高23.8%;饲料转化率比对照组提高5.48%;腹泻率显著降低;与对照组相比,添加枯草芽孢杆菌,粪便中乳酸菌和双歧杆菌明显增加,大肠杆菌明显降低。添加0.05%枯草芽孢杆菌比对照组多收入49.57元/头。     

抗菌脂肽替代抗生素在断奶仔猪生产中的应用效果评价

为验证抗茵脂肽在断奶仔猪生产中的应用效果,选用28日龄二元断奶仔猪240头,随机分为三组,每组5个重复,每个重复1 6头,A组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,添加金霉素75mg/kg;B组在基础日粮中添加1 50mg/kg的抗茵脂肽,C组在基础日粮中添加300mg/kg的抗茵脂肽,B、C组不添加抗生素。试验期为28d。试验结果显示,添加1 50mg/kg的抗茵脂肽试验组日增重比对照组提高12.47%,采食量提高6.98%,料重比降低了4.68%(P<0.05),腹泻率降低了38.1 8%;添加300mg/kg的抗茵脂肽试验组日增重比对照组提高14.36%,采食量提高8.25%,料重比降低了5.26%(P<0.05),腹泻率降低了64.64%。试验表明,日粮中添加抗茵脂肽能有效提高断奶仔猪的生长性能、饲料利用率和动物机体的抗病能力,减少疾病的发生。     

地衣芽孢杆菌和低聚木糖对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道形态和通透性及粪便微生物的影响

为研究地衣芽孢杆菌和低聚木糖对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道形态和通透性及粪便微生物的影响,试验采用体重、健康状况相近的(25±1)日龄断奶仔猪160头,随机分为4组(对照组、400mg/kg地衣芽孢杆菌组、200mg/kg低聚木糖组和地衣芽孢杆菌+低聚木糖组),每组5个重复,每个重复8头仔猪。结果表明:(1)地衣芽孢杆菌组和低聚木糖组断奶仔猪的平均日增重显著提高15.1%和12.8%(P<0.05),腹泻率显著降低34.1%和41.2%(P<0.05);地衣芽孢杆菌组断奶仔猪的料肉比显著降低10.6%(P<0.05);(2)地衣芽孢杆菌组和低聚木糖组断奶仔猪空肠的绒毛高度显著提高20.3%和16.3%(P<0.05),绒隐比显著提高31.5%和20.7%;(3)地衣芽孢杆菌组断奶仔猪血清D-乳酸和二胺氧化酶(DAO)水平显著降低14.6%和19.1%(P<0.05);(4)低聚木糖组断奶仔猪粪便乳杆菌数量显著提高5.3%(P<0.05);地衣芽孢杆菌组和低聚木糖组断奶仔猪粪便大肠杆菌数量显著降低12.5%和9.4%(P<0.05),并且两者有显著的互作效应(P<0.05)。因此,断奶仔猪日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌和低聚木糖可以改善仔猪的生长性能,降低腹泻率,改善肠道绒毛结构和屏障功能,促进肠道微生物平衡。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein