不同磷效率紫花苜蓿叶绿素荧光参数对低磷胁迫的响应

【目的】探讨不同磷效率紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)叶片光合性能对低磷胁迫的响应,从光能转化和利用的差异来揭示品种适应磷胁迫的机理。【方法】试验采用砂培法,供试材料为2个磷高效紫花苜蓿品种甘农6号(G6)、极光(JG)和2个磷低效品种Bara 310SC (B310)、甘农4号(G4)。以1/4霍格兰营养液为基础,设置磷浓度为0.5 mmol/L (正常对照)和0.05 mmol/L (低磷)两个处理水平,紫花苜蓿幼苗处理30天后,测定苜蓿幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数,将样品烘干后,测定生物量和磷含量。【结果】与对照相比,低磷胁迫下4个苜蓿品种的生物量和磷利用效率均降低,相对可变荧光诱导曲线J点和I点的荧光强度上升,初级醌受体(Q_A)被还原的最大速率(M_o)显著增加,受体库容量(S_m)等参数下降,PSⅡ受体侧受损;活性反应中心数目(RC/CS_o)降低,光能的吸收(ABS/RC、ABS/CS_o)、捕获(TRo/RC、TRo/CS_o)、传递(ETo...     

不同水分与养分水平对玉米叶绿素荧光特性的影响

通过对玉米拔节期叶片叶绿素荧光参数的测定，发现这些参数均受诸如水分、光热、养分等外界条件的影响。水分对叶绿素荧光参数的影响非常显著，随着水分的降低，玉米叶片的基础荧光增大，而可变荧光、PSⅡ光化学效率及PSⅡ潜在活性显著降低，因此，只要选择合适的测定时间，加快测定速度，叶绿素荧光可作为研究判断玉米水分胁迫程度的理想指标。     

低磷胁迫下加硅对玉米苗期硅、磷营养及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为研究硅对低磷胁迫下玉米苗期硅、磷吸收积累和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,采用砂培方式模拟低磷胁迫环境,以玉米品种正红2号和正红115为供试材料,设置3个磷浓度:重度低磷胁迫P1(0.01mmol/L)、中度低磷胁迫P2(0.1 mmol/L)和正常磷浓度P3(1 mmol/L),设置3个硅浓度:Si1(0 mmol/L)、Si2(0.75mmol/L)和Si3(1.5mmol/L),定苗培养28d,测定植株顶部往下第1全展叶叶绿素荧光参数、植株干物质重、硅和磷素含量和积累量。结果表明:(1)磷浓度从P3降低至P2和P1,2个玉米品种平均,单株干物质积累量、硅积累量、磷积累量分别下降34.73%,39.26%,29.10%,33.01%,81.81%,87.63%;同时降低叶片PSⅡ反应中心开放程度、减弱光能捕获和光能转换能力、降低电子传递效率,导致植株叶片热耗散能力明显增强。(2)硅浓度从Si1增加至Si2和Si3,2个玉米品种平均,单株干物质积累量、硅积累量、磷积累量分别提高21.54%,36.05%,120.08%,236.65%,39.81%,69.17%;同时增加叶片PSⅡ反应中心开放程度,提高光能捕获和光能转换效率,增加电子传递效率,加速利用过剩激发能。(3)玉米植株硅积累量和磷积累量呈显著正相关,并且Fv/Fm(XE)、Fv′/Fm′(XE′)、Fq′/Fm′(φPSⅡ)、ETR与植株硅积累量和磷积累量也呈显著正相关。(4)在P3和P2处理中,与Si1相比,Si2和Si3能明显提高正红2号和正红115植株硅、磷素积累量,提高叶片对光能的捕获、转化和传递效率,提高植株的干物质积累量;在重度低磷胁迫P1处理中施硅对玉米幼苗硅、磷营养和叶绿素荧光参数的改善作用十分微弱。综上所述,在非严重低磷胁迫条件下,外源加硅可以增强玉米对硅、磷的吸收和积累,提高叶片光合物质生产能力,加速消耗过剩的激发能,减轻光抑制。     

不同施肥水平下多效唑对马铃薯光合及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为探明适宜马铃薯生长的最佳施肥量和多效唑处理,在大田条件下,以晋薯16号为试材,SV有机无机复合肥设0、300、600、900、1 200、1 500kg·hm~(-2)6个水平,多效唑设清水对照,现蕾期喷施1次,现蕾期和初花期各喷施1次,现蕾期、初花期和盛花期各喷施1次4个处理,二因素随机区组设计,探究肥料与多效唑互作对马铃薯叶片光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,不同施肥水平和不同生育时期喷施不同次数多效唑以及二者互作均提高了马铃薯叶片的叶绿素总量(Chla+b)、类胡萝卜素(Car),净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、暗适应下最大荧光(Fm)、暗适应下PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、光适应下PSII实际光化学效率(Y(II))、PSII相对电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭系数(q P)、光能利用率(LUE)及块茎干物质含量和产量;降低了胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和暗适应下最小荧光(Fo)。由此可知,增施有机无机复合肥和叶面喷施多效唑能显著改善马铃薯叶片的光合性能。综合各项指标的方差分析表明,二者的最佳组合为施肥水平1 200 kg·hm~(-2)、在现蕾期和初花期各喷施1次多效唑,该处理下有较高的光合荧光参数,可获得较高的光能利用率,促使马铃薯将捕获的光能更有效地用于光合作用,最终提高马铃薯产量。本研究为指导大田马铃薯生产提供了重要的理论依据。     

不同灌水模式对南方辣椒叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了实现辣椒节水、优质、高效生产,在避雨栽培条件下,利用OS5-FL调制荧光仪研究了不同灌水模式对辣椒叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,在4个生育阶段,辣椒的可变荧光、最大荧光、可变荧光与最大荧光比、可变荧光与初始荧光比、光化学淬灭系数与非光化学淬灭系数均随着灌水量的减少而降低,而初始荧光则随着灌水量的减少而升高。说明辣椒叶片PSⅡ反应中心因水分胁迫而受到了破坏,使PSⅡ原初光能转换效率和PSⅡ潜在活性降低,使光合电子传递、光合原初反应过程及热耗散能力受到抑制。DI50、2PRD和1PRD 3种处理下的辣椒各叶绿素荧光参数虽然在4次观测中均未表现出显著差异,但1PRD处理与对照相比变化最小。该研究可为南方避雨栽培下辣椒灌水模式的选择和节水、优质、高产辣椒栽培提供参考。     

不同形态无机磷对两种磷效率小麦根际特征的影响

以磷高效型小麦小偃54和磷低效型小麦京411为材料的砂培试验,通过测定植株生物量及吸磷量、根系形态特征、根际pH、磷酸酶活性,研究不同形态无机磷WP(KH2PO4),Al-P(AlPO4)和Fe-P(FePO4)对两种磷效率小麦根际特征的影响.结果表明,在WP处理下,两种磷效率小麦的地上部吸磷量、总吸磷量和磷吸收效率均显著高于其它处理,而其根冠比和磷利用效率却低于其他处理.除了根部吸磷量,小偃54的生物量和吸磷量有高于京411的趋势.除了WP处理,其他处理的小偃54的根冠比和地下吸磷量均高于京411.所有处理的小偃54的根长和根体积均显著高于京411,且不施磷条件(PO)下更为明显,小偃54根系长度是京411的1.6倍;此外,小偃54根系磷酸酶活性均比京411弱.除Al-P外,小偃54的根际酸化能力较京411强.由此可见,磷胁迫条件下,磷高效小麦根系形态特征改变是根际磷活化的主要机理之一,且受磷水平、磷形态及其溶解性的影响.     

双酚A对大豆幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响

双酚A（Bisphenol A,BPA）是酚类化合物中具有代表性的环境污染物之一,具有广泛存在性与潜在致癌及生殖毒性。迄今为止,BPA对植物生育及生理影响报道较少。叶绿素荧光参数可表征植物光合作用光反应对光能吸收、传递、耗散、分配等特征。     

镁对烟草生长及叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通过水培试验,研究了不同镁素水平对烟草生长、叶片叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,为烟草优质栽培和镁肥的合理施用提供理论依据。结果表明营养液中镁浓度在2～4 mmol/L时,烤烟的干物质积累显著高于其它处理,最适宜烟株的生长,镁浓度过高或过低都会抑制烟株的生长;营养液中镁浓度在0～2 mmol/L范围内,烟草叶片叶绿素含量随镁浓度的升高而逐渐升高,但高于2 mmol/L时,烟草叶片叶绿素的含量逐渐下降;营养液中镁浓度在8 mmol/L时,烟草叶片量子产量（EQY）光合电子传递速率（ETR）、非光化学猝灭（NPQ）均达到最高。烟草叶片对强光有最大的适应性,缺镁和高镁均能导致烟草量子产量降低,光合电子传递受阻,减少对过剩的激发能的耗散,使植株对强光的保护性调节能力降低。     

缺磷胁迫下草甘膦对抗草甘膦大豆幼苗光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响1

为探明缺磷胁迫下草甘膦对抗草甘膦大豆（RR1）幼苗叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,采用溶液培养方法,在大豆长出真叶时进行缺磷胁迫,第二复叶完全展开时进行草甘膦处理,5d后测定各生理指标。结果表明, 相对于正常供磷条件的清水处理,缺磷胁迫下4.98 mL/L草甘膦处理的大豆叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、最大荧光（Fm）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ的有效量子产量［Y(Ⅱ)］、PSⅡ非调节性能量耗散的量子产量［Y(NO)］、最大电子传递速率（ETRmax）和半饱和光强（Ik）均呈下降趋势。而气孔限制值（Ls）、叶绿素a（Chl a）、叶绿素b（Chl b）、叶绿素a/b（Chl a/b）、类胡萝卜素（Car）、总叶绿素（Chl）含量和PSⅡ调节性能量耗散的量子产量［Y(NPQ)］均呈升高趋势。说明缺磷胁迫条件下喷施草甘膦显著降低了抗草甘膦大豆的光合速率。缺磷引起的气孔因素可能是导致RR大豆光合速率下降的主要原因,而光合速率的下降导致其PSⅡ反应中心的开放程度降低,活性减弱,参与CO2固定的电子较少,光化学效率较低。     

空间环境对小麦叶绿素荧光及光合特性的影响

以小麦品种西农1043、陕253为材料,经空间诱变处理后将种子在地面种植,测定小麦功能叶片的叶绿素荧光参数和光合特性的变化。研究表明:空间诱变处理后,2个供试材料的PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)均比对照低,同时处理的净光合速率也低于对照,非光化学猝灭(qN)较对照有所升高。表明小麦种子经过空间诱变处理后,光合系统的发育受到一定程度的影响,光合电子传递、光合原初反映过程受到抑制,光合作用能力下降,植株形态受到影响,千粒重有所下降。     

施磷量对小麦物质生产及吸磷特性的影响

在低磷土壤条件下,以中筋小麦扬麦12号和弱筋小麦扬麦9号为材料,研究了施磷量对小麦物质生产和吸磷特性的影响。结果表明,在施磷量(P2O5)0～180.kg/hm2范围内,植株对磷的吸收量、吸收速率和磷的积累量随施磷量增加而上升;以施磷量108.kg/h2处理的叶面积指数(LAI)、植株茎蘖数、茎蘖成穗率、干物质积累量、花后干物质积累量和子粒产量最高。当施磷量超过108.kg/hm2时,相关物质生产指标则呈下降趋势,说明即使在缺磷土壤上,施磷量有其适宜值。小麦一生对磷的吸收存在两个高峰,出苗至越冬始期为第一个吸收高峰,拔节至孕穗期为第二个吸收高峰。植株磷素积累量的70%～75%是在拔节后吸收,表明拔节期施磷对满足小麦第二个吸磷高峰和磷的最大积累期需磷有重要意义。     

Effects of phosphorus amended low phosphorus soil on soybean (Glycine max L.) and wheat (Titicum aestivum L.) yield and phosphorus uptake

A major constraint for crop production on disturbed soils is phosphorus (P). A 2-year field study was conducted on a disturbed soil to evaluate broiler litter ash (BLA) as an inexpensive phosphorus fertilizer for soybean. BLA or super phosphate (SP) was applied at four rates and planted with soybean followed by wheat. At soybean growth stage R3, two plants from each plot were removed for tissue analysis. Soybean tissue P concentration distributions were in the order pods?>?leaves?>?stems?>?roots. At maturity, soybean grain and wheat tissue yields were not significantly affected by P source. Except for the high superphosphate rate for the second crop, P concentrations of soybean grain and wheat tissue were not significant between P source. In this study, BLA was as effective as SP for growth of soybean grain and wheat tissue, suggesting that BLA can be used as an inexpensive P fertilizer on low P disturbed soils.     

不同小麦品种生育期氮素效率差异的变化特征

以6个小麦品种(洛麦1、郑麦9023、豫麦18、小偃22、小偃6和小偃107)为材料,设置低氮和高氮两个处理,分别在小麦的4个生育期收获取样,研究了不同小麦品种生育期氮吸收和利用效率差异的变化特征及其与相关生理参数的关系。研究结果表明,氮吸收方面,洛麦1为低氮高效品种,小偃107为高氮高效品种;氮利用方面,豫麦18为低氮高效品种,洛麦1为高氮高效品种;小偃6在两个氮处理中无论是氮吸收还是氮利用均为低效品种。造成小麦氮吸收或利用效率差异的主要时期为灌浆期到成熟期之间的籽粒产量形成阶段。低氮条件下,氮利用高效品种灌浆期的地上部谷氨酰胺合成酶活性也较高,而根系生物量和根系活力与小麦氮吸收效率无明显相关。     

Foliar Applied Phosphorous Enhanced Growth,Chlorophyll Contents,Gas Exchange Attributes and PUE in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the foliar applied phosphorous with and without pre-plant dose (50 kg hac.^?1) of phosphorous on growth, chlorophyll contents, gas exchange parameters and phosphorous use efficiency (PUE) of wheat. The experiment was conducted in net house at Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. Two promising wheat cultivar AARI 2011 and FSD 2008 were used as a test crop with 5 foliar phosphorus (P) rates (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 kg ha^?1). The foliar applied P with pre-plant performed better than without pre-plant and control treatments. Foliar treatment of phosphorus at 6 kg ha^?1 P proved to be the best among other foliar treatments followed by 8 kg ha^?1 P. The foliar application of phosphorous at 6 kg hac.^?1 with pre-plant soil applied P increased the shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root dry weight. The chlorophyll contents (Chl. a and b) were increased with the foliar application of phosphorous. The gas exchange parameters (net carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and sub-stomatal CO₂ rate) were significantly improved by foliar applied P. The maximum values of net CO₂ assimilation rate (5.27 μ mol m^?2 sec.^?1), transpiration rate (3.44 μ mol m^?2 sec.^?1), stomatal conductance (0.81 μ mol m^?2 sec.^?1) and sub-stomatal CO₂ (271.67 μ mol m^?2 sec.^?1), were recorded in the treatment where P was foliar applied at 6 kg hac.^?1 with pre-plant soil applied Phosphorous. The foliar application of phosphorous with pre-plant soil applied P enhanced Phosphorous use efficiency (PUE) in both varieties. The maximum value of PUE (15.42%) was recorded in the treatment where foliar feeding of P was done at 6 kg hac.^?1 with pre-plant soil applied P in both genotypes.     

Polymer coated DAP helps in enhancing growth,yield and phosphorus use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Low phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) is one of the major reasons of poor wheat production worldwide. Among the various approaches used to enhance PUE, polymer coated fertilizers are relatively a new concept. Keeping this in view, a field study was conducted to evaluate polymer coated di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) to enhance growth, yield and PUE of wheat. Commercial DAP and polymer coated DAP (50%, 75% and 100% of recommended dose) were tested in wheat. Results revealed that application of 50% polymer coated DAP produced the same results or higher than 100% commercial DAP. However, the maximum increase in growth (plant height, root length, number of tillers m^?2, inter-nodal distance), yield (number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield and biological yield) and phosphorus acquisition by wheat was observed with 100% polymer coated DAP. Moreover, 100% polymer coated DAP increased phosphorus recovery and agronomic efficiency compared to other treatments.     

Copper induced iron deficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L)

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to study the interaction effects of phosphorus and copper on wheat. The soils used were calcareous loamy sand (ls) and non calcareous sandy loam (sl). Four levels of Cu (0, 5, 10 and 20?mg Cu kg^?1 soil) and six levels of P (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400?mg P kg^?1 soil) were applied in all possible combinations with three replications. Soil pH decreased with Cu application while Olsen P increased with P application in both soils. Growth and yield of wheat improved significantly with graded levels of applied P. However, when any level of P was combined with 20?mg Cu kg^?1 soil, severe iron chlorosis of leaves, a drastic reduction in growth and chlorophyll content was observed in calcareous ls only. The results indicated that it was Cu and not P that induced Fe deficiency in wheat grown in alkaline calcareous soil and the Cu requirement of the crop seemed to be much lower in the calcareous ls. Root dry matter, grain and straw yield decreased with increasing levels of applied Cu in ls but in sl maximum increase of 62.5, 74.3 and 63.7 per cent in root, grain and straw yield was observed with a combined application of 400?mg P and 5?mg Cu kg^?1 soil over control. Accumulation of Cu in roots decreased the Fe absorption by roots which indicated that Fe chlorosis of wheat leaves is expected when Cu: Fe concentration ratio in root is > 0.30.     

Determining critical limit of boron in soil for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

Critical values of boron (B) for wheat nutrition in soil and plant were determined through a pot experiment with twenty-one surface soils of Alluvial flood plain and Red-latertic belt comprising three major soil orders (Entisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols) with four levels of boron. Application of boron significantly increased the dry matter yield as well as uptake of B by plants. Critical concentration of hot calcium chloride (CaCl₂) extractable B in soil for wheat was found to be 0.53?mg?kg^?1. The critical plant B concentration varied with growth stages and values were 7.4?mg?kg^?1 at panicle initiation and 4.18?mg?kg^?1 at maturity, respectively. The findings of this investigation also recommend the application of 2?kg?B^?1?ha^?1 for ensuring B sufficiency to wheat in Indo-gangetic alluvial and Red-Lateritic soils.     

Screening drought-tolerant genotypes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using different multivariate methods

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most widely cultivated crops in rainfed areas of Iran, where drought is the main limiting factor on yield. The object of this study was the identification of drought-tolerant genotypes in bread wheat. Forty bread wheat genotypes were tested in separate experiments under drought stress and normal conditions in two years (2009–2010 and 2010–2011). Nine drought-tolerance/susceptibility indices including stress susceptibility index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), tolerance (TOL), stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI), linear regression coefficient (β) and drought response index (DRI) were determined. Simultanously applied factor analysis used two factors instead of nine indices in this study. Mahdavi was recognized as the most drought-tolerant genotype in both years based on factor analysis. In this study an equation was developed for estimating the Stress Tolerance Score (STS). The results of the equation were identical to those of factor analysis in both years. The equation was much easier to use than factor analysis and is suggested as a screening tool for the identification of drought-tolerant genotypes. In this study, Mahdavi was the most drought-tolerant genotype also corresponding to this equation.     

Molecular characterization of salinity tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to estimate the genetical variability of three salt-resistant genotypes, SARC-1, SARC-5 and S-24, exposed to saline environment. High-yielding and salt-sensitive variety MH-97 was used as standard for comparison. The behavior of these genotypes under saline environment was analyzed by using the hydroponics screening methods at the seedling stage. One hundred and fifty primers were tested of which 52 primers revealed differences between SARC-1 and SARC-5, 54 revealed differences between SARC-1 and S-24 and 61 revealed differences between SARC-5 and S-24. Polymorphism differences between MH-97 and SARC-1, MH-97 and SARC-5 and MH-97 and S-24 were 53%, 64% and 42%, respectively. Four primer pairs amplified special fragments, which were located in all the three salt-resistant genotypes but none on the salt-sensitive genotype MH-97. Primer GLD-15 (5?-CCGTGGCATT-3?) generated a prominent fragment of length 1460 bp; primer GLF-18 (5?-ACCCGGAACC-3?) produced a fragment of length nearly 980 bp in the salt-resistant genotype; the primer pair GLE-5 (5?-TTCAAGCCCG-3?) located one polymorphic amplified band of 1290 bp and the primer GLH-9 (5?-ATCCAGGTCA-3?) performed as a weak polymorphic band of 640 bp, respectively.