中国甘蔗糖业60年的历史回顾与未来展望

今年是建国60周年.值此之际,回顾一下我国甘蔗糖业60年的发展历史,以及展望一下其未来态势,应该是一件有意义的事情. 1中国甘蔗糖业60年的发展历程 1949年,中华人民共和国成立,至今足足60周年.在这60年的历程中,我国甘蔗糖业走过了怎样的一段道路?笔者将其归纳为如下六个时期:     

关于甘蔗糖业目前存在的突出问题与思考

通过对我国甘蔗糖业存在３个突出问题的分析,笔者认为：１）蔗糖经济不是落后经济,甘蔗糖业不景气主要由产品产量、管理水平、技术水平等因素所致;２）甘蔗糖业虽然是弱质产业,但可随市场需求而变化,甘蔗糖业自身必须加强计划性,做好保护和协调工作;３）走私糖冲击国内食糖消费市场,产生的负面效应是影响食糖价格,影响市场预测,同时得到的正面效应是激励发掘民族甘蔗糖业的生产潜力,尽快采取相应有效措施,提高甘蔗糖业技     

我国甘蔗糖业发展中几个值得关注的问题

回顾了我国甘蔗糖业10年的发展历程,分析了影响甘蔗农业、制糖工业发展的突出问题.指出:我国甘蔗单产水平仍然较低,增产潜力巨大;要加快甘蔗品种更新换代,改变品种和熟期单一化问题,确保甘蔗生产持续发展;采用多种增加原料蔗蔗糖分的生产技术措施,以进一步提高等折白砂糖率;通过政府引导,以市场行为组建大型糖业公司,合理配置资源,扩大单厂生产规模,以提高工艺设备主要技术指标;建立健全有效的调控机制,适当稳定甘蔗播种面积,加大力度调控糖产量和糖价,防止甘蔗糖业大起大落.     

甘蔗育种、引种新理念的探讨

在科技生产力和甘蔗糖业大发展时期，对甘蔗育种目标、引种方向、良种理念已作了新探讨；在育种、引种方向上提出了“高、大、硬、强、脱”新的理念。     

关于甘蔗糖业产业化问题的思考

随着市场经济的不断发展和完善,产业化将是各种产业发展的必然选择,甘蔗糖业也不例外。为了推动我国甘蔗糖业的发展,笔者拟就甘蔗糖业的产业化问题谈谈看法。１甘蔗糖业产业化已成雏形我国甘蔗糖业产业化的建设已有多年了,但从理论高度来认识还是近２、３年的事。经过...     

甘蔗糖业返弹后应注意的问题

本文论述了我国甘蔗糖业返弹后应注意的几个问题，即应适当稳定种植面积、以相以适宜的土地种植甘蔗、加大良种推广力度、正确处理好甘蔗糖业与其他产业的关系、进一步完善甘蔗糖业的运行机制等，以确保返弹后的甘蔗糖业健康发展。     

打造新一轮湛江甘蔗糖业

湛江是一个具有悠久种蔗历史的糖业大市，也是我国三大蔗糖商品生产基地之一。生产高峰时期，年甘蔗种植面积曾达14．67万hm2，年蔗糖产量达104万t。在漫长的岁月中，甘蔗在给湛江带来“甜”的同时，也不时带来“苦”。于是乎，人们对甘蔗糖业褒贬不一，莫衷一是。近几年，人们不大谈论甘蔗糖业了，更失去过去大抓甘蔗糖业的劲头。本文在分析国内外甘蔗糖业现状的基础上，提出发展湛江甘蔗糖业的对策和措施。     

关于我国发展甘蔗糖业循环经济的思考

阐述了我国甘蔗糖业循环经济的意义及存在问题,并对我国发展甘蔗糖业循环经济提出建议。     

树立科学的甘蔗糖业观

科学的甘蔗糖业观认为,甘蔗种植、蔗料加工、蔗糖营销是组成甘蔗糖业有机体的三大要素,应风险共担,利益共享,通过合同法津加以约束和保障。具体操作应选择适宜甘蔗种植区域,采用良种良法配套,在有限的土地上生产出更多的原料蔗,通过糖厂加工,生产出优质食糖,满足人们的需求,从而获取可观的经济收入,在提高甘蔗糖业从业人员生活水平的同时,促进了甘蔗糖业的健康发展。     

浅谈甘蔗良种市场化

结合我国糖业生产实际，分析了甘蔗糖业的发展需要甘蔗良种市场化的原因，探讨了甘蔗良种市场化的可能途径。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.