Simulation of hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins: taking the Heihe Mainstream River as an example

The hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins are complicated.It is absolutely significant to quantify mountainous runoff for social,economic and ecological purposes.This paper takes the mountainous watershed of the Heihe Mainstream River as a study area to simulate the hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins by using the soil and water assessment tool(SWAT)model.SWAT simulation results show that both the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and the determination coefficient values of the calibration period(January 1995 to December 2002)and validation period(January 2002 to December 2009)are higher than 0.90,and the percent bias is controlled within±5%,indicating that the simulation results are satisfactory.According to the SWAT performance,we discussed the yearly and monthly variation trends of the mountainous runoff and the runoff components.The results show that from 1996 to 2009,an indistinctive rising trend was observed for the yearly mountainous runoff,which is mainly recharged by lateral flow,and followed by shallow groundwater runoff and surface runoff.The monthly variation demonstrates that the mountainous runoff decreases slightly from May to July,contrary to other months.The mountainous runoff is mainly recharged by shallow groundwater runoff in January,February,and from October to December,by surface runoff in March and April,and by lateral flow from May to September.     

关于严格限制西北干旱区荒地开垦的若干对策与建议

中国西北干旱区最大的特点就是高山-绿洲-荒漠组成的复杂而完整的山盆地域生态系统。盆地内降水极少,地表不产生径流,主要依赖出山口径流量来维护脆弱的荒漠生态平衡和经济社会的可持续发展。在历史上,特别是近60余年来,上中游绿洲区大面积开垦和发展灌溉,使有限的水资源越来越集中地消耗在中上游,导致下游地区日趋缺水和荒漠化,彻底改变了干旱区原有的水资源格局和生态演化趋势。应用确切的数据,比较了耕地适宜规模与实际耕地面积,突出了干旱区过度开垦的问题,表明这是干旱区生态问题的总根源。在此基础上,提出5条防治荒漠化的对策：① 建议国务院制定相关条例,禁止干旱区荒地开垦,并对已经过度开垦的荒地实行“退耕（牧）还草（荒）”工程;② 制定并严格实施科学合理的内陆河分水方案,兼顾上中下游地区,确保西北干旱区水土资源的有效配置与利用;③ 调整绿洲农业结构,发展高效区域特色产业;④ 生态需水需要逐步得到保障;⑤ 强化立法管理,保障西北干旱区生态建设与可持续发展。     

伊犁河流域地表水资源优势及开发利用潜力研究

伊犁河流域是新疆地表水系最发达、径流最发育、水资源最丰富的内陆河流域,具有流域降水丰沛,径流补给充分,径流量大;水系发达,河川密布;水量变化较小、泥沙含量较少、水质较好的资源优势。但受经济发展水平及产业结构层次的限制,伊犁河流域水资源总体上仍处于利用效率低下、生产经营方式落后、综合利用潜力巨大的初级开发阶段。依据部颁SL201-9《江河流域规划编制规范》和流域整体规划目标,经过水资源多目标开发平衡分析与评价,给出了伊犁河流域水资源综合开发和合理配置远景规划方案。     

河西走廊3大内陆河近51年出山径流分布特征

以河西走廊疏勒河、黑河和石羊河1955～2005年时段的河流流量和气象实测数据为资料,应用多种数值诊断方法,系统分析了流域内51年间出山径流的季节及年际变化等.结果表明,走廊内出山径流的年内分配差异较大;三大河流的夏汛流量的峰值出现在同一时期,出山径流量自西向东疏勒河、黑河和石羊河分别占年总出山径流量的74.75%、75.04%和80.94%;径流的年际变化,平水年份最多,占总序列的38.56%,偏枯年大于偏丰年7.84%,说明出山径流量呈减少趋势;累积滤波器和Kendall秩次相关分析结果表明,年出山径流的变化趋势总体呈缓慢下降趋势,三大河流的年出山径流系列累积平均曲线在2005年趋于重合;Morlet分析结果预示未来径流量将处于相对偏少期.     

哈密地区冰川变化趋势分析

雪冰融水是哈密地区地表径流的一种主要方式。受全球气候变暖的影响,哈密地区的冰川处于加速融化的阶段,水资源成为哈密地区发展的主要瓶颈。通过对哈密地区冰川物质平衡、面积、厚度、冰川区水文气象等参数的观测,预测冰川水文和水资源的变化,为更好地利用好哈密地区有限的水资源,为可持续发展,提出应对措施。     

新疆塔城地区中小河流径流成因分析及预测

以塔城地区乌拉斯台河为例,根据其年径流量(1966-1995年)序列的长期变化特征,提出了时间序列分解预测模型,即将年径流系列分解为趋势项、周期项、随机项,通过对其各项进行识别、提取,再将各项线性叠加,从而建立年径流量预测模型.从模型的识别过程可得,乌拉斯台河年径流具有不显著的递增趋势和明显的周期变化,同时具有一定的随机性.从模型的检验来看,所建模型具有较好的适应性和预报精度,并且拟合效果较好,说明这种预测方法有一定的实用性.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠周围主要河流水文序列特性分析

本文在利用数理统计方法分析塔克拉玛干沙漠周围主要河流水文特征基础上，重点利用时间序列分析方法，从时间域和频率域上分别分析了这些河流序列内部结构特征，通过分析初步认为本区河流水量是基本稳定的，各河流的年径流序列基本呈独立随机序列。在此基础上建立了随机模拟模型，从而为模拟本区河流径流变化规律，以及本区水资源合理开发利用提供了决策分析基础。     

河西内陆区水循环的水资源评价

根据河西内陆区的水资源系统完整性和内陆干旱区水资源的特点 ,从水循环角度考虑 ,对河西内陆区界定了降水资源、广义水资源、狭义水资源 (径流性水资源 )、生态需水量、可利用水资源及工程供水量等定义 ,并对河西三流域各种定义的水资源数量及相互关系进行最新评价     

Spatial variability of glacial changes and their effects on water resources in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains during the last five decades

Changes in glaciers in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains have been analyzed previously. However, most previous studies focused on individual glaciers and/or decentralized glacial basins. Moreover, a majority of these studies were published only in Chinese, which limited their usefulness at the international level. With this in mind, the authors reviewed the previous studies to create an overview of glacial changes in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains over the last five decades and discussed the effects of glacial changes on water resources. In response to climate change, glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains are shrinking rapidly and are ca. 20% smaller on average in the past five decades. Overall, the area reduction of glacial basins in the central part of the Chinese Tianshan Mountains is larger than that in the eastern and western parts. The spatial differentiation in glacial changes are caused by both differences in regional climate and in glacial factors. The effects of glacial changes on water resources vary in different river basins due to the differences in glacier distribution, characteristics of glacial change and proportion of the glacier meltwater in river runoff.     

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.     

试论内陆河流域水资源费的构成与确定

内陆河流域水资源的分布特征与利用条件在不同地区间的显著差异性，以及生态环境体系的极度脆弱等特点，决定了其水价政策不仅要具有经济杠杆作用，体现所有者的经济利益，而且要能有效地调节水资源在上、中、下游，在经济发展和生态环境维护之间的合理分配，同时还应具有在时空及水质方面的可伸缩性。     

河西走廊城镇化与水资源效益的时空格局演变

干旱区城镇化的发展与水资源密切相关,实现两者的协调对区域可持续发展至关重要。以河西走廊20个县(区)为研究单元,构建城镇化与水资源效益的综合评价指标体系,使用熵值法赋权计算河西走廊2000、2005、2010、2013年的城镇化水平和水资源效益,运用探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)和协调发展模型,分析4个时间节点城镇化水平与水资源效益的集聚扩散状态及其时空格局和两者的协调性。结果表明:河西走廊城镇化水平的空间分布状态不稳定,变化显著;水资源效益呈现出分散的时空格局并保持相对稳定,且河西走廊及其3个内陆河流域的城镇化水平与水资源效益差异明显。同时,城镇化水平与水资源效益的协调发展水平逐步提高,协调发展类型主要为低和较低,且3大内陆河流域之间存在差异。     

西北干旱区内陆河流域水资源系统与生态环境问题

西北干旱区内陆河流域以水为纽带构成一个完整的山地——绿洲——荒漠水循环系统，系统内水资源、生态环境及其两者之间相互关联。人类经济活动和水资源开发利用已影响到内陆水文状态并导致生态环境的严重退化。水资源的持续开发利用和生态环境的综合治理要考虑系统的相互联系，以流域为单元，加强水资源的统筹调配和高效利用；强化科学管理和保护，促进经济和生态环境协调发展。     

新疆哈密石城子河流域水文水资源分析

不同地区的自然地理环境塑造了不同特征的河流,同时,河流的活动也在不断改变着与自身有关的自然环境。我国暖温带干旱区除塔里木河流域的水文特征、水资源及其合理利用有较多的研究外,其余中小河流的研究甚少。哈密石城子河的水文特征基本反映了我国暖温带干旱区众多中小河流域的水文特征。利用石城子河流域水文气象站1956-2001年资料,对该流域径流形成、洪水、泥沙、水质等进行分析,以揭示我国暖温带干旱区中小河流域的基本特征,为科学利用该地带中小河流域水资源提供理论依据。     

基于GRID的流域动态水平衡模型研究

水量平衡研究是水资源评价、规划与管理的基础。以往的水平衡模型大多是基于流域、子流域,为了以网格为单元动态模拟水平衡过程,在本文中利用GIS工具建立了基于GRID的泾河流域动态水量平衡模型,该模型空间尺度为1km×1km网格,时间尺度为月。模型的率定是利用泾河流域马莲河把口水文站的1995至1997年逐月实测径流数据,由此获取了模型的主要参数。模型率定结果表明模拟径流曲线与实测径流曲线的变化趋势基本吻合,模拟值和监测值的中值绝对误差为6.72m3/s,相关系数为0.932。最后,将所建模型用于泾河流域逐月逐网格的降水、蒸发、土壤蓄水与地下蓄水,以及形成的径流总量的动态模拟。模拟结果表明泾河流域的径流量主要集中在流域南部与中部,流域北部径流相对较低,这与流域降水分布关系密切。泾河流域的土壤蓄水与地下蓄水量的分布类似,且与径流有一定相关性。该模型模拟精度较高,基本可以满足水资源评价、规划与管理的要求。     

近51a来乌鲁木齐河源区径流特征及对气候变化的响应

基于天山乌鲁木齐河源区1959-2009年的径流与气象记录,采用线性回归、M-K突变检验法和水量平衡模型分析了河源区气候、冰川及融水量的变化特征。研究发现:河源区冰川径流量与冰川物质平衡成负相关关系,过去51a间河源1号冰川融水径流共增加157.48×104m3,冰川融水径流量增加主要是由冰川退缩和降水量增加造成的。自20世纪90年代以后,冰川融水径流量增加显著,但整个河源区径流量却在减少,与气温升高导致蒸散能力增强、地下冰结构变化及冰川融水补给能力下降等有关。     

新疆车尔臣河及其水资源利用研究

车尔臣河是塔里木盆地东南部最大的一条河流,主要依靠雪冰融水和地下水补给。上游山区由于有库木库里盆地和吐拉盆地对径流的调节,水量各季节变化比较平稳,特别是春季占全年径流量的29%,是新疆春季径流所占比例最大的河流之一,春灌基本不缺水。农业灌溉和生态用水各占水资源总量的一半。绿洲虽不断扩大,但中游地下水位仍较高,植被未发生明显退化,同时还向台特玛湖输送一定水量。因此,对车尔臣河水资源利用应保持原生态状况,不宜人工修建大型水利工程。由于车尔臣河出山口有巨大的洪积冲积扇,渗漏量占出山口径流量约30%,是一个比较理想的天然地下水库,所以今后经济发展用水应以开发地下水为主。     

Understanding the impact of mountain landscapes on water balance in the upper Heihe River watershed in northwestern China

Estimating the impact of mountain landscape on hydrology or water balance is essential for the sustainable development strategies of water resources.Specifically,understanding how the change of each landscape influences hydrological components will greatly improve the predictability of hydrological responses to mountain landscape changes and thus can help the government make sounder decisions.In the paper,we used the VIC(Variable Infiltration Capacity)model to conduct hydrological modeling in the upper Heihe River watershed,along with a frozen-soil module and a glacier melting module to improve the simulation.The improved model performed satisfactorily.We concluded that there are differences in the runoff generation of mountain landscape both in space and time.About 50% of the total runoff at the catchment outlet were generated in mid-mountain zone(2,900-4,000 m asl),and water was mainly consumed in low mountain region(1,700-2,900 m asl)because of the higher requirements of trees and grasses.The runoff coefficient was 0.37 in the upper Heihe River watershed.Barren landscape produced the largest runoff yields(52.46% of the total runoff)in the upper Heihe River watershed,followed by grassland(34.15%),shrub(9.02%),glacier(3.57%),and forest(0.49%).In order to simulate the impact of landscape change on hydrological components,three landscape change scenarios were designed in the study.Scenario 1,2 and 3 were to convert all shady slope landscapes at 2,000-3,300 m,2,000-3,700 m,and 2,000-4,000 m asl respectively to forest lands,with forest coverage rate increased to 12.4%,28.5% and 42.0%,respectively.The runoff at the catchment outlet correspondingly declined by 3.5%,13.1% and 24.2% under the three scenarios.The forest landscape is very important in water conservation as it reduced the flood peak and increased the base flow.The mountains as "water towers" play important roles in water resources generation and the impact of mountain landscapes on hydrology is significant.     

塔里木河干流区的水量消耗和潜力分析计算

本文分析了塔里木河干流区的生态环境及耗水状况,提出了节水措施及塔里木河流域合理用水,改善生态环境的途径。     

流域水空间规划与管理研究——以霍林河流域为例

水资源的更新再生和可持续性存在的能力,是靠水循环过程年复一年、周而复始补给的.维持水的可持续性,保障水循环过程的正常运转,是自然社会持续发展的一项重要任务.水循环过程中,水的类型和资源属性变化与地理地质要素空间组合及其相互作用密切相关,水资源的形成、存在、迁移和转化需要一定的空间介质和场所,以满足水量调蓄、赋存、补给、更新以及水质保护的空间需求.这些空间介质和场所在流域尺度上,是指河流和其支流及与之相连接的湖泊、湿地等各种水体、那些受洪水波及的洪泛平原和部分坡地,以及此范围内的地下含水层系统所共同占据的空间.流域发展过程中,人类往往关注自身社会经济发展需求,而忽略了水系统的空间要求,流域内土地利用程度和范围不断扩大,水流在流域下垫面土层中的垂向和侧向运行路径受阻,干扰了流域中各种径流成分的生成过程和流域下垫面对降水的再分配过程,流域空间上水调节能力降低,滞洪能力减弱,陆地承载水量越来越少,加剧了水资源的时空分布不均,流域水质恶化,生物多样性降低,严重威胁着水资源安全.基于此,在流域水空间概念的基础上,提出流域水空间规划原则和规划程序,并以霍林河流域为例,建议对干旱和半干旱区流域采用水空间规划和管理措施,试图通过规范流域水空间管理,实现流域水和土的联合管理.