白水寨风景名胜区旅游资源评价及开发利用策略

本文采用《旅游资源分类、调查与评价》（GB／T18972-2003）对增城市白水寨风景名胜区旅游资源进行调查与评价，认为白水寨风景名胜区旅游资源种类丰富、资源品味较高、资源特色较突出，指出得天独厚的区位优越、便利的交通条件、热情好客的社会氛围等为白水寨旅游资源开发奠定了基础条件，结合社会经济发展和旅游业发展规律提出了促进白水寨风景名胜区旅游资源开发利用的策略．     

喀纳斯湖风景资源的保护性开发利用分析

于喀纳斯湖风景区旅游旺季和淡季时间段,采用实地景源调查、考察访谈方法,在对喀纳斯湖风景名胜区的地质地貌、气候土壤、动植物资源等进行分析的基础上,分析喀纳斯湖风景名胜区的资源开发利用的优势、劣势、机遇、挑战,总结提炼出适合喀纳斯湖风景名胜区风景资源保护性开发利用的措施。     

南岳风景名胜区旅游环境容量浅探

随着旅游业的不断升温,景区资源保护与旅游开发利用之间的矛盾日益加剧,旅游环境容量问题也越来越受到人们的关注.以“五岳独秀”的南岳衡山为个案,通过对南岳风景名胜区旅游环境容量的测算以及现状游客量的调查并进行对比分析,揭示该风景区的旅游潜力;提出景区资源保护和旅游调控对策,在维持风景名胜区生态平衡、保证旅游质量的前提下,有计划地开发旅游资源,实现旅游业的可持续发展.     

白水洞风景名胜区风景资源及美学评价

结合对白水洞风景名胜区的总体规划,在实地收集风景区内风景资源资料的基础上,对其类型与特点进行了分析,从美学的角度对其进行了评价,并提出了保护与开发白水洞风景名胜区的建议。     

扎兰屯风景名胜区景观资源评价

文章对扎兰屯风景名胜区的景观资源进行了调查评价;根据风景区内景点的欣赏特征、文化价值、环境条件和质量、科学价值以及用地条件的差异,全区景点分三级逐一进行了评价;以《风景名胜区规划规范》(GB50298~1999)为依据,结合风景区的现状调查和分析,在风景资源的综合评价层和项目层对风景名胜区进行了评价,希望为风景名胜区的开发建设提供有价值的参考。     

浅析梵净山国家级自然保护区生态旅游总体规划的资源评价体系

规划基于梵净山国家级自然保护区旅游资源现状,依据《旅游资源分类、调查与评价》和《自然保护区生态旅游规划技术规程》的旅游资源评价标准,借鉴风景名胜区的资源评价体系,着眼于区域整体资源的资源空间分析与评价,立足于资源本体的分类、分级和价值评价,构成从广义到狭义风景资源评价的综合评价体系,为梵净山生态旅游总体规划的编制工作起到重要的支撑和指导作用。     

太极城城市森林旅游风景资源评价

基于太极城城市森林旅游风景资源的调查,根据《旅游资源分类、调查与评价》、《中国森林公园风景资源质量等级评定》标准,太极城城市森林旅游主要资源有5类44处,森林风景资源质量评分值为25.53分,区域环境质量评价分值为8.0分,开发利用条件评价分值为7.0分,综合得分为40.53分,达到森林公园风景资源质量等级评定分值Ⅰ级标准,其资源价值和旅游价值较高,最后,对太极城城市森林旅游可持续发展提出了对策。     

湖南旅游资源特点及开发利用初探

湖南有省级以上文物保护单位154处,其中全国重点文物保护单位12处;国家级森林公园15个,省级森林公园11个;国家级自然保护区1处,省级自然保护区22处。湖南的风景旅游资源,既有奇特的自然景观,又有丰富的人文景观。本文简介了重要风景名胜区及探讨了风景旅游资源的开发利用。     

天阶山国家森林公园风景资源评价

通过对天阶山国家森林公园风景资源现状的调查,从自然景观、人文景观、旅游环境质量、开发利用条件等方面对其旅游风景资源进行评价,为森林旅游开发提供科学依据。     

三元国家森林公园风景资源质量评定研究

通过对三元国家森林公园风景资源现状的调查,合理地进行风景资源质量、区域环境质量和旅游开发利用条件的定性、定量评价,为森林旅游开发提供科学依据。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.