减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌对鸡的致病力及免疫保护效果研究

初步研究了cya/crp双基因突变的减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium X4550)对鸡的致病力及免疫保护效果。给1日龄岭南黄肉鸡口服感染不同剂量(10~7、10~8、10~9、10~(10)、10~(11)CFU/只)的S.typhimuriumX4550,所有试验鸡均未出现死亡,仅在最高剂量(10~(11)CFU/只)组试验鸡出现食欲减退和轻微下痢等症状。1、4或7日龄岭南黄肉鸡分别经口免疫接种10~8或10~9CFU减毒S.typhimurium X4550,28日龄每只鸡口服攻击10~(10)CFU强毒S.typhimurium 50333,结果不免疫对照组死亡率55％(11/20),免疫组保护率为100％(20/20),但1日龄高剂量免疫导致试验鸡的生长抑制。同时,免疫鸡还能全部或部分阻止沙门氏菌在肝脏和脾脏的繁殖。     

EnMIC2重组减毒沙门氏菌的构建及免疫保护效果研究

成功构建了表达鸡毒害艾美耳球虫(Eimeria necatrix)广东株(GD)微线蛋白-2基因(EnMIC2)的重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌，在IPTG诱导下获得了EnMIC2的高效表达，SDS-PAGE分析表明，表达产物约占菌体总蛋白的8．6％，分子量大小约为35ku，与抗E．necatrix的高免血清进行Western Blotting，结果为阳性。将重组减毒沙门氏菌以10^8和10^9 CFU／鸡免疫4日龄岭南黄肉鸡，免疫后2周血清中可检测到特异性IgG，3周时抗体水平达到峰值，同时可在肠道检测到特异性IgA的分泌。免疫接种后3周，试验鸡分别经口攻击感染500个E．necatrix(GD)孢子化卵囊，结果显示免疫组与非免疫组有相似的排卵囊曲线；但10^8和10^9CFU免疫组的卵囊总产量分别能降低26．62％和48．92％。     

减毒沙门氏菌为载体传递鸡球虫DNA疫苗的安全性、稳定性与免疫原性

将携带鸡柔嫩艾芙耳球虫5401基因的真核表达质粒pcDNA3—5401的减毒沙门氏菌ZJ111菌株（ZJ111／pcDNA3—5401）口服接种于3日龄非免疫鸡，2周后进行第2次接种。结果表明．利用该减毒沙门氏菌作为戴体具有相对安全性，用限制性酶切分析和PCR鉴定证实，体内试验和体外培养的重组质粒在受体菌ZJ111菌株内比较稳定。用ZJ111／pcDNA3—5401（10^4cfu）口服接种非免疫鸡．2周后用相同剂量加强免疫1次，二免后2周用柔嫩艾笑耳球虫孢子化卵囊攻击，观察其免疫效果。结果表明，重组ZJ111／pcDNA3—5401菌既能诱导产生抗鸡柔嫩艾芙耳球虫抗体，也能显著增强淋巴细胞增殖水平（P〈0．05）；其抗球虫指数为164．98。试验结果显示，利用减毒沙门氏菌为戴体传递DNA疫苗具有良好的安全性、稳定性和免疫原性。     

以减毒沙门氏菌为载体的GM-CSF与生长抑素融合表达质粒对小鼠淋巴细胞增殖和GH及IGF-Ⅰ分泌的影响

40只22日龄小鼠，雌雄各半，平均分为4组。其中第1组为对照组，第2～4组分别经口给予以减毒沙门氏菌为载体的pcS／2SS、pGM—CSF／SS和pGM—CSF＋pcS／2SS DNA疫苗，剂量10^9CFU／只，2周后以相同剂量加强免疫一次，分析不同DNA疫苗对小鼠淋巴细胞增殖和GH、IGF-Ⅰ分泌的影响。结果表明GM—CSF可增强免疫鼠脾淋巴细胞对特异性抗原刺激的增殖能力，以pGM—CSF／SS免疫组最强；DNA疫苗免疫组的GH和IGF-Ⅰ分泌水平都高于对照组。这些结果证明，GM—CSF对生长抑素DNA疫苗有一定的免疫增强作用，以减毒沙门氏菌为载体介导DNA疫苗通过口服途径免疫动物是一种较好的免疫方式。pGM—CSF／SS的免疫效果优于pGM—CSF＋pcS／2SS。     

减毒鸡沙门氏菌97A疫苗株安全性和免疫效力试验

本试验将减毒鸡沙门氏菌97A疫苗株分别以不同剂量经口服和肌肉注射接种10日龄AA肉鸡，结果表明，97A对10日龄雏鸡有良好安全性。将97A分别以10     

以减毒沙门氏菌为载体的GM-CSF与生长抑素DNA疫苗的安全性和稳定性

将含GM-CSF基因与生长抑素(SS)的融合真核表达质粒pGM-CSF/SS转入减毒沙门氏菌株CS022。选择40只22~24 g的雌性小鼠,随机分成4组,其中1组为对照组,口服生理盐水;2~4组为试验组,分别用上述重组减毒沙门氏菌株CS022以108、109、1010CFU的剂量口服免疫小鼠,2周后以相同的剂量加强免疫,研究pGM-CSF/SS真核表达质粒在体内的稳定性和减毒沙门氏菌对小鼠的安全性。同时通过体外传代,研究该真核表达质粒在体外的稳定性。结果表明:108、109CFU剂量口服小鼠,成活率达100%,而1010CFU剂量口服小鼠成活率降低至90%,腹泻率达50%。体外传10代和口服免疫4周后从小鼠肝脏和脾脏分离的减毒菌用琼脂糖凝胶电泳和酶切鉴定法证实,减毒菌中的重组质粒在体外和侵入小鼠体内过程中具有较好的稳定性。质粒DNA在传10代以后,虽然每代的质粒DNA含量有些变化,但总体趋势基本是恒定的,第10代时,质粒DNA的含量与第1代的含量差异不显著。上述结果提示,利用该减毒沙门菌作为载体传递pGM-CSF/SS DNA疫苗免疫小鼠具有相对安全性和稳定性,为进一步有效激发机体的免疫应答提供了前提。     

鸡沙门氏菌弱毒冻干苗的研制

由减毒鸡沙门氏苗97A疫苗株作为制苗用菌种，经普通琼脂培养，冷冻真空干燥等工艺生产鸡沙门氏菌弱毒疫苗4批，每批疫苗分别以免疫剂量接种6日龄AA肉鸡，免疫第14天时，用强毒株Sg9和Sp4攻击，免疫组死亡保护率均达90％以上，试验结果表明，该苗具有良好的安全性和免疫效果。     

减毒鸡沙门氏菌安全性和免疫效力初步研究

本研究将减毒鸡沙门氏菌９７Ａ、９７Ｂ分别经口服、皮下注射或滴鼻接种１日龄ＳＰＦ鸡和伊莎鸡,结果表明,９７Ａ株对１日龄雏鸡有良好的安全性,而９７Ｂ株仍有部分毒力。实验室免疫效力试验显示,９７Ａ能提供较强的免疫保护作用,表明９７Ａ是一株较理想的疫苗候选林。     

减毒沙门氏菌为载体的口服生长抑素DNA疫苗对草鱼的安全性

幼草鱼灌服10^8、10^9、10^10cfu／mL减毒沙门氏菌为载体的口服生长抑素DNA疫苗ZJ111／pcDNA3-SS，另设野生型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（10^9cfu／mL）和PBS对照组，试验期20d，观察并比较各组死亡率。另取150g左右的草鱼灌服PBS、10^8cfu／mL ZJ111／pcDNA3-SS和10^8cfu／mL野生型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌组，7d后屠宰取肝和脾脏，做透射电镜切片观察。结果显示，灌服10^9cfu／mL ZJ111／pcDNA3-SS的幼鱼在试验期间死亡2尾，灌服10^8cfu／mL ZJ111／pcDNA3-SS和PBS的幼鱼采食和生长正常，灌服野生型S．typhimurium和10^10cfu／mL ZJ111／pcDNA3-SS的幼鱼死亡率分别为76．67％、26．67％。灌服10^8cfu／mL ZJ111／pcDNA3-SS的草鱼肝、脾细胞形态正常，肝脏线粒体略微肿胀，内质网间距略有增大，但病变特征不明显；10^8cfu／mL的zJ111／pcDNA3-SS对草鱼具有相对安全性。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒S1基因和鸡Ⅱ型干扰素基因在重组鸡痘病毒中的共表达

将鸡Ⅱ型干扰素（ChIFNγ）基因和鸡传染性支气管炎病毒S1基因同时插人到鸡痘病毒转移载体中，构建含有这2个基因的鸡痘病毒转移载体pSY—ChIFNγS1。采用脂质体法将该质粒转染鸡痘病毒感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEF），经过8轮蓝斑筛选，得到纯化的能够同时表达鸡Ⅱ型干扰素和鸡传染性支气管炎病毒S1基因的重组鸡痘病毒rFPV—ChIFNγS1。rFPV—ChIFNγS1接种28日龄的SPF鸡1周后，可以检测到针对传染性支气管炎病毒S1基因的ELISA抗体，重组病毒接种鸡的CD4^＋、CD8^＋和γδTCR阳性T淋巴细胞的百分比含量显著高于非免疫对照鸡（P％0．05）；免疫4周后用传染性支气管炎LX4强毒株攻击，rFPV—ChIFNγS1免疫组仅有1只出现轻微的呼吸道症状（1／16），而非免疫对照组则有16只发病（16／16），并有2只出现死亡（2／16），表明rFPV—ChIFNγS1对接种鸡可以产生良好的保护效果。     

Infection models for Salmonella typhimurium DT110 in day-old and 14-day-old broiler chickens kept in isolators

A series of experiments was undertaken to investigate the infection dynamics of various doses of S. typhimurium in day-old and 14-day-old broiler chickens kept in isolators. The infections were followed quantitatively in ceca and ileum by enumerating the colony forming units (cfu) of the challenge strain. It was found that the inoculation of 10(7) cfu of S. typhimurium to day-old chickens established stable cecal infection in all the animals for 35 days. For 14-day-old chickens, stable and lasting infections were seen with inoculation of 10(9) cfu. Lower doses yielded more variable results, and the bacteria were rapidly eliminated from most birds, especially in 14-day-old inoculated chickens. Salmonella was found in spleen and liver 2-3 days postinoculation. Salmonella was cleared from both organs or reduced to very low numbers within 3 weeks.     

Virulence analysis of a Salmonella gallinarum strain by oral inoculation of 20-day-old chickens

In order to know the effect of in vitro passages on the pathogenicity of the Salmonella gallinarum strain INTA 91, a lyophilized culture was compared with the same strain recently isolated from a sick bird. The mean lethal dose (LD50) of the orally administered lyophilized culture was determined as 2.04 x 10(8) colony-forming units (CFU)/chicken. There was no correlation between the LD50 dose and the degree of disease produced; doses 10 or 100 times higher than the calculated LD50 did not produce a more severe disease. In trial 1, chickens were challenged with 1.02 x 10(9) CFU per chicken (5LD50) of the lyophilized strain and reached 52.2% mortality at the end of the assay. In trial 2, three different groups of chickens were infected with a recent isolate of the same strain: 2.04 x 10(8) CFU/chicken, 4.1 x 10(8) CFU/chicken, and 2.1 x 10(9) CFU/chicken (i.e., 1LD50, 2LD50, and 10LD50 of the dose calculated for the lyophilized strain, respectively). These chicken groups presented higher mortality rates (90%, 100%, and 95%, respectively) than previous trials, showing that the S. gallinarum strain used here increased its virulence by in vivo infected chicken passage. In all assays, the disease started after an incubation period of around 5-6 days. To obtain reliable and reproducible results in future challenge experiments, a fixed limited number of in vitro passages of the S. gallinarum strain must be determined.     

减毒沙门氏菌为载体传递DNA疫苗诱导对新城疫病毒的免疫保护

探讨了以减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏茵为栽体传递新城疫病毒DNA疫苗的安全性、免疫原性和可行性。将含新城疫病毒(NDV)F48E9株融合蛋白(F)基因的真核表达质粒pcDNA3-F的重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ZJ111株(ZJ111／pcD-NA3一F菌株)，以10^8CFU进行首免，2周后二免，三免后4周攻击强毒株F48E9，观察其安全性和免疫原性，同时设只含空载体pcDNA3的ZJ111／pcDNA3菌株对照及口服PBS对照。结果表明：重组ZJ111／pcDNA3-F菌株具有良好的安全性。对强毒株攻击的保护率达64．7％。重组ZJ111／pcDNA3-F菌株不仅能诱导雏鸡产生NDVELISA抗体，而且诱导产生的法氏囊B淋巴细胞和胸腺T淋巴细胞增殖反应显著高于ZJ111／pcDNA3时照组。这些结果提示，减毒沙门氏菌为载体不仅可直接将NDVF基因呈递给鸡体细胞进行表达，产生抗NDV的体液免疫，而且还可诱导细胞免疫应答。     

Growth of Salmonella typhimurium in the caecum of gnotobiotic chickens with Eimeria tenella

Gnotobiotic chickens infected with Eimeria tenella (5 X 10(4) oocysts per bird) received an oral inoculation of 100 Salmonella typhimurium two, four, six or eight days after coccidial infection at four days old. When S typhimurium was given two or four days after E tenella infection, S typhimurium counts in the caecal contents were similar to the counts in birds infected with S typhimurium alone. When S typhimurium was given six or eight days after E tenella infection, counts of the organism were significantly greater than with S typhimurium infection alone. There were no differences in the number of chickens positive for S typhimurium in the caecal contents, bile, liver and spleen between the two groups.     

Gamma/delta T cell response of chickens after oral administration of attenuated and non-attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strains

Poultry represents an important source of Salmonella infection in man. Despite intensive research on immunity, little is known about the involvement of T cell sub-populations in the immunological response of chickens against infection with non-host-adapted Salmonella (S.) serovars. In this study, the T cell composition of blood lymphocytes (CD4(+)CD8(+); CD4(+)CD8(-); CD4(-)CD8(+); CD8(+)TcR1(+); CD8(-)TcR1(+), CD8(+)TcR1(-)) after oral administration of the non-attenuated S. typhimurium wild-type strain 421 (infection) or the attenuated vaccine strain Salmonella vac((R)) T (immunization) to day-old chicks was investigated and compared with non-treated chickens by flow cytofluorometry. Additionally, the occurrence of T cell sub-populations (CD4(+); CD8(+); TcR1(+)(gammadelta); TcR2(+)(alphabeta(1))) in ceca, spleen and bursa of Fabricius of the birds was studied immunohistologically. Blood samples and tissues were examined between days 1 and 12 of age.Chicks inoculated with S. typhimurium 421 or Salmonella vac((R)) T showed significantly elevated percentages of CD8(+)TcR1(+) in blood on days 7, 8 and 9, or on day 8 in comparison to control animals. The CD4 to CD8 cell ratio was about 3:1 in infected animals on day 5 of age. In the organs of treated chicks the numbers of CD8(+)(gammadelta) and TcR1(+)(gammadelta) cells had markedly increased on days 4 and 5 in ceca, 8 and 9 in the bursa and 9 and 12 in the spleen. Moreover, infected or vaccinated birds revealed larger quantities of CD4(+) and TcR2(+) T cells in ceca on days 4 and 5. As shown by double staining, the TcR1(+) cells in the organs of infected animals additionally carried the CD8 antigen.In conclusion, immunization of day-old chicks with the attenuated Salmonella live vaccine strain resulted in the same changes in T cell composition as seen after infection with the non-attenuated Salmonella wild-type strain, but at a lower level. The remarkable increase of CD8(+)TcR1(+)(gammadelta) double positive cells in treated birds indicates an important role of this cell sub-population in the immunological defense of chickens against Salmonella exposure.     

Serologic detection of experimental Salmonella enteritidis infections in laying hens by fluorescence polarization and enzyme immunoassay

Detection of infected poultry flocks is essential for controlling eggborne transmission of Salmonella enteritidis to humans. The present study evaluated the detection of antibodies in the sera of experimentally infected chickens by a fluorescence polarization assay with a tracer prepared from the O-polysaccharide of S. enteritidis and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with an S. enteritidis flagellin antigen. In two trials, groups of specific-pathogen-free laying hens were infected orally with either 10(6) or 10(8) colony-forming units (CFU) of S. enteritidis (phage type 13a) or with 10(8) CFU of Salmonella typhimurium. Serum samples were collected before inoculation and at five subsequent weekly intervals. Both assays successfully detected the majority of hens infected with S. enteritidis at either dose level, but they also identified a substantial number of hens infected with S. typhimurium as seropositive. The fluorescence polarization test detected S. enteritidis infection significantly more often and cross-reacted with sera from hens infected with S. typhimurium significantly less often than the ELISA. The fluorescence polarization assay also offered advantages in terms of speed and methodologic simplicity.     

Suppression of resistance to Salmonella typhimurium in young chickens inoculated with Corynebacterium parvum

The effect of Corynebacterium parvum on resistance to Salmonella typhimurium infection was evaluated in young chickens. One-day-old chickens were inoculated subcutaneously (SC) or intraperitoneally (IP) with 1.4 mg killed C. parvum and challenged by IP injection with 5.0 X 10(7) S. typhimurium 4 days later. Spleen and bursa of Fabricius weights were not altered in the C. parvum-inoculated chickens. A transient increase in thymus weight occurred 3 days after inoculation with C. parvum. Phytohemagglutinin-elicited cutaneous hypersensitivity was significantly suppressed in the C. parvum-inoculated chickens. Morbidity due to Salmonella infection increased significantly from 15% and 21% in the control groups to 43% and 46% in the chickens inoculated IP or SC with C. parvum. The results indicated that inoculation of 1-day-old chickens with C. parvum suppressed cell-mediated immune responsiveness and decreased resistance to peritoneal infection with S. typhimurium.     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒LH2/01/10的分离鉴定

2001年在我国黑龙江省某鸡场疑似鸡传染性支气管炎的发病鸡群中，分离到一株病毒，将该病毒接种10日龄SPF鸡胚，取72h的尿囊液进行电镜观察并用1％胰酶处理，结果发现尿囊液中存在典型的冠状病毒，用胰酶处理过的尿囊液能凝集SPF鸡的红细胞，初步鉴定为鸡的传染性支气管炎病毒。将该病毒尿囊液再次接种10日龄SPF’鸡胚，通过病毒对鸡胚的致病作用、病毒超微形态特征以及病毒凝集鸡红细胞的特性等对该毒株进行研究，结果表明：经胰酶处理后的病毒尿囊液可凝集鸡红细胞。鸡胚的第二代病毒尿囊液(命名为LH2,／01／10)分别接种1日龄和15日龄的SPF鸡，发现对不同日龄的鸡表现不同的致病性，对1日龄接种鸡和同笼饲养的同居对照鸡致病力高，发病率为11／11，致死率分别为4／6和2／5；15日龄接种和同居感染鸡发病率为9／9，致死率分别为1／5和1／4。实验应用反转录一聚合酶链式反应技术对LH2／01／10的膜蛋白基因进行扩增、克隆和序列测定，结果表明该基因具有IBVM基因的共有分子特征．与IBV标准株M41的M基因核苷酸的同源性为90％，氨基酸的同源性为91％。这从分子水平进一步证实引起鸡群死亡的病毒为鸡传染性支气管炎病毒。     

Gene expression responses to a Salmonella infection in the chicken intestine differ between lines

Poultry products are an important source of Salmonella enterica. An effective way to reduce food poisoning due to Salmonella would be to breed chickens more resistant to Salmonella. Unfortunately host responses to Salmonella are complex with many factors involved. To learn more about responses to Salmonella in young chickens, a cDNA microarray analysis was performed to compare gene expression profiles between two chicken lines under control and Salmonella infected conditions. Newly hatched chickens were orally infected with S. enterica serovar Enteritidis. Since the intestine is the first barrier the bacteria encounter after oral inoculation, intestinal gene expression was investigated at different timepoints. Differences in gene expression between the two chicken lines were found in control as well as Salmonella infected conditions. In response to the Salmonella infection a fast growing chicken broiler line induced genes that affect T-cell activation, whereas in a slow growing broiler line genes involved in macrophage activation seemed to be more affected at day 1 post-infection. At days 7 and 9 most gene expression differences between the two chicken lines were identified under control conditions, indicating a difference in the intestinal development between the two chicken lines which might be linked to the difference in Salmonella susceptibility. The findings in this study have lead to the identification of novel genes and possible cellular pathways, which are host dependent.