低温与氮耦合对水稻内源激素含量的影响

【目的】探究不同耐冷氮高效水稻材料内源激素代谢特点,以阐明氮营养对提高水稻耐冷性的调节机理。【方法】以水稻近等基因系耐冷氮高效I16和冷敏氮低效I67为材料,采用水培试验,研究人工气候室模拟低温胁迫与4个氮肥水平(10,20,40和60 mg/L)耦合对水稻根、叶中内源激素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、细胞分裂素(CTK)、赤霉素(GA)、脱落酸(ABA)含量的影响及其互作效应。【结果】随水稻生育进程,根和叶中IAA、CTK、GA含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,在开花期达到峰值,ABA含量在成熟期达峰值。水稻根和叶中IAA、CTK、GA含量随施氮水平增加而升高,ABA则相反;在相同施氮水平下,低温抑制IAA、CTK、GA合成,促进ABA升高,4种激素含量呈现I16高于I67,叶高于根。低温与中氮耦合对水稻根和叶中IAA、CTK、GA的调控为正效应,低温与高氮耦合调控ABA为负效应,中氮可使水稻维持较高内源激素含量,这是增强水稻耐冷性的内在机理之一。【结论】在低温和氮肥耦合下,维持根叶中较高的IAA、CTK、GA、ABA含量,以及施氮对根、叶激素耦合效应的差异,是引起水稻耐冷性和氮素利用效率差异的重要生理调节因素。     

不同控释氮肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间小区试验,比较了不同控释氮肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同控释氮肥处理水稻增产和提高氮肥利用率的效果不同。硫磺树脂包膜氮肥处理水稻产量和氮肥利用率显著高于其他处理。不同控释氮肥处理比普通氮肥处理显著提高水稻氮肥利用率,增幅为7.23～14.83个百分点。硫磺树脂包膜氮肥处理比其他处理提高了水稻总粒数和结实率。因此,硫磺树脂包膜氮肥处理在该地区水稻施用效果最佳。     

控释氮肥对水稻氮代谢关键酶活性及糙米蛋白质含量的影响

为了探明控释氮肥提高氮素利用率的作用机理，研究了控释氮肥对水稻氮代谢关键酶活性以及糙米蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明，施用控释氮肥能显著增强齐穗期和乳熟期叶片中的硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酰胺转化酶活性，且其增强作用可持续到蜡熟期。施用控释氮肥还能提高乳熟期和蜡熟期叶片中的蛋白水解酶活性，对水稻籽粒中谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酰胺转化酶活性有明显的促进作用，可增加糙米的全氮和蛋白氮含量，提高水稻产量。     

氯化胆碱对水稻幼苗内源激素及生长的影响

不同浓度的氯化胆碱溶液浸种明显提高了水稻根、芽中内源生长素（ＩＡＡ）、赤霉素（ＧＡ３）、玉米素（Ｚ）的含量，而对脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）含量影响甚微；加速了种子内部的物质转化，使种子中的可溶性糖、氨基酸含量显著增加；从而促进了种子萌发，加速了幼苗生长。     

渗透胁迫下氮肥形态对烟叶脯氨酸和内源激素含量的影响

采用磺基水杨酸法和酶联免疫法测定了渗透胁迫下不同形态氮肥环境中生长的烤烟叶片脯氨酸和内源激素的含量。结果表明 :在非胁迫条件下 ,铵态氮处理烟叶中脯氨酸 (PRO)和脱落酸 (ABA)、赤霉素 (GA3)含量较高 ,吲哚乙酸 (IAA)含量较低 ;硝态氮处理则相反 ;硝态氮 +铵态氮处理可以提高烟叶玉米素核苷 (ZR)含量。在渗透势为 -0 .3Mpa的渗透胁迫下 ,各种形态氮肥处理烟叶中PRO含量都显著增加 ;铵态氮和硝态氮处理烟叶中ABA含量有升高的趋势 ,IAA和GA3含量明显下降 ;硝态氮 +铵态氮处理烟叶中各种激素含量都有不同程度增加。随胁迫程度增大 ,铵态氮处理烟叶PRO含量显著降低 ,GA3和ZR含量明显增加 ,ABA和IAA含量变化不大 ;硝态氮处理烟叶PRO含量持续增加 ,各种激素含量变化幅度都较小 ;硝态氮 +铵态氮处理烟叶PRO和ABA、GA3、ZR含量有所降低 ,IAA含量变化不明显。提示GA3可能是渗透胁迫下铵态氮处理烟株体内主要的信号传导物质     

杂交水稻及亲本灌浆期籽粒和叶片内源激素的变化

以杂交水稻“Tiyou418”及亲本为材料,测定和分析了水稻灌浆期籽粒和叶片的内源激素水平。结果表明：“Tiyou418”在灌浆期籽粒中脱落酸(ABA)的变化趋势与亲本不同,前期高,后期低;吲哚乙酸(IAA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)和赤霉素(GA1 3)的变化趋势与亲本相同,但后期积累较高的GA1 3;“Tiyou418”叶片中4种内源激素变化趋势与亲本相似,含量除GAl ,外都介于亲本之间;“Tiyou418”ABA粒／叶峰值出现早,父母本的峰值出现晚,父本C418灌浆前期ZR的粒／叶高。这说明灌浆前期籽粒中较高的ABA有利于灌浆,灌浆后期叶片中(GA1 3 ZR IAA)／ABA下降慢,有利于延缓衰老。     

控释氮肥对稻油产量及氮肥利用的影响

在2009-2011年连续3年4季田间试验条件下,研究树脂包膜尿素和普通尿素不同掺混比例对水稻-油菜轮作系统中的作物产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与当地农民习惯施用普通尿素处理(N 180 kg·hm^-2)相比,等氮量下控释氮肥与普通尿素用量为7:3的控释氮肥处理水稻和油菜增产效果最好, 平均产量分别为9 934和2 117 kg·hm^-2,增产7.00%和17.03%;控释氮肥处理水稻和油菜的氮肥吸收利用率平均分别增加9.76～25.84和3.85～10.67个百分点,氮肥农学利用率和偏生产力也有显著增加。     

水稻应用控释氮肥的增产效果

通过大田试验,以普通尿素作对照,研究了包膜尿素对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明：施用控释氮肥提高了水稻的结实率和分蘖成穗率,增加了单位面积的有效穗数,显著提高了稻谷产量;控释氮占总氮的比例越高,增产效果越好。控释氮占总氮的比例以52%～87%为宜,稻谷增产幅度达7.36%～12.86%。     

模拟UVB增强胁迫对大田水稻生长及内源激素含量的影响

利用可调式紫外线增强系统人工模拟了江西省千烟洲地区20%臭氧层衰竭程度所导致的紫外线辐射增强环境,在大田栽培条件下,对晚稻品种“协优432”的叶绿素含量、株高、内源激素IAA、ABA、GA3和Zeatin(Z)含量进行了测定。结果表明:经过增强的UV辐射处理后,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均有明显下降,UV-A UV-B处理组和UVA处理组与对照组间的差异均达到极显著水平(p<0.01)。株高在处理组和对照组之间差异不显著。UV-A UV-B处理组IAA、GA3和Z含量分别比正常日光对照组降低了21.86%、31.90%和30.28%,分别比UV-A处理组降低了31.79%、35.84%、39.14%。ABA含量UV-A UV-B处理组比正常日光对照组降低了29.16%,比UV-A处理组降低了32.33%,但是经过统计学检验后差异均不显著。     

缓控释氮肥一次性施用对水稻甬优12产量及氮肥利用率的影响

在田间进行缓控释氮肥一次性施用对水稻产量及氮肥利用率影响的试验。结果表明,缓释氮肥一次性施用的水稻产量较常规施肥增产2.3%~8.5%;施用缓释肥的水稻籽粒氮含量显著高于常规施肥,氮肥表观利用率为24.7%~30.5%,显著高于常规施肥的18.3%~20.1%。表明缓释氮肥可以用于水稻一次性施肥。     

控释肥在水稻应用的效果

通过试验,了解控释肥在水稻使用中对水稻生长发育和产量的影响情况,以便探讨该肥料在大埔县水稻生产中的应有前景和相配套的技术措施。     

控释氮肥对杂交水稻磷的吸收、残留和土壤固定磷的影响

利用^32P示踪技术。通过盆栽试验,研究了控释氮肥和普通尿素对杂交水稻磷的吸收、残留和土壤固定磷肥的影响。结果表明：与普通尿素相比,施用控释氮肥,明显地增加了杂交水稻在分蘖期、孕穗期、成熟期的吸磷总量以及肥料P和土壤P的吸收量。控释氮肥中,氮的释放速度和作物的需求基本一致。显著提高了杂交水稻对磷肥的利用率、回收率和残留在土壤中可被再利用的肥料磷,降低土壤对磷肥的固定。     

Effects of Film－Degraded Rice Controlled Release Fertilizer on the Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of the Hybrid Rice

Field experiment was carded out to nitrogen release characteristics of rice controlled release fertilizer (RCRF) coated with natural and half natural high molecular materials, and to thereof effects on the nitrogen uptake and yield of early and late hybrid rice from 1999 to 2000, with urea as control.In experimental fields regardless of early and late seasons, the amount of N in the plants increased exponentially at the early growth stage (y=ab^x) and nonlinearly at the middle and late growth stages(y=a bx cx^2).Rice controlled release fertilizer lengthened the exponential phase and increased the parameter -b/c during the nonlinear phase. Although the N amount of plants was less in rice controlled release fertilizer plots than in urea plots within 20 days after transplanting, at the heading and maturity stages, the N amount of plants in rice controlled release fertilizer plots was above two times greater than in the urea plots due to the higher N recovery, and the high absorption density of N in the nonlinear phase. Tillers pattern and achievement of the maximum filleting stage varied with fertilizer types. The maximum tillering stage in the urea plots occurred a week earlier than in the rice controlled release fertilizer plots. Yield sink size and potential sink size of the plants reflected the N absorption pattern and the amount of N in the plants. The yields of early and late rice with 90 kg N ha^-1 of rice controlled release fertilizer were respectively increased by 832.7 kg ha-1 and 412.8 kg ha-1 than those with 90 kg N ha^-1 of urea, almost equivalent to the yield of early and late hybrid rice with 180 kg N ha^-1 of urea.     

Study of Dynamics of Floodwater Nitrogen and Regulation of Its Runoff Loss in Paddy Field-Based Two-Cropping Rice with Urea and Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Application

The article deals with the effects of urea and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer （CRNF） on dynamics of pH, electronic conductivity （EC）, total nitrogen （TN）, NH4^＋-N and NO3 -N in floodwater, and the regulation of runoff TN loss from paddy field-based two-cropping rice in Dongting Lake, China, and probes the best fertilization management for controlling N loss. Studies were conducted through modeling alluvial sandy loamy paddy soil （ASP） and purple calcareous clayey paddy soil （PCP） using lysimeter, following the sequence of the soil profiles identified by investigating soil profile. After application of urea in paddy field-based two-cropping rice, TN and NHa＋-N concentrations in floodwater reached peak on the 1st and the 3rd day, respectively, and then decreased rapidly over time; all the floodwater NO3--N concentrations were very low; the pH of floodwater gradually rose in case of early rice within 15 d （late rice within 3 d） after application of urea, and EC remained consistent with the dynamics of NH4^＋-N. The applied CRNF, especially 70% CRNF, led to significantly lower floodwater TN and NH4^＋ concentrations, pH, and EC values compared with urea within 15 d after application. The monitoring result for N loss due to natural rainfall runoff indicated that the amount of TN lost in runoff from paddy field- based two-cropping rice with urea application in Dongting Lake area was 7.47 kg ha^-1, which accounted for 2.49% of urea- N applied, and that with CRNF and 70% CRNF application decreased 24.5 and 27.2% compared with urea application, respectively. The two runoff events, which occurred within 20 d after application, contributed significantly to TN loss from paddy field. TN loss due to the two runoffs in urea, CRNF, and 70% CRNF treatments accounted for 72, 70, and 58% of the total TN loss due to runoff over the whole rice growth season, respectively. And the TN loss in these two CRNF treatments due to the first run-off event at the 10th day after application to early rice decreased 44.9 and 44.2% compared with urea, respectively. In conclusion, the 15-d period after application of urea was the critical time during which N loss occurred due to high floodwater N concentrations. But CRNF decreased N concentrations greatly in floodwater and runoff water during this period. As a result, it obviously reduced TN loss in runoff over the whole rice growth season.     

不同配比控释尿素对水稻的影响

控释氮肥作为一种新型肥料近年来影响不断扩大,但控释氮肥在黑龙江省水稻生产上的应用研究尚无报道。在黑龙江省中部黑土区对控释肥在水稻生产上的应用效果进行了研究,结果表明：控释尿素与普通尿素搭配施用,与等养分普通尿素比较,可使水稻增产7.3%～15.7%,提高氮肥利用率17.7%～25.5%。搭配比例以控释尿素占总氮量的30%～50%为好。     

施用尿素和控释氮肥的双季稻田表层水氮素动态及其径流损失规律

【目的】通过比较研究洞庭湖区双季稻田施用尿素（CF）和控释氮肥（CRNF）的表层水pH、电导率（EC）、总氮（TN）、NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度变化动态及TN径流损失规律，寻找有效控制氮素流失的最佳施肥管理措施。【方法】在渗漏池中按河沙泥（ASP）和紫潮泥（PCP）土壤的剖面层次填装土壤，对天然降雨引起的稻田氮素径流损失进行模拟试验。【结果】稻田土壤施用尿素后，表层水TN、NH4+浓度分别在第1、3天达到高峰，然后随着时间的延长而迅速下降；早稻表层水pH在施用尿素后15 d内（晚稻3 d）逐渐升高，EC表现与NH4+的变化同步。与施用尿素相比，施用CRNF能显著降低稻田表层水TN、NH4+浓度峰值，pH、EC峰值也有明显下降。氮素径流损失监测结果显示，洞庭湖区双季稻田施用尿素TN径流损失量为7.47 kg•ha-1，占施氮量的2.49%；施用CRNF、70%CRNF的TN损失量比施用CF的分别减少了24.5%和27.2%。早稻施肥后20 d内发生的2次降雨径流事件，施用尿素、CRNF和70%CRNF处理的2次TN径流损失量分别占全生育期径流损失总量的72%、70%和58%。其中，早稻施肥后第10天发生的第1次径流的2个控释肥处理的TN损失比施用尿素分别降低了42.9%和44.2%。【结论】双季稻田施用尿素后15 d内表层水氮素浓度高，是氮素流失的关键时期；控释氮肥能显著降低这个时期的表层水和所发生的径流液中的氮素浓度，从而显著削减水稻全生育期内的TN径流损失量。     

缓控释肥对水稻的应用效应研究

试验以高产水稻品种阳光200为试验材料,采用小区试验结合大田对比示范,研究了缓控释肥与配方肥、普通化肥对水稻产量、产量构成性状以及经济效益的影响。结果表明,与施用配方肥、普通化肥相比,施用缓控释肥对水稻有一定的增产效应,分蘖成穗率比配方肥增加1.5个百分点,比习惯施肥增加4.6个百分点。由于缓控释肥市场时价较高,尚未表现出节本优势。     

控释尿素对稻田氮素影响及其增产效应

探讨了包膜控释尿素和尿素对水稻的增产效果。结果表明:施用包膜控释尿素可降低稻田土壤和水层中硝态氮与铵态氮含量;在水稻生育前期,植株的含氮量与等氮量尿素处理相比,未表现出明显的差异;到灌浆初期,植株的含氮量则显著高于等氮量尿素处理,较等氮量处理分别高出44.09%和17.84%,其氮素利用率可达37.8%~64.4%,比尿素处理提高了17.9%~19.1%;即使在氮素用量减半时,依然可获得较高产量。包膜控释肥对水稻的增产效应主要是增加了有效穗数。施用包膜控释尿素增加了水稻的经济效益。