Über die Wirkung von Steinkleekraut und Patschuliölgranulat auf die KleidermotteTineola bisselliella Hum. (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)

Zusammenfassung In Wahl- und Zwangsversuchen wurde die Wirkung des Steinkleekrautes (Melilotus officinalis [L.] Pall.) und des Ölgranulates der Patschulipflanze (Pogostemon patchouly Pellet.) auf die KleidermotteTineola bisselliella Hum. untersucht. Patschuliölgranulat zeigte sowohl repellierende als auch abtötende Wirkung. Die Befallsintensität an Wollstoffproben wurde dadurch stark reduziert. Steinkleekraut zeigte nur eine kurzfristig abschreckende Wirkung auf die Falter. Längerfristig führte es dahingegen eher zu verstärktem Befall an den Wollstoffproben.

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On the effect of sweet clover leaves and granular patchouli oil on the webbing clothes mothTineola bisselliella Hum. (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)

Free-choice chamber- and compulsory-tests were carried out to investigate the effect of sweet clover leaves (Melilotus officinalis [L.] Pall.) and the granulated oil extract of the patchouli-plant (Pogostemon patchouly Pellet.) on the webbing clothes mothTineola bisselliella Hum. Granular patchouli oil was found to be both, repellent and toxic. Thus the intensity of infestation on woolen fabric samples had been reduced largely. Sweet clover leaves showed only a short-term repellent effect on the adults, whereas in long-term experiments an increase in infestation was found.

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Mit 7 Abbildungen     

Infectivity prospects of both nematodes and bacterial symbionts against cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Biosduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

A study was made on the susceptibility of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.), to the nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (All) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Three concentrations of each nematode species were used (75, 150, and 300 infective juveniles) for each treatment. The nematode, H. bacteriophora, gave 100% mortality 96, 90, and 48 h, respectively, post-treatment of S. littoralis larvae with 75, 150, and 300 infective juveniles. On the other hand, S. carpocapsae (All) gave 100% mortality 120, 90, and 56 h post-treatment, respectively. Therefore, H. bacteriophora was more potent against cotton leafworm than S. carpocapsae. Studies on the infestation intensity of the nematode species against the cotton leafworm showed the predominance of H. bacteriophora over S. carpocapsae, while in studies of the reproductive rate those of S. carpocapsae predominate. The bacterial symbionts of each nematode species were isolated and tested alone against cotton leafworm at concentrations ranging between 1×10² and 5×10³ bacterial cells/larva. The results showed a higher activity of Photorhabdus luminescens than that of Xenorhabdu nematophilus.     

丽蛱蝶、文蛱蝶和斑珍蝶幼期形态记述及生物学初步观察

记述了丽蛱蝶、文蛱蝶和斑珍蝶等3个珍贵观赏蝶种的幼期形态特征、成虫和幼虫的主要习性.在西双版纳国家级自然保护区关坪管理站,丽蛱蝶实验种群1年发生6代,以滞育成虫越冬,成虫以腐烂水果和树液为补充营养,卵散产,幼虫5龄,分散栖息,有假死习性;文蛱蝶1年发生4代,以成虫越冬,成虫访花,也食发酵水果汁液,卵聚产,幼虫5龄,有群集性;斑珍蝶1年发生4代,以3～5龄幼虫越冬,成虫访花,卵聚产,幼虫6龄,有群集性.长叶西番莲为丽蛱蝶的新发现寄主,三开瓢为文蛱蝶和斑珍蝶的新发现寄主.     

Effect of thiacloprid against the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The effect of the chloronicotinyl insecticide (thiacloprid 480 SC) was evaluated to determine its potential in controlling the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella. Application of thiacloprid at various concentrations (0.1–0.4 ml/l) on different age groups of eggs (1–4.5 day-old) had no effect on egg hatchability. However, slight embryocidal effect was noted in all egg age groups exposed to 0.4 ml/l concentration. Egg incubation period was increased (20%) when 4–4.5 day-old eggs were treated with thiacloprid at a rate of 0.4 ml/l compared with the untreated control. Thiacloprid was effective in reducing larval survival on potato seedlings or adults emergence from potatoes, exhibiting activity for at least 14 days after application. When already infected potato seedlings or tubers were treated with thiacloprid at a rate of 0.4 ml/l, adult emergence was decreased. Larvae that hatched from thiacloprid-treated eggs and fed, untreated tubers, encountered some difficulties in surviving and emerging as adults. Our data suggest that potato plants or tubers treated with thiacloprid at a commonly used rate (0.4 ml/l) should be well protected from the possibility of infestations by the potato tuber moth. Publication of this article was held up owing to technical problems. The publisher apologizes sincerely for this lengthy delay.     

Efficacy baselines of seven insecticides against larvae of Pandemis heparana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

A diet-incorporation larval bioassay was used to evaluate the response of the leafroller Pandemis heparana (Denis and Schiffermüller) to seven insecticides: tebufenozide (Mimic 23% a.i., Bayer), methoxyfenozide (Prodigy 23% a.i., Bayer), flufenoxuron (Cascade 50 DC 4.7% a.i., BASF), lufenuron (Match 5.32% a.i., Syngenta), indoxacarb (Steward WG 30% a.i., Du Pont), abamectine (Vertimec EC 1.9% a.i., Syngenta) and spinosad (Laser 44.2% a.i., Dow Agro Science). Both neonate and 12-day-old (third to fourth instar) larvae were used in the bioassay. The obtained efficacy baselines were compared with the response of the pest exposed to leaves treated with the same insecticides. The persistence of field-aged leaf residues of the seven insecticides was bioassayed on neonate larvae. Given the obtained LC₅₀ values in the diet-incorporation bioassays larval age was not always a significant factor affecting the response of P. heparana larvae. Differences in LC₅₀ values between neonate and 12-day-old larvae were not statistically significant for abamectine, tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide. Young larvae seemed to be more susceptible than older larvae to spinosad, indoxacarb and lufenuron, while flufenoxuron was more effective against 12-day-old than neonate larvae. When the larvae were exposed to the insecticides on treated leaves, all the tested compounds were less effective on older larvae than on neonates. When applied at the recommended field rates, all seven insecticides can be considered highly effective against both neonate and 12-day-old larvae of P. heparana because their security index (SI = recommended field rate/LC₉₀) always exceeded the threshold value of 1. The high persistence of insect growth inhibitors (IGIs) and moulting accelerating compounds (MACs) in the field compensates for their relatively low SI values. For this reason and given their activity against Cydia pomonella, IGIs and MACs are the most interesting insecticides for spring treatments for the combined control of both species, P. heparana and C. pomonella.     

Evaluation of nine strains ofBacillus thuringiensis Berliner against the giant looper,Boarmia (Ascotis) selenaria Schiffermüller (Lepidoptera,Geometridae)

Nine isolates ofBacillus thuringiensis Berliner belonging to var.kenyae, var.aizawai and var.entomocidus, were bioassayed against 1st instar larvae ofBoarmia (Ascotis) selenaria Schiffermüller and compared withB. thuringiensis var.kurstaki, HD-1-S-1980. None were found to have a higher potency than HD-1-S-1980, which is used for commercial control of young larvae of this pest in avocado plantations in Israel.     

芫花活性物质对昆虫取食和生长的影响

室内生测表明不同浓度芫花乙醇粗提物（YAE）处理叶饲养卫矛尽Hu24h后，导致试虫食量减少，体重下降，且浓度与效果呈正相关，如10％芫花处理组食叶量比CK减少53.78％（重量计），虫重比原来下降14.81%，而K体重增加19.51%。β－谷甾醇对试虫食叶量影响虽不明显，但1.0%,0.5%,0.1%处理仍可使虫体显著下降。YAE的拒食中浓度为2.76％β－谷甾醇为0.34%。YAE及β－谷甾醇 对4龄斜纹夜蛾的抑制取食及生长的作用均不及卫矛尺Hu显著。     

Effects of gamma radiation on life stages of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

We report the results of experiments conducted with Ephestia kuehniella Zeller to determine the effects of gamma radiation on life stages. Eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were irradiated with increasing doses of gamma radiation (seven dose levels between 50 and 400 Gy for eggs and larvae, six dose levels between 50 and 350 Gy for pupae and four dose levels between 250 and 550 Gy for adults). All the experiments were conducted in a growth chamber maintained at 27 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% r.h., and alternating 14 h light:10 h dark cycles. The number of adults that developed from irradiated eggs and larvae was lower than the untreated control. Doses of 200 Gy and above prevented adult emergence from irradiated eggs. Although a dose of 200 Gy was enough to prevent adult emergence from young larvae, 250 Gy should be used to prevent adult emergence completely from last instar larvae. Delayed developmental periods were observed for the treated eggs and larvae. Fecundity and egg hatchability were decreased depending on the doses applied. Decreased fecundity and egg hatchability were more prevalent when both the male and female pupae were treated compared to the treatment of female pupae only. There was no significant decrease in the fecundity of irradiated adults except 550 Gy, and no eggs hatched at doses of 300 Gy and above.     

Cymolomia hartigiana (Saxesen, 1840) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) attacking toAbies nephrolepis max. new to Daxing'anling, Heilongjiang, China

An Olethreutine speciesCymolomia hartigiana (Saxesen, 1840), attacking toAbies nephrolepis Max., is reported for the first time from Daxing'anling, Heilongjiang, China. The morphological characteristics are briefly re-described with illustrations. Also its damage and biology are noted. Foundation item: This study was carried out under the financial support by KOSEF (Korea Science & Engineering Foundation) with the program of “Korea and China Young Scientist Exchange Program” (2002–2003). Biography: *BYUN Bong-Kya (1963-), male, Ph.D., Researcher in Korea National Arboretum, Korea. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

褐斑凤蝶和斑凤蝶幼期形态特征记述及生物学初步观察

记述了褐斑凤蝶(Chilasa agestor(Gray))和斑凤蝶(C.clytia(Linnaeus))的幼期形态特征、成虫和幼虫的主要习性.在四川峨眉,褐斑凤蝶1年1代,以滞育蛹越夏、越冬;成虫发生期在春季,访花;卵散产,幼虫5龄,分散栖息;以樟(Cinnamoneum camphors(Linn.)Presl)和楠木(Phoebe zhennan S.Lee et F.N.Wei)为寄主.在西双版纳国家级自然保护区关坪管理站,斑凤蝶实验种群1年发生5代,以蛹越冬;成虫访花,卵散产,幼虫5龄,分散栖息,末龄幼虫有鲜艳的警戒色;以玉兰叶木姜子(Litsea magnoliifolia Young et P.H.Huang)和潺搞木姜子(Litsea glutinosa (Lour.)C.B.Rob.)为寄主.     

大兴安岭冷杉害虫一新记录种---冷杉芽小卷蛾 (鳞翅目:卷蛾科)

本文报道了黑龙江省大兴安岭危害冷杉的新小卷蛾族一新记录种——冷杉芽小卷蛾Cymolomia hartigiana(Saxesen,1840)(Lepidoptera：Tortricidae)的形态学特征并附图,同时还简要记述了其为害和生物学特性。图6参6     

Effect of Neem extract on Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) and Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

High antifeedancy and low toxicity of the plant preparation Neem (azadirachtin), on the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. larvae were proved under laboratory conditions. A high index of Neem antifeedancy was confirmed in all tested concentrations. Under laboratory conditions the Neem had satisfying antifeedancy on Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say third instar larvae too. Field experiments also proved that the foliage protective effect of Neem was very significant. Experiments showed that some antifeedants or repellents, such as Neem, should control olygophagous (L. decemlineata, Coleoptera) insects as well as very polyphagous insects such as L. dispar (Lepidoptera). As a biological, plant-derived preparation, Neem could be suitable for integrated pest management (IPM) programs, especially in small orchards, parks, and tree rows in urban environments and on small private gardens.     

First evidence of deuterotokous parthenogenesis in the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), originates from South America and is now considered to be one of the most damaging invasive pests of tomatoes in the Mediterranean Basin countries of Europe and North Africa. The preventing pest mating control methods include: (1) the use of synthetic pheromones for male attraction and annihilation inside insecticide-containing traps; (2) mating disruption by saturating the atmosphere with sex pheromones which alter the ability of males to locate females; and (3) massive applications of sterile males to alter the overall reproductive success of the pest population. However, all these methods achieve only a poor success rate in controlling T. absoluta populations under greenhouse conditions. Sex pheromone management and sterile insect techniques are both based on an important biological trait: the insect must breed through sexual reproduction. Here, we report for the first time laboratory evidence of deuterotokous parthenogenesis, an asexual reproduction where both males and females are produced from unfertilized eggs. We discuss the consequences for T. absoluta control strategies.     

Bt cotton and the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in the management of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin

Journal of Pest Science - This study sought to provide relevant information for developing effective programs to manage Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance to...     

Survey of the parasitoids of the Greasy Cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon Rott. (Lepidoptera,Noctuidae) in Egypt

Weekly samples of the cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon Rott. larvae were collected for 3 successive season 1983/84–1985/86 from 3 Governorates in middle Egypt to survey and evaluate the role of parasitoids in suppressing the pest population.Two gregarious internal larval parasitoids were recorded,Apanteles ruficrus Hal. andMeteorus rubens Nees. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Percentages of parasitism were estimated. They reached 20.2, 22.2 and 24.7% in seasons 1983/84, 1984/85 and 1985/86, respectively, with an average of 22.5% (10.3%A. ruficrus and 12.2%M. rubens). The highest rates of parasitism were recorded in March and April.

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Zusammenfassung Wöchentliche Aufsammlungen der Raupen vonA. ipsilon während der Jahre 1983/84 bis 1985/86 im mittleren Ägypten erbrachten zwei gregäre Endoparasitoiden,Apanteles ruficrus Hal. undMeteorus rubens Nees. (beide Hym., Braconidae). Sie erreichen zusammen in den 3 Jahren 20,2, 22,2 und 24,7%, i.M. 22,5% (A. ruficrus=10,3%, undM. rubens=12,2%). Die höchsten Parasitierungsraten wurden im März und April festgestellt.

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Semiochemical and natural product-based approaches to control Spodoptera spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The genus Spodoptera contains some of the most destructive crop pests in the world owing to the worldwide distribution of the different species and their wide host ranges. Uses of semiochemicals for insect control have been recently reviewed, but strategies developed specifically against Spodoptera species are scarce. In this review, we present an updated account of the semiochemicals and other natural product-based approaches to monitor and control the most damaging Spodoptera spp. In general, successful control of Spodoptera littoralis, S. frugiperda, S. litura, and S. exigua have been reported through mass trapping, mating disruption, and attract-and-kill methods. An updated survey of the pheromone components of these species and an outlook of future perspectives against these pests are also outlined.     

Relative natural resistance of Populus deltoides clones against defoliator Clostera cupreata (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) in northern India

Populus deltoides (poplar) that is extensively being planted commercially in agroforestry combinations in northern India is prone to attack by a defoliating insect, Clostera cupreata. In order to evaluate the relative susceptibility/resistance of different clones and to identify the resistant ones, 80 clones of American origin were evaluated in Dehra Dun, India. The feeding potential of the pest on different clones varied significantly. The clones were grouped into six categories depending on their susceptibility as most resistant or R1 (12 clones), moderately resistant or R2 (14 clones), marginally resistant or R3 (10 clones), marginally susceptible or S1 (17 clones), moderately susceptible or S2 (18 clones) and most susceptible or S3 (nine clones). Clone 110120 of Tennessee was most resistant where as Oklahoma clone 104 was most susceptible to this pest. Amongst the most resistant clones (R1), only three clones, WSL-4, WSL-12 and WSL-18 (source: WIMCO Seedlings Ltd, India) were found to be superior, in terms of growth increment, as compared to the standard and most widely planted clones in northern India i.e. G-3 and G-48, and are promising clones for plantation in defoliator prone areas.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同寄主植物对云南松毛虫生长发育、繁殖及生理酶活性的影响

目的 基于不同寄主植物对云南松毛虫（Dendrolimus houi Lajonquiere）生长发育、繁殖、解毒酶和消化酶活性的影响,解析其对不同寄主植物的生理适应机制,为营造新型混交林开展生态调控提供理论依据。 方法 以柳杉、侧柏、柏木、云南松和马尾松为寄主植物进行室内饲养,分别比较不同寄主植物条件下云南松毛虫幼虫、蛹的发育历期和成虫繁殖力,并测定云南松毛虫5龄幼虫的解毒酶（谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GSTs）、细胞色素P450酶（CYP450）、羧酸酯酶（CarE））和消化酶（蛋白酶、淀粉酶（AMS）、脂肪酶（LPS））的活性。 结果 取食柳杉、柏木、侧柏和云南松的云南松毛虫幼虫具完整的生活史,而取食马尾松的幼虫只存活至5龄,不具有完整的生活史。同时,取食柳杉和柏木的云南松毛虫幼虫和蛹发育历期短、雌蛹重且成虫产卵多。取食柳杉和柏木的云南松毛虫5龄幼虫体内谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和细胞色素P450酶活性显著高于取食云南松、侧柏和马尾松的幼虫（P<0.05）。在3种消化酶中,取食柳杉与柏木的云南松毛虫幼虫体内蛋白酶活性均处于较高水平。 结论 云南松毛虫对柳杉和柏木具较好的适应性,虫体内解毒酶和蛋白酶可能是其对柳杉和柏木有较好适应性的主要原因。     

甘肃兴隆山自然保护区的蝴蝶资源(二)(鳞翅目：凤蝶总科、灰蝶总科)

记录了近年来在甘肃兴隆山保护区采集到的一些鳞翅目蝶类昆虫，经整理鉴定，共计2总科4科30属53种，其中有9属21种系在兴隆山保护区首次发现，4属8种为甘肃新记录。