库布齐沙漠不同发育类型人工结皮对露水凝结作用的比较研究

露水的形成是干旱、半干旱地区生态系统中重要的环境因子.以库布齐沙漠不同发育类型的人工结皮为研究对象,通过每天野外跟踪观测人工结皮的露水凝结量,比较人工结皮露水凝结量的大小及其凝结能力的差异性.试验以人工蓝藻结皮(ACC)、人工藻结皮(AAC)、人工苔藓结皮(AMC)以及自然苔藓结皮(NMC)和流沙(SS)为材料,并以绒布-平板露水测定法(CPM)为参照,试验时间为42 d.结果表明,CPM法测定的日平均露水凝结量为0.02～0.35 mm,ACC露水凝结量为0.012～0.191 min,AAC为0.032～0.230 mm,AMC为0.048~0.274 mm,NMC为0.056～0.304 mm,SS为0.003～0.083 mm.露水凝结量随结皮的发育状况而存在显著差异,露水凝结量大小依次为NMC>AMC>AAC>ACC>SS.结果还发现.人工结皮的形成明显促进了荒漠地表对露水的吸收和保持,结皮能够比沙表面凝结更多的露水,且结皮的露水千化过程比沙表面更慢.推测结皮藻丝体的发育及其胞外分泌物是结皮凝结较多露水的重要原因,同时依赖于结皮表面的微气候环境.本研究揭示了露水在维系结皮生存中的生态学意义,表明人工结皮具有较好的水土保持功能,同时有利于更好地理解生物结皮对露水的凝结机制与吸收利用情况,并为荒漠化地区有限水源条件下人工结皮利用露水等非降雨型水分进行野外生存提供重要的理论支持和试验依据.     

毛乌素沙地沙蒿凝结水形成规律及其对水均衡的影响

凝结水是干旱半干旱区重要的补给水源,为了探究毛乌素沙地典型植被沙蒿凝结水的形成过程,定量化凝结水量,分析气象因素对凝结水的形成贡献,评价沙蒿凝结水量对水均衡的影响,该研究在毛乌素沙地基于大型称重式蒸渗仪开展了沙蒿凝结水的实时动态观测研究。研究结果表明,沙蒿年凝结水生成量为47.1 mm,占年降水量的19.6%,且寒冷的月份凝结水量高于温暖月份。空气温度与地表温度之差及相对湿度的大小是凝结水形成的重要影响因素。通过增强回归树模型的结果发现,相对湿度对凝结水形成的贡献率最高,为43.4%。考虑沙蒿凝结水量,水均衡方程的误差能够降至5.7%,可提高水资源评价时的精度。该研究可为干旱半干旱地区精确评价水资源量提供重要依据,同时也将深化沙蒿条件下凝结水对水循环影响的认识,为旱区植被生态系统的保护提供了科学依据。     

Photochemical Formation of OH Radicals in Dew Formed on the Pine Needles at Mt. Gokurakuji

Photochemical formation rates and sources of the hydroxyl (OH) radical were determined in dew water formed on the surface of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) needles of declining (NO₂ polluted area) and healthy pine stands at Mt. Gokurakuji located west of Hiroshima city in western Japan. The measured OH radical photoformation rates in dew water (n=10), which were normalized to the rate at midday on May 1 at 34°N, ranged from 0.67 to 5.18 µM h^?1 (1M=1mol L^?1). The mean value (2.69 µM h^?1) was higher than that in dew water collected on a Teflon board and higher than the mean value in rain water published previously. Of the total OH radical formation rate observed in dew water on the pine needles, 16.4 % was estimated to originate from N (III) (NO₂ ^? and HNO₂) and 24.6 % was estimated to originate from NO₃ ^?. There were other sources of OH radical photochemical formation in dew water on the pine needles besides photolysis of NO₂ ^? and NO₃ ^?.     

黄土高原露日数变化趋势分析

露日数是预防和控制植物病害的重要因子,探讨气候变化条件下露日数,可为区域植物病害预测及防治提供事实依据。本文基于52个气象站点1961—2010年逐日监测气象数据,计算了黄土高原不同时空尺度的露日数,利用去趋势预置白处理(trend-free pre-whitening,TFPW)的Mann-Kendall法和Sen趋势度估计法(Sen’slope)分析了露日数变化趋势,并借助相关分析法探讨了露日数的成因。结果表明,在月尺度上,黄土高原露水发生在3—11月,全区域月平均值为7 d,9月露日数最长,其中南部、东南部和西北部露日数达8~12 d。5.77%~25.00%气象站点露日数在6月和8—11月以0.02~0.15 d×a~(-1)显著增加,17.31%和7.68%气象站点露日数在4月和7月以-0.09 d×a~(-1)和-0.02 d×a~(-1)显著降低。在季尺度上,黄土高原露水发生在春、夏和秋季,全区域季平均值为15 d,秋季露日数最长,其中南部、东南部和西北部露日数达14~26 d。仅3.85%和5.77%的气象站露日数在夏季、秋季分别以0.25~0.09 d×a~(-1)和0.15~0.09 d×a~(-1)显著增加,5.77%的气象站露日数在春季以-0.34~-0.07 d×a~(-1)显著降低。相对湿度和温度是影响上述露日数时空变化的最关键因子。     

Analysis of phloem exudate collected from fruit-bearing stems of coconut palm: Palm trees as a source of molecules circulating in sieve tubes

Sieve tubes have been attracting widespread research interest because of their possible role in mediating physiological signals within the whole plant. However, progress in research into the function of sieve tubes has been limited by the low volume of sap available. To overcome this problem, we attempted to collect phloem exudate from tropical coconut palm trees (Cocos nucifera L. cv. Namhom). As much as 3 to 15 mL of exudate per hour was collected from the cut surface of the plant's fruit-bearing stem. Our analyses revealed that the characterized profiles of sugars (sucrose: 339 mM), amino acids (total concentration: 17.1 mM), cations (potassium: 48.3 mM), and proteins (total concentration: 0.1 /-lg /-lL-1) in the exudate were mostly consistent with those of phloem sap or phloem exudate collected from rice plants, castor bean plants, etc. This exudate was assumed to reflect the composition of the phloem sap from the source organs of coconut palm trees. The large volume of exudate collected contributed significantly to the analyses of the various compounds in the stream of sieve tubes.     

南方地区双季晚稻寒露风危害研究综述

寒露风是双季晚稻抽穗扬花期间，因低温造成抽穗扬花受阻、空壳率增加的一种灾害性天气。为了解寒露风研究现状、继承和完善寒露风研究成果并加以突破提供借鉴和参考，本文通过对有关寒露风文献的分析和梳理，总结了寒露风研究的主要成果。大气环流异常是引发大范围寒露风的根本原因，地形、地貌、海拔等因素能引起小范围寒露风。寒露风对晚稻的危害主要在抽穗开花期，其次是孕穗期。寒露风指标研究大多基于田间试验、气象要素模拟试验、生产实践以及历史数据、文献的分析，应用比较广泛的指标是“寒露风等级”和“水稻冷害评估技术规范”。寒露风预报以天气学方法较为常见、数理统计法不可或缺、神经网络等新方法的运用是一种趋势。在南方双季稻区，寒露风主要出现在9月中下旬或以后，在全球气候变暖背景下，寒露风初日呈推迟趋势、天数呈减少趋势，但存在连续多年提前和天数增加的案例。单点（站）观测、3S技术是寒露风监测常用的技术。合理安排晚稻播种期、选择耐低温品种、以水调温等多技术并举，对防御寒露风有较好效果。本文还针对寒露风研究存在的指标因子不全面、指标标准不统一、预测预报和监测评估精度达不到精细化服务的需求等主要问题，展望了未来研究的主要方向：深化寒露风多因子致灾机理及多气象要素指标研究，构建指标体系；利用大数据、人工智能等新技术，强化农业气象智能化精准预报技术研究；加强气象观测、卫星遥感及作物模型等相融合的精密监测评估技术研究；重视气候变化背景下的寒露风新规律研究；开展与气候变化及农业科技进步相适应的防灾减灾技术研究。     

Determination of Sulfate,Nitrate, and Chloride in Throughfall using Ion-Exchange Resins

Throughfall, the solution that falls from the forest canopy, is an important and commonly measured flux in forest ecosystem studies. Throughfall water and chemistry are highly variable spatially, requiring large numbers of collectors to quantify it. This and the fact that the solution can be chemically unstable make throughfall sampling very labor intensive, thus we have developed a method to reduce the field labor portion of this effort. Our throughfall collection method uses compact ion exchange resin columns that need only be collected every 1–2 months. The resin columns are subsequently extracted with 1.0 M potassium iodide (KI), releasing anions back into solution, with extraction efficiencies > 94% for sulfate, nitrate, and chloride. The extracts are analyzed by ion-chromatography (IC) to determine the total microequivalents of anions per unit area of collector surface collected over the period of resin column exposure. This ion exchange resin method was originally developed for a project in which we needed to deploy over 300 throughfall collectors to quantify throughfall variability across mountainous terrain with heterogeneous vegetation.     

Biological soil crusts promote N accumulation in response to dew events in dryland soils

Dew is an important source of water in drylands, particularly for biological soil crusts (BSCs), which are soil communities dominated by lichens, mosses and cyanobacteria that are prevalent in these environments and play important roles in nutrient cycling. While BSCs can retain and use water from dew, the effects of dew events on the cycling of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in BSC-dominated ecosystems are largely unknown. We conducted an experiment to evaluate the effects of BSCs and dew on N and C cycling; intact soil cores from either bare ground or BSC-dominated microsites were incubated over 14 days under control and artificial dew addition treatments. A positive increment in the amount of total available N and phenols was observed in response to dew events under BSCs. We also found an increase in the concentration of dissolved organic N, as well as in the pentoses:hexoses ratio, under BSCs, suggesting that dew promoted an increase in the decomposition of organic matter at this microsite. The increase in the amount of available N commonly observed under BSCs has been traditionally associated with the fixation of atmospheric N₂ by BSC-forming cyanobacteria and cyanolichens. Our results provide a complementary explanation for such an increase: the stimulation of microbial activity of the microorganisms associated with BSCs by dew inputs. These effects of dew may have important implications for nutrient cycling in drylands, where dew events are common and BSCs cover large areas.     

花岗岩矿区水力岩土侵蚀研究初探——以福建省安溪县铁峰山花岗岩矿区为例

以安溪县铁峰山花岗岩矿区为例,以集水区为单元,选取具有代表性的矿点作为研究对象,采用调查分析法、标桩法和侵蚀沟体积量算转换法进行矿区水力岩土侵蚀的研究。结果表明:1花岗岩矿区由于其自身的特点,水力岩土侵蚀以溅蚀、面蚀、沟蚀等形式体现,其土壤侵蚀强度多达到强烈甚至极强烈以上。2由于矿渣的阻滞作用,降雨后土壤多呈泥浆状溅散。雨滴的溅蚀使得土壤多呈现鳞片状侵蚀,降雨过后部分地表土层产生板结。3从研究区面蚀和沟蚀情况看,水力岩土侵蚀多达到极强烈以上侵蚀,且受坡长、坡度、堆体颗粒组成、有无植被覆盖、堆倒年限等因素的综合影响。     

A comparison of cylindrical and flat plate sensors for surface wetness duration

Cylindrical surface wetness duration sensors were constructed and tested for use in onions. Their potential for use as wetness sensors in flat-leaved crops was also investigated. Dew deposition on both cylinders and flat plates was shown to depend on sensor size, while drying of simulated raindrops depended on drop size. Despite these similarities, dew typically fell 1–2 h earlier and lasted 2–3 h longer on flat plates than on cylinders of the same size. Drops evaporated faster on cylinders than on flat plates at wind speeds < 1.5 m s⁻¹, but similar rates of drying were observed for drops on both sensor shapes at higher wind speeds.     

塑料大棚内黄瓜叶片露时的计算方法

1.采用单叶的能量平衡方法,建立大棚黄瓜叶片的露时模式。模式运行结果:结露期间的叶片温度计算值与测量值差异极不显著(|t|0.50,S=0.291,n=25);结露时间、露干时间和露时的计算值与观测值差异不显著(|t|0.40,平均差异分别为21、-6和-25分钟。2.根据叶湿频率与相对湿度的关系,得出大棚黄瓜叶片结露的临界相对湿度为93％。用此临界相对湿度估算露时,误差一般不超出1小时。     

提前喷施叶面肥对增强翻秋晚稻抵御寒露风能力的分析

近年来,翻秋种植（早稻品种作晚稻直播栽培）以其节本高效、缓解双季稻季节矛盾等优势得以迅速发展,但翻秋晚稻抽穗期迟于移栽晚稻,更易受寒露风影响而减产。本研究以始穗期寒露风来临前2d设置喷施清水（CK）、喷施宝（T1）、寒露风来临当天施喷施宝（T2）3个处理,研究提前喷施叶面肥对翻秋晚稻抵御寒露风能力的影响及其机理,以期为提高翻秋晚稻应对寒露风的避灾减灾能力提供技术支撑及理论依据。结果表明：与CK及T2相比,提前喷施叶面肥（T1）可促进翻秋晚稻安全齐穗,缩短生育期3～4d;有利于增加灌浆期的净光合速率,促进后期叶片SPAD值与净光合速率的正常衰减,提前喷施叶面肥后植株的C、N营养更协调,干物质运转更通畅,从而显著提高籽粒灌浆速率,增加结实率9.5～13.9个百分点,增产15.8%～23.7%;提前喷施叶面肥还可改善翻秋晚稻稻米的外观品质及加工品质。可见,通过气象预警,提前喷施叶面肥可有效增强翻秋晚稻抵御寒露风的能力。     

Soil erosion in vineyards in the Ardeche region

The factors which determine the occurrence and the intensity of soil erosion in vineyards, have been studied. In these vineyards various methods of wine-growing management in the research area (Ardèche, France) are discussed and a measure for the intensity of erosion is provided. The latter is based on the volume of the erosion channels per unit area. With the help of this measure the importance of various key variables is evaluated. With respect to soil conservation it is recommended to attune the management and control of the vineyards to an approximation of the natural ecosystem.     

臭氧胁迫对冬小麦干物质生产和产量构成的影响

利用开顶式气室（OTC）开展了大田实验条件下地表臭氧浓度增加对冬小麦干物质（DM）生产和产量构成的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,100nL·L^-1臭氧熏气下干物质量略有降低,150nL·L^-1臭氧熏气下显著降低;100nL·L^-1和150nL·L^-1臭氧熏气下叶面积,净同化速率（NAR）变化规律不明显;100nL·L^-1和150nL·L^-1臭氧熏气都使抽穗期的叶/总干重增加,根/总干重下降,抽穗后根/总干重上升,而成熟期的各器官干重分配均没有达到显著性水平;100nL·L^-1臭氧熏气使单位面积穗数和空秕率显著降低,150nL·L^-1臭氧熏气使空秕率、单位面积穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重出现了显著或极显著降低,臭氧熏气对千粒重没有显著性变化。以上结果表明,NAR是影响干物质累积速度的关键因子,在不同生育阶段,通过干物质的分配,对小麦生长发育起关键作用的器官在一定程度上能够抵抗臭氧对其的损害。臭氧通过影响粒数和粒重使冬小麦减产。     

Macronutrient uptake,translocation, and tissue concentration of soybeans infested with the soybean cyst nematode and elemental composition of cysts isolated from roots 1

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a major pest of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merrill) in the central and southern United States. Soybean cyst nematode causes stunted top growth, root pruning and symptoms of mineral element deficiency in soybeans. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two selections of SCN (I selected on PI209332 and IV selected on PI 89772) on macronutrient uptake, translocation, and tissue concentrations of soybean and to determine the elemental composition of cysts isolated from roots. Soybeans were grown in plastic tubes in the greenhouse where the middle one‐third of the Hodge fine sand (Typic Udipsamment) contained 0, 25,000, or 50,000 SCN eggs. After 35 days, plants were harvested and tissue nutrient element concentrations were determined. Plants infested with both SCN selections were smaller and had much less root volume than controls. Dry weight of each plant tissue decreased as SCN population was increased. Root concentration of potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) was decreased, whereas root calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) concentrations were increased with SCN treatments. Leaf Mg and Ca concentrations increased with SCN treatment. Magnesium uptake per unit root volume was decreased, but Mg translocation (% of total plant content in aerial portion) was increased with SCN treatment. Calcium uptake per unit of root volume was increased, but translocation was unchanged by SCN treatment. The Ca and P concentration of cysts isolated from the soybean roots was high. This high concentration of Ca in cysts is interesting based on the greater root Ca concentration and uptake per unit of root volume in SCN infested plants. Since total uptake and root concentrations of both K and Mg were decreased by SCN treatment, infested soybeans might require very high levels of K and Mg fertilization. These results indicate that K and Mg fertility should be followed closely in SCM‐infested soybean fields.     

边坡工程中土壤水力侵蚀规律及侵蚀控制卷材的应用探讨

首先总结了边坡水力侵蚀的基本规律,指出裸露的坡面是发生严重土壤侵蚀的重要场所,得出在所有影响坡面土壤侵蚀的因素中,坡面覆盖是最关键的因素。在此基础上,重点探讨工程建设中形成的各种边坡(或斜坡)从开始裸露到植被覆盖或工程覆盖之间的一段时间内的侵蚀控制问题,提出使用人工覆盖材料特别是侵蚀控制卷材是控制坡面土壤侵蚀的必然选择。     

全平面镜线反射太阳聚光器的光学设计

为了降低太阳能聚光器的成本,在线聚光菲涅耳集热器中常使用平面镜作为反射镜的组成元素.根据菲涅耳线聚光理论,提出了使用全平面的窄条镜按一定角度布置于跟踪托架上构成不同焦距的初级反射镜单元,由多块跟踪镜单元组成初级反射镜场的设计方法,采用新的次级反射器设计思路,设计了双圆弧形二次反射聚光器.采用平板玻璃镀银镜为初级反射镜材料,设计制作了试验装置,从光线跟踪模拟和实际试验都具有很好的聚光效果.该反射镜单元的设计具有低成本、聚光效果好、可扩展集热器场宽度、跟踪稳定和抗风载等优点,小规模集热器可用于蒸汽生产,提供农产品干燥等所需的过程热,大规模的集热器可以用于热发电所需的预热蒸汽或直接用于热发电.     

Lithological effects in soil formation and soil slips on weathering-limited slopes underlain by granitic bedrocks in Japan

Soil slips occur every few years due to heavy rains on biotite granite (Gb) and hornblende biotite granite (Ghb) slopes in the Taga Mountains, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. The occurrence density of soil slips per unit area is 2.7 times greater in the Gb slopes than that in Ghb slopes. We examined the chemical, mineral, physical, and mechanical properties of two soil profiles on soil-slip scars in these slopes to study the effect of bedrock mineral composition on the density of soil slips. For a given size of mineral grain, the amount of biotite (which is susceptible to chemical weathering) in granitic bedrocks strongly influenced the density of soil slips. In the Gb slope the soil layer becomes thinner because of the smaller proportion of biotite in the bedrock; this restricts the downward movement of soil water into the material below the slip plane. During heavy rainfall the water surface then rises toward the slope surface above the slip plane. This promotes soil slips, increasing the density of soil-slip scars. In contrast, in the Ghb slope, with more biotite in the bedrock, the soil layer becomes thicker, so that soil water moves easily into the material beneath the slip plane. This limits the rise of water surface toward the slope surface above the slip plane even during heavy rainfalls. There are consequently fewer soil slips and density of soil-slip scars.     

地表臭氧浓度增加对南京地区冬小麦生长和产量的影响

利用改进后的开顶式气室（OTC）,开展了O3浓度增加对冬小麦生长与产量影响的大田实验研究。实验设置三种处理：CK为未经处理的空气,CF100处理O3浓度为100nL／L,CF150处理O3浓度为150nL／L。结果表明,地表O3浓度增加,冬小麦生育期缩短,籽粒的灌浆期缩短,植株提前老化;同时,冬小麦的株高、生物量、叶面积等生长指标均显著下降（P〈0．05）,最大降幅分别达到了10．01％、36．56％和29．17％;冬小麦的穗数、穗粒数、单位面积产量等产量指标也都出现了显著下降（P〈0．05）,其中CF100、CF150处理的单位面积产量分别比CK下降了16．11％和39．17％。试验结果对于评估地表O3浓度增加对粮食安全的影响具有重要的指导意义。     

THE USE OF BULK COLLECTORS IN MONITORING WET DEPOSITION AT HIGH-ALTITUDE SITES IN WINTER

Concentrations of dissolved ions from samples collected by wet/dry collectors were compared to those collected by bulk collectors at Halfmoon Creek and Ned Wilson Lake in western Colorado to determine if bulk collectors can be used to monitor wet deposition chemistry in remote, high-altitude regions in winter. Hydrogen-ion concentration was significantly lower (p <0.05) in the bulk collectors. All other ion concentrations were significantly higher (p <0.05) in the bulk collectors except for ammonium (p >0.05) at Halfmoon Creek. Wet deposition concentrations were predicated from bulk deposition concentrations through linear regression analysis. Results indicate that anions (chloride, nitrate and sulfate) can be predicted with a high degree of confidence. Lack of significant differences between seasonal (winter and summer) ratios of bulk to wet deposition concentrations indicates that at sites where operation of a wet/dry collector during the winter is not practical, wet deposition concentrations can be predicted from bulk collector samples through regression analysis of wet and bulk deposition data collected during the summer.