Effect of soaking,sprouting, fermentation and cooking on nutrient composition and some anti-nutritional factors of sorghum (Guinesia) seeds

This study was designed to determine the effect of soaking, sprouting, fermentation and cooking on nutrient composition and some antinutritional factors of sorghum seeds (guineesia). Standard assay procedures were adopted to resolve both the nutrients and the antinutritional factors content of the products. Combination of cooking and fermentation improved the nutrient quality and drastically reduced the antinutritional factors to safe levels much greater than any of the other processing methods tested.     

Chemical composition and content of antinutritional factors in Polish cultivars of peas

The seeds of 15 Polish pea varieties contained from 221 to 281 g/kg crude protein with a mean of 240.2±3.5 g/kg dry matter (DM). The weight of 1000 pea seeds, depending on cultivar, ranged from 209.4 to 280.4 g. No interactive effect between the seed mass and the crude protein content was detected. The highest significant negative correlation between weight of seeds and dietary fiber content wasr=−0.815^XX. The content of dietary fiber ranged from 161.5 to 209.9 g/kg with a mean of 187.9±3.8 g/kg. The mean gross energy of seeds was 18.1±0.28 MJ/kg. Amino acid composition of all the cultivars was similar, which was indicated by a similar index of essential amino acids (EAAI) of about 69.7±0.25. Trypsin inhibitor content in seeds was from 2.83 to 7.32 TIU/mg and the content of phytates ranged from 6.32 to 13.36 mg/g DM. The mean content of polyphenols and flavanols in analysed pea cultivars was 0.92 amd 0.46 mg/g, respectively. In the seeds of most cultivars little or no pyrimidine glucosides, i.e. vicine and convicine, were found. The overall mean oligosaccharide content was 64.3±1.8 g/kg, of which α-galactosides were 46.8±2.0 g/kg. The antinutritional factor content was not significantly correlated with protein content. No statistical relationship was found between crude protein and dietary fiber content. It was observed that pea cultivars with higher trypsin inhibitor activity contained significantly less flavanols (r=−0.607^X) and α-galactosides (r=−0.617^X). The varieties with higher seed content of dietary fiber contained the highest amount of α-galactosides (r=0.514^X).     

Nutrient composition and protein quality of minor millets

Nutrient composition of five minor millets produced and consumed in dry land regions and tribal areas of Andhra Pradesh, India, was evaluated. The millets analysed were Italian millet (Setaria Italica), French millet (Panicum miliaceum), Barnyard millet (Echinachloa colona), Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) and little millet (Panicum miliare). The nutrients analysed were proximate principles, amino acids, fibre components, calcium, Phosphorus and Iron. Protein and energy were evaluated by true digestability (TD), biological value (BV), net protein utilization (NPU) and digestible energy (DE) in rats. The protein content was higher and lysine content lower, when compared to major millets. Dehusked millets had lower total dietary fibre (TDF) and tannin. The TD of protein ranged between 95.0 to 99.3, whereas the BV was between 48.3 and 56.5. All the millets were poor sources of calcium, phosphorus and iron, with the exception of french millet.     

Comparative study of the chemical composition of wild and cultivated beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Five wildPhaseolus vulgaris beans were compared with five cultivatedPhaseolus vulgaris beans in proximate composition, total (true) protein, amino acid composition, and toxic and antinutritional factors. The wild beans contained more protein (25.5% vs. 21.7%), ash (5.15 vs. 4.15%), crude fiber (7.08% vs. 5.04%) compared to cultivated beans while the former contained less fat (0.56 vs. 0.89%) and carbohydrates (61.64 vs. 68.05%). Sulfur amino acids were found to be limiting in both groups of bean as expected; however, the cultivated beans had a higher content of the limiting amino acids. Therefore, the cultivated beans showed a better amino acid profile than the wild beans. Toxic factors were not found in either type of bean; the determinations included saponins, alkaloids, and cyanogenic glycosides. The antinutritional factors investigated were hemagglutinins (lectins) and trypsin inhibitors. The wild beans presented a higher content of trypsin inhibitors (28 TUI per mg) and lectins (9.6) than the cultivated beans did (21 TUI per mg and 7 respectively). From the chemical point of view, domestication seems to be positive; however, the better protein nutritive quality of the cultivated beans should be further confirmed by biological assays.     

Identification and nutrient composition of indigenous vegetables of Tanzania

Thirty types of indigenous vegetables commonly utilized in rural areas of Tanzania were collected, identified and their nutrient compositions analyzed. High values up to 249.6, 266 and 7.7 mg/100 g of vitamin C, calcium and iron, respectively, were recorded. Protein content ranged from 0.6 to 5.0 and fat content 0.1 to 1.0 percent. Generally most of the vegetables were preferred by 50 to 90 percent of the persons surveyed.     

Common Indian spices: Nutrient composition,consumption and contribution to dietary value

Nutrient composition of eight commonly consumed spices of South India was analysed. Spices analysed were red chillies (Capsicum annum), black pepper (Piper nigrum), coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum), cumin seeds (Cuminum cyminum), garlic (Allium sativum), asafoetida (Ferula foetida), dry ginger (Zingiber officinale) and ajowan (Carum copticum). The nutrients analysed were proximate principles, minerals, starch, sugars, dietary fibre components, tannins, phytic acid, enzyme inhibitors and amino acids. Dry ginger, ajowan and asafoetida had high calcium (1.0–1.5%) and iron (54–62 mg/100 g) levels. The tannin content of spices was also high (0.9–1.3% DM). Dietary fibre ranged from 14–53%. Spices had appreciable amounts of essential amino acids like lysine and threonine. A survey revealed the average per capita consumption of spices to be 9.54 g and at that level, the nutrient contribution from spices ranged from 1.2 to 7.9% of an average adult Indian male's requirement for different nutrients.     

Proximate composition and antinutritional factors in rice bean (Vigna umbellata)

Thirteen promising strains of Rice bean (Vigna umbellata) were analysed for their proximate compositions and antinutritional factors. Protein content in these varieties ranged from 17.50 to 23.10 per cent, ash from 3.06 to 4.48 per cent, ether extract from 2.4 to 3.9 per cent and crude fibre from 1.70 to 4.25 per cent. Trypsin inhibitor activity ranged from 112.63 to 163.98 units/g and polyphenols ranged from 0.58 to 1.19 per cent. Phytohemagglutinating activity was present in all the strains, except one, RB-32. Oligosaccharides, viz., raffinose, stachyose and verbascose, ranged from 0.32 to 0.91, 0.95 to 1.98 and 1.40 to 2.58 per cent, respectively. Attempts have been made to compare the results with a standard variety each of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), moong (Vigna radiata) and mash (Vigna mungo).     

土壤养分吸附特性与甜菜施肥指标的关系研究初报

3种土壤对5种元素的吸附特性研究结果表明：在所取的3种土壤中，黑土吸附N、P、K的能力较强；白浆土吸附N、B的能力最强；盐碱土吸附P、Zn的能力最强。根据土壤养分吸附曲线，可以方便地确定各元素的施用量，以指导科学施肥。     

向日葵养分专家系统推荐施肥效应研究

为了更好地为生产者和技术人员提供推荐服务,本研究汇总和分析各地试验数据,以明确向日葵养分专家系统推荐施肥的优势,促进向日葵养分专家系统在生产上大面积推广应用。2017-2019年在向日葵主要产区进行了84项向日葵养分专家系统田间验证试验,分析比较了向日葵养分专家系统与当地习惯施肥的节肥效果、增产效果、肥料利用效率和经济效益。结果表明：向日葵养分专家（NE）推荐养分用量较农民习惯（FP）减少了氮（N）投入7 kg/hm²,减少磷（P₂O₅）投入23 kg/hm²,施肥更加优化合理。NE较FP平均增产293.1 kg/hm²（增产率为8.4%）,经济效益增加1754.4元/hm²,氮和磷农学效率增加1.7和3.6 kg/kg,氮磷钾养分回收率分别提高8.7、6.1和6.0个百分点。向日葵养分专家系统具有节约氮磷肥、增加产量、增加经济效益、提高肥料利用效率的良好效果,向日葵产区可以根据向日葵养分专家系统进行推荐施肥。     

Nutritional composition and antinutritional factors of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) undergoing different cooking methods and germination

The effects of cooking treatments (boiling, autoclaving and microwavecooking) and germination on the nutritional composition and antinutritionalfactors of chickpeas were studied. Cooking treatments and/or germinationcaused significant (p < 0.05) decreases in fat, total ash, carbohydratefractions, antinutritional factors, minerals and B-vitamins. Germination wasless effective than cooking treatments in reducing trypsin inhibitor,hemagglutinin activity, tannins and saponins; it was more effective inreducing phytic acid, stachyose and raffinose. Cooking treatments andgermination decreased the concentrations of lysine, tryptophan, totalaromatic and sulfur-containing amino acids. However, cooked andgerminated chickpeas were still higher in lysine, isoleucine and totalaromatic amino acid contents than the FAO/WHO reference. The lossesin B-vitamins and minerals in chickpeas cooked by microwaving weresmaller than in those cooked by boiling and autoclaving. Germination resultedin greater retention of all minerals and B-vitamins compared to cookingtreatments. In vitro protein digestibility, protein efficiency ratio andessential amino acid index were improved by all treatments. The chemicalscore and limiting amino acid of chickpeas subjected to the varioustreatments varied considerably, depending on the type of treatment. Basedon these results, microwave cooking appears to be the best alternative forlegume preparation in households and restaurants.     

Biomass yield and composition of sweetpotato grown in a nutrient film technique system

Sweetpotato cultivar TU-82-155 grown in a nutrient film technique system and separated into foliage, tips, fibrous, string and storage roots at harvest had a total dry biomass of 89.9 g per plant with 38.4% inedible portion. Tips and storage roots, the traditional edible parts, were analyzed for dry matter, protein, fat, ash, minerals (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Zn), vitamins (carotene, ascorbic acid, thiamin), oxalic and tannic acids, and trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors to determine their nutritional quality. Water soluble matter, minerals (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Zn), cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin concentrations in the edible and inedible parts were obtained to provide information needed for the selection of appropriate bioconversion processes of plant wastes into food or forms suitable for crop production in a controlled biological life support system.     

Chemical composition and nutritional potential of the tribal pulse (Bauhinia malabarica Roxb)

Proximate and mineral composition, seed protein fractions, amino acid composition, fatty acid profiles and antinutritional factors were analysed for the seeds of the tribal pulse,Bauhinia malabarica. The seeds contained higher amount of crude lipid when compared with most of the domesticated pulses. The seeds were rich in minerals like Ca, Mg and Fe. Glutelins (45%) constituted the major seed protein fraction followed by globulins which accounted for about 34%. Cystine and methionine were found to be the limiting essential amino acids; whereas tyrosine and phenylalanine content were fairly high when compared with WHO requirement pattern. The unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid and linoleic acid, were predominant in seed lipids. Presence of antinutritional substances like total free phenols, tannins, L-DOPA and haemagglutinating activity also were analysed/assayed.     

海南胶园土壤磷吸附特性及其影响因素

研究海南农垦7个胶同土壤磷吸附特性及其影响因素,结果表明:①Langmuir、Freundlich和TemDkin方程都能很好与等温吸附曲线拟合,其中Langmuir方程拟合效果最好并与研究结果最相符;②不同母质发育的土壤磷吸附能力依据土壤磷的最大吸附量X_m排序为:玄武岩>砂贞岩>变质岩>花岗岩>浅海沉积物;③土壤CEC_(7.0)粘粒含量、有机质含量、游离铁含量等因素显著影响土壤磷的吸附能力.其中土壤有机质含量与土壤磷最大吸附量X_m呈显著负相关,同时,土壤粘粒含量越高,供试土壤磷的吸附能力越强.     

东北产天南星科植物化学成分研究进展

中国东北地区(辽宁、吉林、黑龙江)所产天南星科(Araceae)植物分为7属11种2变种5变型,其中绝大多数具有较高的药用价值,本文主要对中国东北地区所产主要天南星科植物化学成分进行了论述,以便人们更好地了解东北地区所产的天南星科药用植物,以及对此植物进行生态性地开发、保护和利用起提供参考依据。     

Yield response of long-term mixed grassland swards and nutrient cycling under different nutrient sources and management regimes

Abstract The response of a long‐term, mixed‐species hayfield in Maine, USA, to commercial fertilizers and liquid dairy manure was evaluated over a 6‐year period, including the effects on yield, nutrient concentration and cycling, forage species composition and soil nutrient levels. Nutrient treatments included an unamended control, N fertilizer, NPK fertilizer and liquid dairy manure (LDM). The application rates of plant‐available N, P, and K were constant across treatments. Application of nutrients in any form increased forage yield, generally by 2–4 t dry matter (DM) ha^?1 year^?1. Yield from NPK fertilizer was 0·05–0·25 higher than from LDM, due to differences in N availability. Yield responses to P and K were minimal and there appeared to be no difference between P and K in fertilizer and manure. The forage sward became increasingly dominated by grass species as the experiment progressed; application of P and K in fertilizer or LDM allowed Agropyron repens to increase at the expense of Poa pratensis. Forage nutrient removal accounted for all applied N and K, and nearly all applied P, throughout the study period, demonstrating the important role these forages can play in whole‐farm nutrient management.     

Factors that affect high voltage atmospheric cold plasma treatment efficacy on wet distillers’ grains: Shelf-life and nutrient composition

The increase in ethanol production continues to drive the availability of distillers' grains, which are used as an animal feed for cattle, swine and poultry. In its wet state this co-product of the ethanol production process must be fed or treated before spoiling and reaching its shelf-life, only 3–5 days after production. Novel treatment technologies, such as high voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP), continue to show promise as a method to increase the shelf-life of many products such as contaminated animal feed. This study investigated the parameters grain depth, amount of sample and exposure time, for effective treatment of distillers’ grains to increase shelf-life using HVACP. This work evaluates the different combinations of treatments to determine, which parameters are critical for reduction in microbial growth and increase shelf-life. The efficacy of the reactive gas species (RGS) produced by HVACP, at 70 kV for up to 360 s, moving through the grain mass of distillers wet grains (DWG) was evaluated by measuring microbial load (log reduction), moisture content and pH after 0, 14 and 28 days of storage at 25 °C at grain depths of 1, 2.5 and 4.5 cm. Results showed a higher log reduction at the 1 cm depth than at 2.5 and 4.5 cm for measurements after the initial treatment. Stored samples continued to show reductions, however the greater depths had higher log reductions than the surface. Nutrient composition and amino acid profiles were also analyzed, showing no significant difference between treated and untreated samples over the storage period.     

Seasonal changes in feed intake,diet digestibility and diet composition by lactating and non‐lactating goats browsing in a semi‐arid rangeland of Argentina

We determined the seasonal nutrient and secondary compound intake, in vivo diet digestibility (DD) and diet species composition of goats in different physiological states in a desert rangeland of Argentina. During the wet and the dry seasons, 24 mature female Creole goats (six non‐lactating, non‐pregnant and six lactating in each season) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Diet botanical composition, DD and dry‐matter intake (DMI) were estimated by the combined use of visual observation, microhistological analyses of faecal samples and n‐alkane technique. Browse species dominated the goats’ diets (>80%) in both seasons and physiological states, with a twofold increase in the proportion of forbs during the wet season (p < 0.10). Lactating goats showed greater DMI than non‐lactating animals, and they also displayed greater intakes of some tanniferous (Mimosa ephedroides) and high‐protein (Atriplex lampa) shrubs (p < 0.10). Lactating and non‐lactating goats selected diets with adequate crude protein (CP) and fibre content but insufficient energy, although lactating goats tended to increase energy and tannin content in their diets (p < 0.20). Physiological state did not influence DD, but digestibility was greater (p < 0.10) in the wet season, attributed to the greater protein content and lower tannin content of the diet. These results have important implications for managerial interventions on traditional goat production systems in the study area aiming at enhancing goat nutrition and welfare, as well as the sustainability of rangeland resources in the region.     

Changes in the nutrient composition of potatoes during home preparation: I. Proximate composition

The effects of various home cooking methods on the proximate composition of four potato varieties were investigated. The results revealed significant increases in the dry matter content of tubers during oven-baking and microwave cooking. With one exception, cooking unpeeled tubers in boiling water did not significantly alter their proximate composition. Boiling peeled tubers resulted in a significant decrease in the total ash content. Except for one variety, there was a significant decrease in crude fiber in boiled peeled and oven-baked potatoes. Changes in protein values were erratic.     

辽北地区耕地土壤养分状况变化及培肥对策

对辽宁省铁岭市7个县(市)区55万hm2耕地的747个土样化验分析,结果表明,土壤有机质与全N平均含量分别为1.58%和0.089%,处于中等和较缺状况,较缺面积均有所增加。速效P含量平均为13.8mg/kg,明显增加,达到中等和略缺状况,并且有一定面积达到较丰富状况。速效K含量平均为114mg/kg,明显下降,大面积处于中等和较缺状况,而且较缺面积大辐度增加。据此提出了若干相应的施肥建议。     

Chemical composition and nutritional potential of yam bean seeds (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urban)

Pachyrhizus erosus seeds were analysed for proximate composition, minerals, protein fractions, antinutritional factors, and rotenoids. The seeds showed a high content of proteins, lipids, Fe and Ca, in comparison to other legumes. Glutelins constitute the highest protein fraction, followed by globulins. Antinutritional substances detected as tannins, hemagglutinating activity and trypsin inhibitory activity, were in low concentrations. Seeds were also processed to obtain a flour which showed proper characteristics, good in vitro digestibility, significant rotenoid reduction level and amino acid composition rich in essential amino acids, except methionine.