胡杨根际土壤微生物区系研究

以额济纳天然胡杨林根系为实验材料,探讨了不同深度根系微生物的分布情况。土壤微生物类群分布为:在0cm时,真菌>细菌>放线菌;10cm时,放线菌>细菌>真菌;20cm时,细菌>放线菌>真菌;30cm时,细菌>真菌>放线菌;40cm时,细菌>放线菌>真菌;50cm时,细菌>放线菌>真菌。其中真菌12个属、细菌13个属、放线菌12个属,在微生物的总量中,以细菌的数量占优势。     

塔里木河下游胡杨物候特征观测

以塔里木河下游胡杨(Populus euphratica)为对象,对胡杨的开花期、展叶期、第一次展叶期、第二次展叶期、果熟期、叶黄期及落叶期等主要物候期进行观测。结果表明:胡杨各物候期中,开花期持续时间最短,3月29日至4月19日,果熟期持续时间最长,5月25日开始,10月13日结束。由于春尺蠖(Apocheima cinerarius)的危害,胡杨有"二次展叶"现象,第一次展叶期为4月4日至5月1日,第二次展叶期为5月13日至6月4日。胡杨叶黄期和落叶期相重叠,叶黄期从9月26日开始,10月28日结束,落叶期从10月11日开始,11月12日结束。胡杨长达4个多月的果熟期与河道洪水期吻合,这有利于种子的传播、萌发及幼苗扎根,促进天然胡杨林种群的更新及演替。     

艾比湖湿地自然保护区阿其克苏河地下水特征与胡杨生长关系研究

通过选取新疆艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区阿其克苏河东大桥管护站至塌桥子管护站15km为研究区域,在研究区内中德合作项目胡杨样地及垂直河道胡杨、柽柳混交林处采挖地下水测点,在中德合作项目样地划分的样方内做20m×20m植被小样方,观测胡杨的长势,实验室实测地下水矿化度及主要离子（K＋、Na＋、Ca2＋、Mg2＋、Cl-、C...     

黑河中游湿地胡杨蒸腾速率与叶性状的关联性分析

干旱区湿地植物叶片蒸腾作用与叶性状的关联性研究,对揭示植物叶片叶脉网络性状、叶片形态构建模式与植物体内水分平衡间的内在联系至关重要.以黑河中游湿地胡杨(Populus euphratica)为研究对象,按胡杨林距离水域的远近分别设置:I(离水域30～110 m,土壤含水量(SMC)58.23％)、II(离水域160～2...     

Characteristics and dynamics analysis of Populus euphratica populations in the middle reaches of Tarim River

Populus euphratica Oliv. is widely distributed along the Tarim River. Maintaining stability of P. euphratica population is important to local development. This study explored the static life table, survivorship curves and four function curves (survival rate, cumulative mortality rate, mortality density, and hazard rate), and development index of P. euphratica population in the middle reaches of Tarim River. The results indicated that the age structure of P. euphratica population belonged to positive pyramidal type, which meant young age-class individuals occupied most populations. The number ofⅠ-Ⅱage classes accounted for 66.2% of whole population, and this indicated that there were abundant subsequent seedlings resources to support the growth of P. euphratica population in the middle reaches of Tarim River. The survivorship curve of P. euphratica belonged to the Deevey Ⅲ (concave-type) and the development index was 47.72%. Four function curves revealed that the individuals of P. euphratica sharply decreased at the initial stage and then leveled off at the late stage of survival curve. Time sequence prediction models predicted that the number of midlife individuals would increase in future 10, 20, 30 years, and P. euphratica population grew steadily as a result of rich saplings.     

Anatomical and morphological characteristics of Populus euphratica in the lower reaches of Tarim River under extreme drought environment

Populus euphratica Oliv.is an old desert tree species that has been naturalized and invades zones along the watercourses in many arid and semiarid regions.The plant species developed some plasticity to adapt to the gradual environmental gradients.The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the changes in leaf morphology of P.euphratica reflect the adaptability of the plant to the unique environment of the lower reaches of Tarim River in China.The foliar architecture,blade epidermal and internal anatomies of P.euphratica were analyzed at different sites along the Tarim River.Compared with the abaxial surface of the leaves,their adaxial surface has more hairs,a greater stomatal density and opening,higher mesophyll proportion,and increased blade thickness,palisade width,and epidermal thickness.The long trichome of the roots found at site 6 in the Yinsu section may be an adapted structure of the plants in arid areas.The mature leaves of P.euphratica have comparatively more epidermis and cuticles,well developed palisades and more chloroplasts at different sites compared to the young leaves.Foliar morphological and anatomical variability in P.euphratica may be considered an adaptive advantage that enables leaves to develop and function in different habitats,marked by strong variations in solar radiation,air temperature,humidity and water table.     

黑河下游荒漠河岸林不同林龄胡杨对脉冲式降雨的响应

分析干旱区不同林龄胡杨对脉冲式降雨的响应,对制定气候变化下胡杨保育恢复策略具有重要意义。通过对降雨前、后黑河下游不同林龄胡杨木质部水及其不同潜在水源稳定同位素组成(δD、δ18O)的测定,分析不同深度的土壤水、地下水和降水对胡杨水分利用的贡献比例,并结合胡杨样地土壤剖面含水量的变化,探讨降雨前、后不同林龄胡杨水分利用变化及对脉冲式降雨的响应。结果发现:1降雨前、后胡杨幼苗木质部的δ18O值变化较大,分别为-3.498‰和-7.928‰,而胡杨成熟木木质部的δ18O值变化不大,分别为-7.202‰和-7.225‰;2降雨前、后胡杨幼苗对不同水源水分利用变化较大,降雨前主要利用0~30 cm的土壤水,利用比例达88%~90%,平均值为89.9%,对地下水的利用仅为2.9%。降雨后对降水的利用最高达60%,平均值为19%;降雨前、后胡杨成熟木都主要利用地下水和深层土壤水。     

极端干旱区胡杨根系分布对土壤水分的响应

依据2006和2007年6月至7月在极端干旱区额济纳的实测资料,利用分形和统计的方法对胡杨根系分布与根区土壤水分的关系进行了分析研究,建立了土壤含水率与根系分维值之间的函数关系。根系土壤水分的变化对胡杨根系分布有直接影响,当平均土壤含水率小于0.11 cm3/cm3时,根系分布的分形维数随土壤含水率的增加而增大;当土壤含水率期望值大于0.11 cm3/cm3时,根系分布的分形维数随土壤含水率的增加而减小。平均土壤含水率在0.06-0.3 cm3/cm3之间,是适宜胡杨根系生长的范围。     

塔里木河下游阿拉干断面胡杨林空间分布特征及其影响因素

通过小尺度生态监测与遥感数据分析获取塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林现状信息,集中对阿拉干断面设立的100hm2长期监测样方内的胡杨树进行了详细的调查,对该断面胡杨林空间分布特征及其影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明：塔里木河下游的胡杨具有伴河生长的特性;随着离河距离的增加,胡杨株数呈递减趋势;大部分胡杨主要分布在离河道200m范...     

塔里木荒漠胡杨群落特征的研究

选择塔里木荒漠胡杨群落分布较集中的地段设置样地,并以植物群落调查样地资料为基础,对荒漠胡杨群落特征进行分析与研究。结果表明:该胡杨群落植物种类组成贫乏、区系成分简单。从属的地理成分来看,古地中海成分明显多于温带成分;群落生活型以一年生植物为主,矮高位芽植物次之,叶的性质以小叶型、单叶、草质、全缘为主,反映出塔里木环境气候的旱化趋势和该群落与本区的干旱气候特点、地理位置及其地史变迁相吻合。群落垂直结构简单,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层。草本层→灌木层→乔木层物种多样性依次递减。胡杨种群年龄结构呈偏正态分布,基本上呈稳定型。存活曲线趋似于DeeveyII型,种群从V龄发育到VII龄过程中出现死亡率高峰。优势种群胡杨呈随机分布,伴生种呈随机或聚集分布。     

Response of Populus euphratica Oliv.sap flow to environmental variables for a desert riparian forest in the Heihe River Basin,Northwest China

Being an important desert riparian forest in the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin,Populus euphratica Oliv.forest functions as a natural barrier in maintaining and preserving the stability of local oases.Accordingly,accurately estimating the water use of P.euphratica is important for vegetation protection and water resource allocation.To date,little data are available for evaluating the hysteretic effects between sap flow and environmental variables,and for estimating the water use of desert riparian forest.In this study,we measured the sap flow velocity(V_s)of P.euphratica using the heat ratio method during the growing season of 2012.Based on the response of V_s to solar radiation(R_s)and vapor pressure deficit(VPD),we estimated the hourly Vsand daily V_s using the multivariable linear regression and a modified Jarvis-Stewart(JS)model,respectively.Hysteretic response of V_s to environmental variables was then evaluated using a sap flow model.We found the thresholds of V_s responses to R_s and VPD at both hourly and daily scales during the growing season,and successfully estimated the seasonal variations of hourly V_s and daily V_s using the JS model.At an hourly scale,the maximum V_s occurred earlier than the maximum VPD by approximately 0.5 h but later than the maximum R_s by approximate 1.0 h.At a daily scale,the maximum V_s lagged behind the maximum VPD by approximately 2.5 h while occurred earlier than the maximum R_s by approximately 2 h.However,hysteretic response of V_swas weakened when R_s and VPD were measured together using the JS model at both hourly and daily scales.Consequently,short-term and intensive field campaigns,where V_s and environmental variables can be measured,may be used to estimate short-run sap flow and stand transpiration using only two environmental variables.     

Effects of temperature on flowering phenological traits of Populus euphratica Oliv. and Populus pruinosa Schrenk populations,Xinjiang, China

The aims of this study were to explore the interspecific differences of Populus euphratica Oliv. and Populus pruinosa Schrenk populations and the intraspecific differences of males and females within the same species in flowering phenological traits, and the effects of temperatures on flowering phenological traits in different growth years (2001-2003 and 2013-2015). The results showed that P. euphratica population flowered earlier than P. pruinosa population. Moreover, flowering phenological period of population, number of days of flowering phenological period per population, number of days of flowering phenological period per plant and average number of days of flowering period per plant of P. euphratica population were less than those of P. pruinosa population. The differences between male and female within the same species indicated that the flowering periods of males P. euphratica and P. pruinosa populations were earlier than those of female plants. For both species, flowering phenological traits were significantly and negatively correlated with the average temperatures in previous ten days, previous one month and previous three months of flowering. Both species are sensitive to temperature changes and adjust to the changes by advancing the start of flowering and prolonging the duration of flowering.     

塔里木河干流胡杨和柽柳根际土壤微生物及其垂直分布

对塔里木河干流阿拉干、英苏、喀尔达依等地的胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarixsp.)的根际微生物进行了研究。结果显示:①不同种植物之间,细菌、真菌和放线菌的比例不同。胡杨和柽柳的根际细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量大小次序为:细菌>放线菌>真菌。②胡杨和柽柳根际微生物总数及各类群数量垂直变化规律为:在60~100 cm土层中呈现递减趋势,在100~160 cm随深度的增加逐渐增加,并达到峰值,然后随土层的加深而递减。③胡杨和柽柳在根际细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量上均存在极显著差异。胡杨根际微生物总量为柽柳的2倍,胡杨的根际细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量分别是柽柳的2倍、8倍和2倍。④胡杨和柽柳的根系在不同的深度,根际的细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量不同,随着土壤有机质含量、pH值和含水量的变化而变化。     

新疆塔里木河下游胡杨树高生长量及其空间分布研究

以塔里木河下游4个典型断面作为野外调查靶区,根据3a来对塔里木河下游胡杨恢复状况的实地监测数据,分析了影响胡杨树高生长量的因素,并得出中龄段胡杨树高生长量和地下水埋深的回归模型:y=-0.1286x+1.0097。结果显示:在塔里木河下游影响胡杨生长的主要因子是地下水,由回归模型可以得出:当地下水埋深<4.5m时,中龄胡杨树高生长是显著的;地下水埋深在4.5~6.5 m时,胡杨树高生长受到抑制;而当地下水埋深>6.5 m时,胡杨树高生长非常缓慢;地下水埋深>8m时,胡杨树高生长基本停止。此外,聚丛的群生株无论在树高还是在高生长量上都比散生的单生株显现优势。     

Stand structure and height-diameter relationship of a degraded Populus euphratica forest in the lower reaches of the Tarim River,Northwest China

Understanding stand structure and height-diameter relationship of trees provides very useful information to establish appropriate countermeasures for sustainable management of endangered forests. Populus euphratica, a dominant tree species along the Tarim River watershed, plays an irreplaceable role in the sustainable development of regional ecology, economy and society. However, as the result of climate changes and human activities, the natural riparian ecosystems within the whole river basin were degraded enormously, particularly in the lower reaches of the river where about 320 km of the riparian forests were either highly degraded or dead. In this study, we presented one of the main criteria for the assessment of vitality of P. euphratica forests by estimating the defoliation level, and analyzed forest structure and determined the height-diameter(height means the height of a tree and diameter means the diameter at breast height(DBH) of a tree) relationship of trees in different vitality classes(i.e. healthy, good, medium, senesced, dying, dead and fallen). Trees classified as healthy and good accounted for approximately 40% of all sample trees, while slightly and highly degraded trees took up nearly 60% of total sample trees. The values of TH(tree height) and DBH ranged from 0–19 m and 0–125 cm, respectively. Trees more than 15 m in TH and 60 cm in DBH appeared sporadically. Trees in different vitality classes had different distribution patterns. Healthy trees were mainly composed more of relatively younger trees than of degraded tress. The height-diameter relationships differed greatly among tress in different vitality classes, with the coefficients ranging from 0.1653 to 0.6942. Correlation coefficients of TH and DBH in healthy and good trees were higher than those in trees of other vitality classes. The correlation between TH and DBH decreased with the decline of tree vitality. Our results suggested that it might be able to differentiate degraded P. euphratica trees from healthy trees by determining the height-diameter correlation coefficient, and the coefficient would be a new parameter for detecting degradation and assessing sustainable management of floodplain forests in arid regions. In addition, tree vitality should be taken into account to make an accurate height-diameter model for tree height prediction.     

生态输水对塔里木河下游胡杨主干径向生长量影响研究——以依干不及麻断面为例

借鉴树木年轮学的方法,运用LINTABTM6型树木年轮测定仪读取钻芯的年轮宽度,研究塔里木河下游的胡杨在生态输水前后主干径向生长量变化规律.结果表明:(1)输水前后胡杨主干径向生长量变化较明显.输水前(1990-1999年)径向生长量为1.078mm,而输水后(2000-2008年)是1.764mm,比输水前增加了0....     

塔里木河下游胡杨对水分条件变化的响应

通过对塔里木河下游应急输水河畔胡杨样枝的年轮分析,结果表明:第3次应急输水后,喀尔达依断面胡杨的横向响应范围达到离河1 000 m;应急输水后不同断面、不同离河距离,地下水埋深梯度、过水时间梯度随着离河道和大西海子水库距离增加,胡杨生长量减少;输水量大的年份胡杨生长量明显大于输水量少的年份,在相同输水量和输水时间前提下,春秋季持续输水对胡杨生长恢复效果要优于夏秋季输水;在持续输水后,胡杨生长量增长幅度减小,其大小逐步趋于近似.     

塔里木河下游生态输水后胡杨林恢复效应与预测研究

塔里木河下游大西海子水库以下河道,自2000年5月至2004年10月,共进行了六次间歇性的生态输水。本文通过对胡杨样枝生长量的分析,表明输水对胡杨林的恢复具有显著的作用;同时依据历史期间的生态水量与胡杨林的对应关系,预测了在现状输水条件下大西海子水库以下可以恢复的胡杨林面积。     

黑河中游植被覆盖率变化趋势及其驱动因子分析

利用2002~2011年的黑河干流中游归一化值被指数数据获得植被覆盖率变化趋势,选取合适的NDVI阈值将整个区域划分为"绿洲区"和"荒漠区",并分别探讨了地下水埋深、中游耗水量及累积降水量对两种区域面积和植被覆盖率变化的影响。结果表明:黑河干流中游植被覆盖率整体呈增长趋势,由2002年的32%增长到了2011年的36%,对植被覆盖率增长贡献最大的因素为绿洲区扩张,10年间绿洲区面积占比增长了10%;影响绿洲扩张的主要因素为地下水位埋深和中游耗水量,绿洲区植被覆盖率变化较小,可忽略其影响。荒漠区植被覆盖率的变化主要受累积降水量影响。利用地下水位埋深、中游耗水量、累积降水量可预测区域植被覆盖率的变化趋势,区分人类活动和气候变化对区域植被覆盖率的影响是可行的。     

Evaluation of groundwater sustainability based on groundwater age simulation in the Zhangye Basin of Heihe River watershed,northwestern China

Water resources, as the primary limiting factor, constrain the economic and social development in arid inland areas. The Zhangye Basin is a representative area of inland river basins, which is located in the middle parts of the Heihe River watershed, northwestern China. Facing with the huge water shortage, people exploited ground- water at a large scale in recent years. The reducing recharge from surface water and over-exploitation of ground- water led to the decline of groundwater levels and threatened the sustainability of water resources. This study con- structed a conceptual and numerical groundwater flow model and calibrated the model based on the observed wells. A solute transport model was built using MT3DMS to calculate the groundwater age distribution in the Zhangye Basin. The simulated result shows that the youngest groundwater is distributed near the most upstream areas in the model domain, which is less than 1,000 a, older groundwater is distributed in deeper parts of the aquifer and near the discharge outlets, ranging from 6,000 a to over 20,000 a. Spatial variation of groundwater ages in the middle area indicates the recharge diversity between unconfined and confined aquifer. Groundwater age can serve as an indicator to evaluate groundwater’s renewal capacity and sustainability. The formation of groundwater resources in the lower stream area would spend 10,000 a or even more than 20,000 a, so exploitation of groundwater in these areas should be restrained.