樱桃谷肉鸭对能量和蛋白质需要的研究

本研究采用饲养试验、代谢试验和比较屠宰试验测定樱桃谷内鸭对能量和粗蛋白质的需要量。结果表明,樱桃谷肉鸭的平均维持代谢能(MEm)和维持粗蛋白(CPm)的需要量是:1～21日龄MEm=925.8 KJ/W~(0.75)/d,CPm=10.2g/W~(0.75)/d:21～49日龄MEm=884.5 KJ/W~(0.75)/d,CPm=8.2g/W~(0.75)/d。平均每克增重所需代谢能和粗蛋白质:1～21日龄分别为10.1 KJ,0.2 g:22～49日龄分别为23.9KJ,0.3g。故樱桃谷肉鸭每日代谢能总需要量(Y_(ME))和粗蛋白质总需要量(Ycp)可按下列公式推导:对于1～21日龄:Y_(ME)=925.8W~(0.75)+10.1△W(KJ/d);Ycp=10.2W~(0.75)+0.20△W(g/d);对于22～49日龄:Y_(ME)=884.5W~(0.75)+23.9△W(KJ/d);Ycp(?) .2W~(0.75)+0.29△W(g/d)。式中,W~(0.75)为肉鸭代谢体重(单位kg),△W为日增重/单位g)。试验结果显示,日粮的能量和粗蛋白质水平对肉鸭的能量和蛋白质需要量有一定影响。     

青山羊泌乳期母羊的能量需要量研究

选用24只青山羊泌乳母羊,用饲养试验、消化代谢试验、比较屠宰试验及气体能量代谢试验等手段,研究其能量需要量。结果表明,在本试验条件下,试羊的能量表观消化率和代谢率分别为70.4％和85.0％,甲烷能占总能进食量(GEI)的9.20％。维持代谢能需要为502W~(0.75)KJ/天,每产一千克标准乳(FCM)需5060KJ泌乳代谢能。泌乳母羊的维持效率(K_m)为0.845,泌乳效率(K_1)为0.635,热增耗占GEI的14.34％。青山羊泌乳期母羊的代谢能总需要量(MERKJ/天)可按下式求得MER=502W~(0.75)+5060·FCM或:MER=502W~(0.75)+1.578NEL(式中:W~(0.75):kg;FCM:kg/天;NEL:kJ/天)。     

青山羊种公羊能量需要量的研究

12只18月龄青山羊种公羊随机分为2组,通过饲养试验、气体代谢试验及屠宰试验,研究种公羊能量代谢规律及需要量。试验表明(1)青山革种公羊的MEm为507W~(0.75)KJ,代谢能的增重效率K_G为0.157;(2)绝食产热为282.4KJ/kgW~(0.75),非配种期一天产热量(HP)与食入代谢能(MEI)呈强直线相关(P<0.01):HP/W~(0.75)=186.2+0.45MEI/W~(0.75);(3)本试验中,高能量水平对精清生化指标、性行为及精液品质各项指标影响差异不显著。综合试验结果,按析因法得出青山羊种公羊非配种期与配种期代谢能需要量分别为:ME_R=507W~(0.75)+36⊿W,ME_R=(507+122n)W~(0.75)。     

1～21日龄爱拔益加×罗曼肉杂鸡饲粮代谢能、粗蛋白质、蛋氨酸和赖氨酸适宜水平研究

本试验旨在研究1~21日龄爱拔益加(AA)×罗曼肉杂鸡饲粮代谢能、粗蛋白质、蛋氨酸和赖氨酸的适宜水平。采用L_9(3~4)正交试验设计,饲粮代谢能水平分别为11.70、12.12、12.54 M J/kg;粗蛋白质水平分别为19.00%、20.00%、21.00%;蛋氨酸水平分别为0.45%、0.50%、0.55%;赖氨酸水平分别为1.00%、1.10%、1.20%。选取1日龄AA×罗曼肉杂鸡864只,随机分为9组,每组6个重复,每个重复16只,试验期21 d。通过饲养试验、屠宰试验等方法检测不同营养水平饲粮的饲喂效果。结果表明:1)饲粮粗蛋白质、蛋氨酸和赖氨酸水平对试验鸡平均日增重有显著影响(P0.05),21.00%粗蛋白质水平组显著高于20.00%粗蛋白质水平组(P0.05),0.50%蛋氨酸水平组显著高于0.55%蛋氨酸水平组(P0.05),1.20%赖氨酸水平组显著高于1.10%赖氨酸水平组(P0.05)。2)饲粮代谢能水平对21日龄试验鸡活体总能含量有显著影响(P0.05),12.12 MJ/kg代谢能水平组显著高于12.54 MJ/kg代谢能水平组(P0.05);饲粮蛋氨酸水平对试验鸡活体粗脂肪含量有显著影响(P0.05),0.50%和0.55%蛋氨酸水平组显著高于0.45%蛋氨酸水平组(P0.05)。3)饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对21日龄试验鸡活体能量沉积率有显著影响(P0.05),11.70和12.12 MJ/kg代谢能水平组显著高于12.54 MJ/kg代谢能水平组(P0.05),21.00%粗蛋白质水平组显著高于20.00%和19.00%粗蛋白质水平组(P0.05);1.10%赖氨酸水平组的试验鸡活体赖氨酸沉积率显著高于1.20%赖氨酸水平组(P0.05)。4)饲粮赖氨酸水平对试验鸡血清葡萄糖、尿酸、尿素氮水平有显著影响(P0.05),1.00%赖氨酸水平组血清葡萄糖水平最高,显著高于1.20%赖氨酸水平组(P0.05),1.10%赖氨酸水平组血清尿酸水平最高,显著高于1.20%赖氨酸水平组(P0.05),1.20%赖氨酸水平组血清尿素氮水平最高,显著高于1.10%赖氨酸水平组(P0.05)。5)由回归分析得出1~21日龄AA×罗曼肉杂鸡饲粮代谢能、粗蛋白质、蛋氨酸和赖氨酸适宜水平的计算公式分别为ME=45.33W~(0.75)+183.84△W,CP=19.77 W~(0.75)+626.47△W,Met=1.44 W~(0.75)+10.31△W,Lys=3.01 W~(0.75)+21.28△W(M E为代谢能,W~(0.75)为代谢体重,△W为平均日增重,CP为粗蛋白质,Met为蛋氨酸,Lys为赖氨酸),根据公式计算得出饲粮代谢能、粗蛋白质、蛋氨酸和赖氨酸的适宜水平分别为11.90 MJ/kg、21.08%、0.51%和1.05%。     

1～4周龄织金白鹅能量和粗蛋白需要量研究

试验采用3×3因子正交试验设计,将270只1日龄织金白鹅随机分为9组,分别饲喂不同能量和粗蛋白水平日粮,代谢能(ME)水平分别为10.34、11.49和12.64 MJ/kg,粗蛋白(CP)水平分别为18%、20%和22%。结果表明:1~4周龄织金白鹅能量和蛋白质的需要量分别为ME=392.36BW~(~(0.75))+32.693ΔW和CP=1.69BW~(0.75)+0.4833ΔW;该阶段织金白鹅的能量(ME)和粗蛋白(CP)维持需要分别为392.49.KJ/W~(0.75)和1.75g/W~(0.75);日粮中ME和CP适宜需要量分别为11.29 MJ/kg和19.91%。     

小尾寒羊空怀母羊能量维持需要及其代谢规律研究

选用体况良好,体重相近,经产2～3胎纯种小黾寒羊空怀母羊12只,随机分成3组,每组4只,分别按NRC(1978)推荐的绵羊维持代谢能需要量的120％、100％和80％饲喂。通过饲养试验、消化代谢试验及气体能量代谢试验测得小尾寒羊空怀母羊平均干物质采食量为756g,代谢能采食量力7869KJ,能量表观消化率为69.9％,代谢率为85.6％,甲烷能为总能量采食量(GEI,)的8.0％。空怀母羊在维持代态下呼吸商为0.872,畜体总产热为377.0KJ/kg W~(0.75)d。试验还证明,小尾寒羊空怀期母羊的维持净能需要为309.2KJ/kg W~(0.75)d,维持代谢能需要为408.8KJ/kg W~(0.75)d维持消化能需要为477.6KJ/kg W(0.75)d,维持效率(Km,)为0.756,热能耗为99.6KJ/kg W~(0.75)d,占GEI的14.36％。     

成年梅花鹿维持能量需要的研究

选用4头成年梅花公鹿,采用回归分析法,设置不同的能量进食水平,应用北京农业大学KB-Ⅰ型呼吸测热室测定其各自的产热量,将所测得的梅花鹿的代谢能日采食量(MEI)与日产热量(HP)代入Lofgreen的曲线回归方程(1gHp=a+bMEI),求得梅花鹿的维持代谢能需要量(MEm)为516KJ/W~(0.75)kg;维持代谢能利用效率(Km)为0.707;每日产热量与食入代谢能水平呈强直线相关(P<0.01):HP/W~(0.75)=304.84+0.413MEI/W~(0.75)。     

4～7周龄黑羽公番鸭代谢能和粗蛋白质需要量的研究

本试验旨在确定4～7周龄黑羽公番鸭代谢能和粗蛋白质的需要量。采用3×3双因子试验设计,设3个代谢能水平(11.30、11.72、12.13 MJ/kg)和3个粗蛋白质水平(15%、17%、19%),配制9种试验饲粮。选取21日龄黑羽公番鸭324羽,随机分为9个处理,每处理6个重复,每重复6只鸭,每组试鸭随机饲喂1种试验饲粮。试验期28 d。试验结束前2天收集试鸭粪便用于测定能量,试验期末每重复屠宰1只鸭用于活体成分测定。结果表明:1)饲粮代谢能水平显著影响黑羽公番鸭平均日采食量、料重比、活体粗蛋白质含量和粗蛋白质摄入量(P<0.05);饲粮粗蛋白质水平极显著影响黑羽公番鸭粗蛋白质摄入量和沉积率(P<0.01);代谢能与粗蛋白质水平间的互作显著影响黑羽公番鸭活体水分、粗脂肪含量及代谢能沉积率(P<0.05)。2)由一元线性回归分析得出代谢能和粗蛋白质需要量计算公式分别为:ME=1 285.39W0.75-4.21△W;CP=0.81△W-8.92W0.75(式中:W0.75为代谢体重;△W为平均日增重)。由公式求得4～7周龄黑羽公番鸭代谢能和粗蛋白质需要量分别为11.71 MJ/kg和17.64%。     

宁夏滩羊公羊育成期能量需要量和代谢规律的研究

利用"中型开放回流式呼吸测热装置",采用梯度饲养、消化代谢试验,结合生长代谢呼吸测热和绝食代谢呼吸测热试验,对育成期宁夏滩羊公羊的能量需要量和代谢规律进行了系统的研究.结果表明:①在(20±1)℃下滩羊公羊育成期绝食产热为203.49 kJ/(W0.75·d);同样温度环境条件下生长代谢畜体产热为369.53 kJ/(W0.75·d);能量平衡的结果表明,滩羊公羊在育成前期沉积蛋白质的能力高于后期,沉积体脂肪的能力后期高于前期.②通过绝食产热测得滩羊公羊育成期维持净能244.29 kJ/(W0.75·d),维持代谢能305.3 kJ/(W0.75·d),km=0.8.③热增耗HI=125.27 kJ/(W0.75·d).④滩羊公羊育成前期代谢能需要量MER=305.33 kJ/(W0.75·d)·d+618.4×△W0.136(△W,kg).     

20～50 kg川藏黑猪的能量代谢与沉积规律研究

本试验旨在研究20~50 kg川藏黑猪的能量代谢与沉积规律。试验一:选择体重接近[(20.17±3.46)kg]的川藏黑猪配套系商品猪64头,预试7 d后屠宰4头猪测定胴体成分;其余试验猪按公母随机分成5个组,每个组4个重复,每个重复3头,各重复单圈饲养,自由采食消化能(DE)水平分别为13.79、13.37、12.96、12.54和12.12 MJ/kg的饲粮。试验猪体重达50 kg时,结束试验一,测定平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比,并在各组选择1头猪屠宰测定胴体成分。试验二:选择试验一中15头体重接近[(48.34±4.07)kg]的公猪,随机分成5个组,每个组3个重复,每个重复1头,单独饲养于代谢笼,分别采食上述5种DE水平的饲粮,进行消化代谢试验。预试期3 d,正试期4 d。采用析因法建立能量需要量预测模型。结果表明:饲粮DE水平影响了20~50 kg川藏黑猪的平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比;饲粮DE转化为代谢能(ME)效率(ME/DE)为97.26%~98.10%,ME用于沉积产品能的效率(DED/ME)平均值为41.71%;此阶段川藏黑猪维持需要ME平均值为0.49 MJ/W~(0.75)或0.85 MJ/W~(0.60)(按DE计为0.50 MJ/W~(0.75)或0.87 MJ/W~(0.60)),增重需要DE和ME平均值分别为18.91和18.47 MJ/kg。由此得出,20~50 kg阶段川藏黑猪能量需要模型为:DE(MJ/d)=0.504 W~(0.75)+18.91ΔW或DE(MJ/d)=0.867 W~(0.60)+18.91ΔW;ME(MJ/d)=0.492 W~(0.75)+18.47ΔW或ME(MJ/d)=     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein