Wintering habitat evaluation of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) in forest area of Northeastern China

Six ultimate factors (forage abundance, horizontal sheltering class, distance from human disturbance, snow depth, tree coverage, and edge effect) of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were investigated in eastern Heilongjiang Province during winter from 1988 to 1991. On the basis of analysis of field data, we evaluated winter habitat conditions of Red deer. The results showed as follows: the wintering habitat quality of Red deer in poplar-birch stands was excellent in the Wanda Mountains, and was moderate in shrub-woods and Korean pine seed stands. According to habitat index (HI) values, the habitat quality in poplar-birch stands (HI=0.8185) was superior to that in shrub-woods (HI=0.4825) and in Korean pine seed stands (HI=0.4385). The wintering habitat quality of Red deer in the Wanda Mountains was superior to that of Dailing Forestry Region. According to the current situations of forestry areas in northeastern China, strengthening habitat management was important for the conservation and management of Red deer population in the next decades. This subject is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

Protein Nutrition in Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)

Reddeerareimportantbiggameanimals,distributedwidelyinAsia,EuropeandNorthAmerica.Inrecentyears,thefarmingofreddeerisbecominganimportantformoflivestockdiversificationwhichtapsnewmar-ketsandpastureresources.Throughouttheworld,morethanl,l86,9OOreddeerarereare…     

Protein nutrition in red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Red deer can adjust to seasonal change of forage quality to maintain a relatively constant crude protein level (21.1±4.0, 14.7±1.0, 11.1±1.1 and 6.5±0.8 in spring, summer, fall and winter, respectively). Apparent protein digestibility is variable from −99.9% to 97.5% depending upon season and forage type. True protein digestibility is 99%. Digestion of protein is significantly influenced by phenolics in diets. Minimum digestible energy intake of 153.5 kcal/kg^0.75/day is necessary to maintain a positive nitrogen balance. Red deer recycles 18–85% of the urea produced and urea kinetic parameters (urea pool size urea entry rate and urea excretion rate) are correlated to plasma urea concentration. Rumen NH₃-N production changes with season, but seasonal changes in other NH₃-N kinetic parameters (NH₃-N concentration, NH₃-N pool size and NH₃-N outflow rate) are in dispute. Protein metabolism may be promoted in response to cold stress. Endogenous urinary nitrogen is 0.09 (red deer) and 0.16 g N/kg^0.75·day (elk). and metabolic fecal nitrogen is 5.58 g N/kg dry-matter intake. Protein requirements ranges from 100 g/kg DM to 170 g/kg DM for red deer of various ages and physiological stages. In conclusion, the knowledge of protein nutrition of red deer is limited. Much work is urgently needed in metabolism and requirements of protein before the appropriate feeding standard of red deer is coming.     

梅花鹿生态学研究进展

对我国梅花鹿从其种群生态、栖息地、食性、活动习性等生态学研究进行了概述,指出目前国内学者对梅花鹿生态学的研究主要集中在栖息地的研究,并且阐明栖息地的减少与恶化是梅花鹿的种群濒危的主要原因之一。如何提高梅花鹿种群的密度与数量是今后梅花鹿研究的主要方向。     

Red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) management in the dehesa system in Central Extremadura,Spain

In this paper we report the results of a study on the suitability of the dehesa (Mediterranean woodlands) as habitat of red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) in a closed country estate of about 4300 ha total surface situated in the San Pedro Mountain, in Central Extremadura, Spain. We have described the deer management with respect to habitat, exploitation mode, deer feeding, population control and production of goods and services. It is concluded that the dehesa system is a rich natural resource that preserves and improves the degraded environment.

---

Resumen En el presente trabajo se estudia la dehesa como hábitat del ciervo (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). Se ha tomado como referencia una finca cerrada de 4300 ha de ST situada en la Sierra de San Pedro, en Extremadura, España. Se describen los sistemas de gestión actuales del ciervo en cuanto a hábitat, modo de explotación, alimentación, control de población y producción de bienes y servicios. Concluyendo con la necesidad de fomentar este tipo de explotaciones cinegéticas de dehesa que ayudan a conservar y potenciar el medio ambiente en zonas despobladas y deprimidas

---

Abbreviations CS collected surface - DMFCU deedmixed feed cattle units - Fi final inventory - FS fertilized surface - Ii Initial inventory - K Potassium - N Nitrogen - NBF number of breeding females - NBFIi number of breeding females of initial inventory - NBFR number of breeding females released - NBM number of breeding males - NBMIi number of breeding males of initial inventory - NBMR number of breeding males released - NCCR number of captive calves released - NCFi number of calves of final inventory - NCR number of calves released - NFR number of female renovation - NYMR number of young males released - NYFR number of young females released - P phosphorus - PP permanent Pastures - pts pesetas - QS Quercus stalks - RDED resources directly eaten by deer - SPOM selected hunted down poor quality males - SS sowed surface - TN total needs of deer - TNR total number released - UAS useable agrarian surface - WB wooded brush - WQS wooded Quercus surface - WS wooded surface     

黑龙江林区小城镇规模对马鹿的影响

利用SPSS软件研究林区小城镇规模对马鹿影响的结果表明:二次函数Quadratic的拟合度最高,选择其拟合城镇面积和马鹿活动距离是合适的,模型为y=-0.0594 0.0259x 0.0058 x2,说明小城镇面积越大,马鹿活动离小城镇越远,也就是说小城镇面积越大,对马鹿的干扰越大。     

Digestive Rate of Dongtian F_1 Red Dear in Weaning Period and Growth Period

IntroductionDeerisamammalianspeciesofimportanteconomicvalues.Deerpartssuchaspiloseantler,blood,meat,tail,penisandplacentaareusedasnutrimentsanddeerskinsaslightindustrialmaterial.Deercanbeeasilydomesticated.Sodeerraisingindustryhasbeenexpandedrapidlyaroundthewholecountry.Amongalldeerspeciesraisedinfsrms,reddeerbecomesmainspeciesraisedforitsIaFgebodyshape,highpilosoantlerproduCtion,goodadaptability,highbearingabilityofrowf6edandeasymanagement.InthenortheasternpartofChina,thesubspeciesDongbeir…     

凤县林麝栖息地干扰状况分析

陕西凤县的林麝资源曾经十分丰富。然而自20世纪50～60年代以来,随着森林采伐、农田开垦、道路铺设、矿藏开采等人类生产活动的开展,林麝的栖息生境出现破碎化趋势、面积不断缩减。目前凤县林麝分布区主要位于相对偏远、人为干扰较少的、植被相对保存完好的乡与乡的交界和县的边缘地区。本文总结并分析了各种人类活动对凤县林麝及其栖息地的影响,最后针对存在问题提出了相应的保护和管理建议。     

Variation in winter daily range area of red deer(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus) based on DNA extracted from fecal samples

With environmental change and increased human activity,wild red deer(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus)populations and habitat area continue to decrease.Red deer is a main prey species of Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica).Factors affecting red deer winter home range in the Wanda montains of northeast China are not well understood.In this study,we aimed to better document red deer daily ranges to support conservation of red deer.A second objective was to develop a practical research method combining macro-and micro-technology for home range research on a variety of rare or endangered wild species.We collected 105 fresh fecal samples of red deer in three different periods during winter from December 2012 to March 2013 in the Wandashan region,Heilongjiang Province,China.Individual and sex identities were analyzed based on fecal DNA using microsatellite DNA.We used samples from deer farms for correction and validation of our identifications from field samples.We used a combination of molecular scatology,3S techniques(GPS),and direct observation to estimate winter daily range areas.Based on eleven microsatellite loci,we identified 18 individuals,10 females and 8 males,with a correction factor of 1.00 and sex ratio of 1:0.8.The mean(±SE)number of alleles was 5.1±0.41,and mean polymorphism information content was 0.63±0.03.Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.46 to 0.81,with a mean of 0.69±0.03,and mean observed heterozygosity was 0.73±0.07.Sizes of mean daily ranges were 26.1±1.1 ha in December,89.3±1.6 ha in January,and 67.5±1.9 ha in March,indicating the following trend for daily range area:middle winter>late winter>early winter.Mean daily range area was insignificantly larger for males than for females.Estimated winter daily ranges were similar to those reported for Europe.Our combination of macro-and micro-technology proved useful for estimating winter home range areas of red deer.     

基于MAXENT生态位模型对内蒙古根河地区驼鹿生境适宜性评价

2013～2015年冬季,综合运用动物生态调查、种群生态学和行为生态学等技术,在内蒙古根河林业局共布设71条长约2～4 km样线、调查313个10 m×10 m样方、1 489个2 m×2 m样方、共收集117份粪便,373个驼鹿出现点数据。利用驼鹿出现数据作为分布点数据,选取地形、植被类型等22种因子作为生境变量,利用MAXENT生态位模型分析了深冬时期根河地区驼鹿冬季生境适宜性分布特征和主要生境因子对驼鹿分布的影响。结果表明:模型预测结果准确性较高,平均AUC(area under the curve,受试工作者曲线下面值)值为0.92,Jackknife检验结果显示:驼鹿生境选择的主要影响因子为距道路距离、距火烧迹地距离、距农田距离、海拔、柳、距沼泽距离、距人为活动点距离、距灌丛距离。驼鹿的适宜生境在根河地区呈现连续性分布,主要分布在东部和东北部,从植被类型上看,适宜生境大部分分布于针叶林,且适宜生境的面积为1 155.8 km^2,约占根河研究区总面积的25.6%。     

大兴安岭林区雪兔冬季生境选择研究

在冬季,雪兔在非生物环境因子的选择中,偏好山体的坡下位和谷底,坡向为阳坡,坡度较小及小于10 cm雪深的生境;在生物环境因子的选择中,偏好针阔混交林和灌丛、乔木株数较少、灌木低于2 m、灌丛隐蔽度为30%-60%、杂草高度小于50 cm和含有倒木的生境;冬季雪兔对生境选择是基于保存自身能量、获取食物和躲避天敌基础上的。     

Over-winter weight dynamics in supplementally fed free-ranging sika deer (Cervus nippon)

Continuous body weight dynamics in supplementally fed free-ranging sika deer (Cervus nippon) during the three consecutive overwinters (from January to April), 1992–1994 were surveyed. Almost all individuals lost weight continuously throughout each winter (adult deer 5–13%; young deer 3–19%) and several deer lost weight even in April. Weight gain after loss began in the mid-April when ambient temperature increased and when plant growth began. Weight dynamics varied according to sex, age and reproductive status. Adult deer showed significant large weight loss than the young. Young deer lost weight (calves 18±11 g/day, yearling and two-year-olds 27±29 g/day) more slowly than the adults (65±23 g/day). Following this study of over-winter body weight dynamics, it seems that early springs are the most critical periods for the survival of free-ranging sika deer because of their poor nutritional condition. A portion of this report was presented at the 106th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1994).     

基于MaxEnt模型的白水河国家级保护区有蹄类保护动物生境适宜性评价

通过MaxEnt模型对白水河国家级自然保护区4种有蹄类保护物种进行生境适宜性评价,研究结果如下:(1)20次重复后斑羚、鬣羚、林麝、羚牛的训练集AUC值分别为0.962、0.947、0.924和0.945;(2)斑羚、鬣羚、林麝、羚牛得适宜栖息地分别占保护区总面积的14%、27%、25%、24%,次适宜栖息地占保护区总面积的27%、19%、35%、34%,不适宜栖息地占保护区总面积59%、54%、40%、42%;(3)对斑羚贡献最大的3个环境因子是坡向、坡度和落叶灌丛,对鬣羚贡献最大的3个环境因子是竹林、栽培竹林和落叶灌丛,对林麝贡献最大的3个环境因子是坡向、落叶灌丛和竹林,对羚牛贡献最大的3个环境因子是坡向、竹林以及落叶阔叶林。     

我国森林资源质量评价体系研究进展

提高森林资源质量是解决我国林木资源供给不足、生态环境恶化的决定性因素, 而建立完善的森林资源质量评价体系是提高森林资源质量和森林可持续经营水平的关键。文中对我国森林资源质量评价体系的研究现状进行了回顾, 概述了已有研究的重要意义及存在的不足, 并展望了研究趋势。     

妊娠后期梅花鹿母鹿精料营养成分分析及营养物质表观消化率测定

本研究采用化学分析和部分粪便收集法,对大连森林动物园妊娠后期梅花鹿精料营养成分及主要营养物质的表观消化率进行测定。结果表明:大连其精料中干物质(DM)含量为95.71%,粗蛋白(CP)为22.88%,粗脂肪(EE)为5.37%,粗纤维(CF)为4.16%,无氮浸出物(NFE)为56.21%,粗灰分(Ash)为7.09%,Ca为1.57%,总能(GE)含量为17.74mJ/kg;母鹿日干物质摄入量为1.26kg,DM、CP、CF、Ca和GE表观消化率分别为74.26%,74.26%,82.74%,69.38%,79.41%和78.25%。精料中主要营养成分、干物质日摄入量及营养物质消化率均较高,能满足妊娠后期梅花鹿母鹿在动物园这种特殊环境下的营养需要。     

林区建设工程项目经济评价指标体系研究

分析我国林区建设工程项目经济评价指标体系的应用现状,指出现行指标体系的主要缺陷,并对相关指标进行修改和补充。从财务评价指标体系、国民经济评价指标体系和社会效益评价指标体系三方面构建出新的经济评价指标体系,并对指标体系的使用情况进行了说明。     

森林康养资源评价指标体系构建及评价--以蔡家川森林康养区为例

论文明确了森林康养资源的概念,分析了森林康养资源评价的研究现状,提出了评价指标选择的原则,并构建了森林康养资源评价指标体系,并最终对蔡家川森林康养区进行了森林康养资源评价,本文的评价方法根据10类森林康养产品种类将森林康养基地主导功能汇总为5类,使用的交互式过滤产生法、采用频度统计法、理论分析法与专家咨询法等方式最终确定了46个指标,通过对专家意见反馈进行计算,构造判断矩阵,得出蔡家川森林康养区森林康养资源评价各指标的权重。然后通过对森林康养资源主导功能适宜性横向等级评价将蔡家川森林康养区森林康养资源横向适宜性划分为特优、优、良、中、差五个等级;通过对森林康养资源适宜性纵向类别评价将森林康养资源纵向适宜性划分为四个类别:体验型、产出型、附加型以及失衡型。     

小陇山林区森林生态效益的计量评价

本文从效用价值论的观点出发,运用等效益替代的计量评价方法,对小陇山林区的森林生态效益进行了计量评价,得到小陇山林区森林生态效益的综合价值为1.4290×109元/a。其中蓄水效益7.3791×108元/a、净化水质效益3.9661×108元/a、固土效益4.4277×105元/a、防止泥沙淤积效益4.1793×106元/a、保肥效益1.8501x108元/a、固碳效益5.3776×107元/a、释放O2效益2.935×107元/a、吸收SO2效益2.172×107元/a。     

沿海城市惠安县城市森林评价指标体系研究

以沿海小城镇惠安县为例,确立了城市森林评价指标体系的原则、结构、各指标之间的权重值、现状值及评价指标体系的计算方法,并依据制定的评价指标体系,对惠安县城市森林现状进行评价并对2010年和2020年城市森林达到的目标进行规划。结果表明：若规划目标能够实现,2010年和2020年惠安县城市森林的综合状况将分别优于现状的1．932倍和2．943倍。2010年其结构、功能和协调性分别提高到现在的1．706、1．815和2．564倍,而2020年分别提高到现在的2．648、2．589和4．269倍,城市森林综合质量将有较大提高。     

青岛市大河东森林公园景观评价研究

采用定性分析与定量分析(景观综合评价指数法)相结合的方法,描述青岛市大河东森林公园的森林植物景观类型。通过分析比较,得出公园内森林景观质量达到Ⅱ级水平,具有较好的生态旅游开发价值,并针对目前存在的现状及问题提出相应的建议。