CO2浓度增加对C3、 C4作物生理特性影响的实验研究

通过对C3小麦、 大豆、 大白菜和C4玉米在不同CO2浓度(350×10-5、 500×1 0-6、 600×10-6、 700×10-6)条件下的生长模拟实验和生理特性研究 表明, CO2浓度增加, 促使作物光合速率增长, 光合时间略有延长, 光补偿点明显下 降, 蒸腾系数减小, 叶气温差增大, 叶温升高。 700×10-6和500×10-6比 350×10-6小麦光合速率     

CO_2浓度增加对C_3、C_4作物生理特性影响的实验研究

通过对 C3小麦、大豆、大白菜和 C4 玉米在不同 CO2 浓度 ( 350× 10 -5、 50 0× 10 -6、 60 0×10 -6、 70 0× 10 -6)条件下的生长模拟实验和生理特性研究表明 ,CO2 浓度增加 ,促使作物光合速率增长 ,光合时间略有延长 ,光补偿点明显下降 ,蒸腾系数减小 ,叶气温差增大 ,叶温升高。 70 0× 10 -6和50 0× 10 -6比 350× 10 -6小麦光合速率分别增长 30 .7%和 11.7% ,大豆增长 63.4 %和 4 2 .7% ,大白菜增长 68.0 %和 39.0 % ,玉米增长 15.7%和 4 .7% ,C3作物比 C4 反应明显 ;蒸腾系数小麦下降 14.3%和 7.7% ,大白菜下降 2 7.1%和 2 3.1% ,玉米下降 16.8%和 10 .4 %     

CO2沈度倍增对大豆各生育期阶段的光合作用及干物质积累的影响

本文利用半封闭式同化箱测量装置，侧定了盆栽大豆在700、500、350ppm CO2浓度处理下的生育状况和群体净光合速率。结果表明，从三叶至结荚各生育阶段，在高CO2浓度水平下，大豆株高、叶面积指数、干物重和净光合速率都有较大的增长。三至五叶期增长较小，开花、结荚期增加较大。700ppm比350ppm净光合速率提高42-79%，500ppm     

节水灌溉条件下氮密互作对双季晚稻光合特性的影响

为构建水稻高产高效节水栽培技术模式,采用裂区试验设计方法研究了氮密互作对双季晚稻丰源优299光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明:不同氮密处理水稻叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度和蒸腾速率差异性显著;分蘖盛期光合速率最高;施氮量180 kg/hm~2时分蘖盛期和乳熟期净光合速率最高,分别比其他施氮处理高6.43%~10.01%和3.92%~70.51%;分蘖盛期净光合速率随密度的增加呈现线性降低的趋势,栽植密度30万穴/hm~2较其他处理低5.04%~6.73%,孕穗期和乳熟期净光合速率规律性不明显,抽穗期表现为密度越高净光合速率越强的趋势,低密处理显著低于高密处理,低4.45%~7.97%;动态变化趋势表现为:净光合速率先降低后升高再降低、气孔导度先升高后降低、胞间CO_2浓度先升高后降低再升高、蒸腾速率则呈线性下降;水稻经济产量与水稻生育前期和后期光合作用呈正相关,生育后期表现为极显著相关,与水稻生育中期光合作用呈负相关。因此,通过合理氮密调控,提高水稻生育前期与后期的光合作用,维持生育中期光合作用大小,是提高水稻经济产量的重要途径。     

CO2浓度增加对小麦和玉米品质影响的实验研究

通过3种CO2浓度(700×10-6、 500×10-6、 350×10-6) 模拟实验表明： CO2浓度增加使小麦籽粒的蛋白质、 赖氨酸、 脂肪含量增高, 淀粉含 量下降, 品质得到提高; 玉米则相反, 其蛋白质、 赖氨酸、 脂肪含量随CO2浓度升 高而减少, 淀粉含量略有增高, 品质有所下降。 700×10-6的小麦籽粒粗蛋白、 赖氨酸、 粗脂肪、 粗淀     

不同栽培方式对水稻光合特性及产量的影响

为探明不同栽培方式下水稻的光合特性及产量,以水稻品种宜香优1108为试验材料,对旱育秧/地膜覆盖栽培、旱育秧/宽窄行栽培、湿润育秧/地膜覆盖栽培和湿润育秧/宽窄行栽培4种不同栽培方式的水稻的生育期、叶面积指数、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度和产量结构等方面进行系统比较研究。结果表明:(1)水稻全生育期在155~159d左右,不同处理水稻的生育进程没有明显差异;(2)旱育秧/地膜覆盖栽培、湿润育秧/地膜覆盖栽培各生育期的叶面积指数表现出较好的水平,有利于叶片的生长;(3)水稻拔节期的净光合速率达到峰值,抽穗期光响应曲线与拔节期的趋势基本一致,气孔导度和蒸腾速率的变化趋势与净光合速率基本一致,胞间CO_2浓度随着光合有效辐射的增加先逐渐减小,到达一定数值后,趋于平缓。(4)旱育秧、覆膜移栽水稻的产量要比湿润育秧、宽窄行移栽的水稻高,旱育秧/地膜覆盖栽培的实际产量最高为7 845.9kg/hm~2,与旱育秧/宽窄行栽培相比,增产14.31%。说明不同栽培方式水稻的光合特性有各自的特征,对于极易发生夏伏旱的贵州山区来说,旱育秧/地膜覆盖栽培是最好的栽培方式,其次是湿润育秧/地膜覆盖栽培。     

‘苏薹1号’菜心田间光合特性的研究

通过研究菜心杂交一代新品种‘苏薹1号’在田间的光合特性,探索其高产的光合生理依据,并为生产上环境调控提供数据支撑,同时也为完善菜心光合特性和光合性状杂种优势的研究提供1个研究案例。以常规品种‘油绿501’为对照,其自交系是‘苏薹1号’的父本,分别在苗期、现蕾抽薹期、齐口采收期、开花期和结荚期测定2个品种的光合性状指标,并且在现蕾抽薹期测定光合性状指标的日变化。试验结果表明:(1)‘苏薹1号’在全生育期低光强下净光合速率与对照均无差异,中高光强下净光合速率明显高于对照,仅在结荚期出现光抑制现象,并迟于对照出现,而对照仅在齐口采收期没有出现光抑制现象,其他时期均出现光抑制现象。‘苏薹1号’和对照叶片光合能力均存在现蕾抽薹期齐口采收期开花期苗期结荚期的趋势,并且生育进程越往后‘苏薹1号’叶片光合能力强于对照越明显。(2)‘苏薹1号’全生育期的光合模拟参数:光补偿点14.31~40.57μmol/(m~2·s),平均值24.18μmol/(m~2·s),较对照低7.38%;光下呼吸速率0.39~1.03μmol/(m~2·s),平均值0.68μmol/(m~2·s),较对照低6.56%;表观量子效率0.0263~0.0323μmol CO_2/(μmol·photons),平均值0.0294μmol CO_2/(μmol·photons),比对照高3.66%;光饱和点1521.79~2008.53μmol/(m~2·s),平均值1776.61μmol/(m~2·s),比对照高8.36%;最大净光合速率17.33~25.72μmol CO_2/(m~2·s),平均值21.51μmol CO_2/(m~2·s),比对照高17.49%。(3)‘苏薹1号’在现蕾抽薹期的净光合速率日变化规律呈单峰型,10:00净光合速率达到最大值27.30μmol CO_2/(m~2·s),较对照最大值高7.79%,8:00—15:00光照强度大于800μmol/(m~2·s),净光合速率较对照高,16:00—17:00光照强度小于500μmol/(m~2·s)时,净光合速率与对照无差异;12:00—14:00气温达到35℃以上时,‘苏薹1号’净光合速率比最大值下降了13.37%,但依然能保持在23.65μmol CO_2/(m~2·s)的高位,而对照净光合速率比最大值下降了17.43%。上述试验结果说明‘苏薹1号’全生育期光合能力均较强,尤其在商品形成的关键时期(现蕾抽薹期),在高温强光下依然能够保持较高的净光合速率,具备高产的光合生理基础。     

ALA叶面肥对制种玉米光合特性和产量的影响

以郑单958为材料,采用田间随机区组试验设计,研究了叶面喷施不同浓度5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)叶面肥对制种玉米光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明:ALA叶面肥可以提高玉米叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和产量,降低叶片胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)。其中喷施1500倍ALA液效果最佳,与对照相比,叶绿素含量提高27.61%,净光合速率(Pn)提高31.87%,增产11.62%。因此,ALA叶面肥在玉米制种田中的最佳喷施浓度为1500倍液。     

弱光逆境对番茄幼苗形态、生理特征及叶片超微结构的影响

以两个不同生态型的番茄变种为试材,分别在对照(400～450 μmol/(m~2·s))和弱光逆境下(75～100 μmol/(m~2·s))研究番茄形态、生理指标及叶绿体超微结构的变化.结果表明:弱光显著抑制了番茄的生长,普通大果番茄(美粉二号)和樱桃番茄(红圣果)总的干物质含量分别下降了22.43%和28.87%,二者的壮苗指数分别比对照下降33.53%和51.48%,说明弱光条件下的植株发生了徒长.弱光下叶片光合色素含量显著增加,Chla/b则显著下降,有利于叶片捕获有限的光能.弱光逆境下番茄叶片净光合速率(Pn)下降,气孔导度也随Pn降低,但胞间CO_2浓度增高,表明弱光下番茄光合作用的限制因素是非气孔因素.弱光使番茄叶片厚度薄,栅栏组织与海绵组织比值减小.电镜观察结果表明,番茄叶片栅栏细胞内叶绿体数目及淀粉粒数目成比例减少,叶绿体和淀粉粒减小,叶绿体内基粒数和单个基粒中的片层数增加,这是弱光逆境对番茄叶绿体超微结构影响的首次报道.揭示了弱光与番茄生长及其光合系统结构性能之间的关系,为番茄耐弱光品种的选育提供理论参考.     

地上地下互作强度对小麦间作玉米光合特性的影响

针对地上、地下互作对间作群体光合特性影响研究相对薄弱,生产实践中缺乏间作系统精确调控的相关理论依据等问题,本研究于2015—2017年,以小麦间作玉米为对象,通过设塑料布隔根(P,无根间作用)、尼龙网隔根(N,部分根间作用)和不隔根(完全根间作用) 3种根系分隔方式,以及低(M1, 45,000株hm~(–2))、高(M2,52,500株hm~(–2))2个玉米密度,系统分析了地上地下互作强度对间作作物群体光合特性的影响。结果表明,地上地下完全互作可显著增加间作群体的光合势,提高间作玉米的净光合速率,增大间作群体全生育时期的净同化率。与低密度相比,增大玉米密度使间作群体全生育期光合势平均提高12.4%;与尼龙网隔根和塑料布隔根相比,不隔根处理光合势提高了10.3%和29.0%。增大密度使间作玉米净光合速率比低密度平均提高11.2%;不隔根间作玉米生育期净光合速率较尼龙网隔根和塑料布隔根平均提高4.7%和7.7%。玉米密度对间作系统净同化率影响不显著;不隔根处理全生育时期净同化率比尼龙网隔根和塑料布隔根平均提高11.5%和14.8%,生育后期,间作群体的光合势与产量极显著正相关。因此,地上地下协同影响作物群体光合势及间作组分作物的净光合速率,从而影响间作群体的净同化率,可通过增加密度和根间互作来促进协同作用,增加间作系统产出。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.