板栗品种对比试验研究

通过对引进的 18个板栗品种进行生长结果及栗实品质等方面的对比试验 ,筛选燕山短枝、后 84 - 3、达 1- 3、燕红 4个优质、丰产且抗性强的品种 ,嫁接后第 5年单位投影面积栗实产量在 0 78kg以上 ,综合性状优于当前生产上应用的石丰     

短枝型板栗品种(优系)性状分析与评价

为了解短枝型板栗品种和优系特性,对7个短枝型板栗品种(优系)在幼树生长结果、栗实品质等方面进行了调查分析,采用平均隶属度方法进行短枝型板栗品种(优系)的分析评价。结果表明,参试品种(优系)在生长结果、栗实外观以及营养品质等方面,有一定或较大差异。根据平均隶属度排序结果,‘下港短枝’、‘燕山短枝’、‘泰山短枝-10’综合性状较好,建议生产中推广应用。     

优质多抗板栗新品种‘宝丰’选育

采用复选圃自然杂种苗选优→优株栽培观察→初选大粒优株（包括筛选）→少量高接试验→入围复选→（包括品种对比试验和多点试栽）→决选→专家验收鉴定一审定的技术路线,对优系的适应性、抗逆性、早实丰产性、栗实经济性状等进行综合评价,选育出大粒优质、多抗新品种‘宝丰’,2010年通过了山东省林木品种审定委员会审定,良种编号：鲁SSV—CM009—2010。     

早熟泰山板栗优系性状分析与综合评价

以早熟品种早丰、宋家早为对照,对选育的7个泰山板栗早熟优系在幼树生长结果、栗实品质等方面进行了调查分析,采用平均隶属度方法进行早熟板栗优系的分析评价。结果表明,7个板栗优系在结果母枝的发枝习性、幼树生长、单位面积产量、栗实外观以及营养品质等方面,与对照品种早丰、宋家早有一定或较大差异。以栗实单粒质量、单位面积产量、单粒质量标准差、含糖量等为主要评价指标,按照平均隶属度排序认为光华栗、上港早熟优系综合性状明显优于宋家早、早丰,黄前早熟、赵峪早熟等优系综合性状较好,建议生产推广应用。八亩地早熟表现产量偏低,不适宜泰安市及山东省丘陵山地发展。     

桓仁地区板栗生产技术要点

该文介绍了桓仁地区板栗生产的技术要点,以促进板栗产业的快速发展.桓仁地区适合栽植的品种主要有沙优一号、53号、9113、丹化、金华等.株行距可选择3m×4m、3m×5m和4m×5 m.每年秋季施以农家肥为主的基肥,每株施50～100 kg,同时混入2～3 kg的过磷酸钙.栗实象鼻虫和栗实蛾可用氯杀威1500倍液喷洒,金...     

燕山板栗优系“3113”和“后20”

<正> 板栗是我国特产的一种主要干果,其中以河北省燕山山区所产的板栗品质最好,栽培最多,年产量一般为2,200—2,500万公斤,占全国产量的38%。燕山板栗的绝大部分远销日本,是极少数几种能进入日本超级市场的中国商品之一,被誉为“东方珍珠”。但由于历来沿用实生繁殖,株间差异很大。为摆脱实生栽培的落后状态,实现良种化,自1973年开始,对燕山栗区的实生树,进行单株选优。从万余株实生树中,入选3百余个优系,经过多年的复查鉴定,筛选出十余个优系,又对它们的嫁接代进行了七年的比较试验。选出了早实丰产“3113”和短枝型“后20”两个优系。自1982     

徂徕山板栗早熟新品种生长结实特性对比试验

1998年以来,按照板栗选优标准,从实生栗中选育优良品种,经初选、复选、筛选出早熟、优质、丰产、适应性强的1个优系品种光华栗。为掌握光华栗生长结实特性,于2004年在光华寺林区里山工队建该品系、石丰、宋家早对比园,经过3年连续试验观察,以总枝量、果枝量、叶面积、感病指数、成熟期、空棚率、出实率、单粒重、株产量为重要依据,并从栗实外观和销售角度综合评价,认为光华栗优于石丰、宋家早等品种,适合在鲁中山区大面积推广。现将试验结果总结如下。     

黄金方柿选育实验研究

从1990年开始,利用禅寺丸甜柿品种作父本,新安牛心柿作母本,进行杂交育种。历经十几年的杂交育种工作,培育出具有早结果、早丰产、品质优、抗性强等优良特性的柿树新品种。通过试验结果综合分析,优1、优2、优3、优4、优5等5个系号1995年栽植当年就有部分幼树开始结果,均比对照品种提前4a结果,其中“优3”第1年平均株产量0.26kg,第2年平均株产量5.2kg,第3年平均株产量达35.6kg,开始进入丰产期,第4年平均株产量达96.7kg。在所有参试系号中“优3”的产量最高,明显高于其他4个系号。“优3”平均单果重168g,果实为高脚四方形,果顶平或微凹,果面有较明显的4条对称纵沟,果皮金黄色,2001年依据果形定名为黄金方柿。     

6个湖南油茶品种在云南广南的引种表现

以湖南引进的6个优良油茶(Camellia oleifera)品种(湘林1号、湘林3号、湘林4号、茶陵166号、德字1号和德字2号)为试验材料,通过田间观察测定各品种的物候期、植物学特性、生长结果习性、果实性状及产量,对其在云南省广南县的综合表现进行评价,以期筛选出适宜西南高原地区种植的油茶新品种,支撑油茶产业的高效、健康、可持续发展。结果表明:茶陵166号果大,皮薄,出仁率较高,较丰产,5年生树株产7.19kg,较对照增产86.75%,适应性及抗性较强,综合性状最好;湘林3号果较大,皮薄,出籽率较高,丰产性好,5年生树株产5.86kg,较对照增产52.21%,适应性及抗性强,综合性状优良;湘林1号和德字1号皮较薄,果中等,出籽率及出仁率高,丰产性好,5年生树株产分别较对照增产29.35%、21.82%,适应性强,综合性状优良;湘林4号和德字2号综合表现欠佳,不适宜推广种植。表明茶陵166号、湘林3号、湘林1号和德字1号适宜在高原地区云南广南及相似生态环境推广种植。     

早熟型高产板栗栽培技术

针对富阳市板栗生产上存在的问题,在广泛调查基础上,选用新登镇王村的1株早熟型板栗优株,进行嫁接繁殖、育苗造林试验,经5年的连续验证,该无性系具有早熟,早实、丰产、高产等优良特性,而且还具有抗干旱、耐瘠薄的能力。5年生平均株产3.85kg,合每公顷产板栗3225kg,超过了杭州市科委下达的丰产指标的4.3倍,特别是该板栗无性系果实在9月上旬提早成熟,从而提高商品的经济价值。通过对早熟型高产板栗栽培技术研究实践,形成了1个从良种选育、培育壮苗、合理修剪、生长素应用和营林管理一套丰产栽培技术体系,这将对今后板栗生产的发展有一定的促进作用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.