鹅填肥饲料中添加动植物性油脂对肥肝性能的影响

鹅肥肝生产饲料中添加植物油脂的肥肝重平均大于动物油脂45g，但差异不显著（P〉0．05），二者增重速度、屠宰性能差异不显著（P〉0．05）。植物油脂添加组肠、肌腺胃重大于动物油脂组8．39％，这可能与动物油脂容易消化吸收有关。血液生化指标与酶类含量差异不显著。     

添加动植物性油脂填饲对鸭肥肝性能的差异影响

在骡鸭与樱桃谷鸭的填肥料中添加4%玉米油或鸭油,研究添加动植物油脂填饲对鸭产肝性能的差异影响。结果表明:添加玉米油,与添加鸭油填饲相比,2个品种鸭获得较高的肝重与较低的料肝比,且骡鸭添加玉米油组的肥肝率显著高于鸭油组(高出30%);经填饲,骡鸭的肥肝重较樱桃谷鸭高,同时料肝比较低,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。意味着肥肝生产中,填饲时添加玉米油较添加鸭油更利于提高产肝性能;并且对骡鸭更有效。对于其根本原因,需进一步从分子水平上研究鸭肝的生脂酶基因、与甘油三酯分泌及脂肪分解相关酶基因的表达差异。     

饲料中补充赖氨酸和蛋氨酸对罗非鱼生长和消化率的影响

以初始体重7.30±0.12g的奥尼杂交罗非鱼幼鱼为对象,在池塘内浮式网箱中进行为期70d的养殖试验。试验配制5种等氮、等能、低鱼粉含量(2%)的实用饲料(D1～D5)。其中,D1为对照组,含有30%豆粕;在D2里用花生粕蛋白替代D1中50%的豆粕蛋白;D3～D5是在Diet2的基础上分别添加0.25%晶体赖氨酸+0.05%晶体蛋氨酸、0.25%微囊赖氨酸+0.05%微囊蛋氨酸、0.50%微囊赖氨酸+0.10%微囊蛋氨酸。饲料中添加0.5%Cr2O3作为外源指示剂用于测定营养成分或能量的表观消化率。结果表明,罗非鱼的成活率在各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);对照组与D5组罗非鱼的特定生长率差异不显著(P>0.05),均显著高于其他三组(P<0.05),D2组最低;D2与D3组的饲料系数显著高于D5和对照组(P<0.05)。D5和对照组的蛋白质效率显著高于D2与D3组(P<0.05);罗非鱼的肥满度在对照组、D4与D5组间差异不显著(P>0.05),均显著高于D2与D3组(P<0.05);罗非鱼的脏体比和肝体比在各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);干物质、脂肪、总能及必需氨基酸的消化率在各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);蛋白质的表观消化率在对照组、D4与D5组之间无显著差异,但均显著高于D2组(P<0.05);花生粕替代豆粕及添加晶体或微囊氨基酸对罗非鱼体常规成分和必需氨基酸均无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

饲粮中不同铜水平对产蛋鸡的生产性能及蛋品质的影响

选择五水硫酸铜作为饲料添加的铜源,以产蛋鸡(高峰期)作为试验动物,研究日粮中添加60mg/kg的铜对产蛋高峰期的海兰褐壳蛋鸡的生产性能、蛋品质的影响。试验选取40周龄的海兰褐壳蛋鸡104只,设两个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复13只鸡。2个处理组分别为对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组饲喂基础日粮+硫酸铜52mg/kg,试验结果表明(1)与对照组相比,处理组能够提高产蛋鸡的各个生产性能指标,日产蛋重、产蛋率、料蛋比、日采食量均有上升趋势(P>0.05);(2)与对照组相比,处理组的蛋形指数差异不显著(P>0.05),蛋壳的厚度有变厚趋势(P>0.05),蛋白、蛋黄重以及蛋白蛋黄的比值差异不显著(P>0.05),破软蛋率有下降的趋势(P>0.05)。     

几种诱食剂对凡纳滨对虾生长、血清生化指标和肝胰腺消化酶的影响

在基础饲料中添加0.03%核苷酸、0.03%核苷酸+0.2%丙氨酸+0.2%甘氨酸、0.2%甘氨酸、0.2%柠檬酸+0.2%甘氨酸,饲养凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)6周,研究一种及几种组合型诱食剂对其生长、血清生化、肝胰腺消化酶以及抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,饲料中添加0.03%核苷酸+0.2%丙氨酸+0.2%甘氨酸能显著提高凡纳滨对虾的增重率、特定生长率和日摄食率(P<0.05);饲料系数以及对虾的成活率不受添加这几种诱食剂的影响(P>0.05)。各组全虾粗蛋白和灰分含量差异不显著(P>0.05);添加0.2%甘氨酸全虾粗脂肪含量显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。对虾血清中总蛋白、胆固醇、血糖、谷草转氨酶(AST)以及谷丙转氨酶(ALTc)的组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。对虾肝胰腺中脂肪酶活力在添加0.03%核苷酸最高,显著高于0.2%甘氨酸组;各组间淀粉酶活力差异不显著(P>0.05)。对虾血清中总抗氧化能力以添加0.2%柠檬酸+0.2%甘氨酸最高,与其它各处理差异显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,核苷酸与氨基酸的复合应用比单独添加核苷酸或氨基酸能显著提高凡纳滨对虾的摄食、生长以及抗氧化能力;在饲料中建议添加0.03%核苷酸+0.2%丙氨酸+0.2%甘氨酸。     

海星棘皮投喂仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)的效果

在饲料中添加海星棘皮,与两组商品饲料分别投喂体重为5.0–6.7 g的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka),进行60 d养殖试验,研究其对仿刺参平均增重率(AWGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料系数(FCR)、摄食率(FR)和蛋白表观消化率(APD)的影响。结果显示,各组仿刺参生长良好,成活率无显著差异(P>0.05);60 d时,各组仿刺参的AWGR和SGR变化趋势相同,由高到低依次为市售2组、海星组、市售1组;海星饲料组仿刺参的FCR最低,与其他两组间差异不显著(P>0.05);海星饲料组与市售1组的FR间差异不显著(P>0.05),与市售2组FR间有显著差异(P<0.05);海星饲料组仿刺参的饲料转化率(FE)明显高于其他两组(P<0.05);海星饲料组仿刺参的APD最高,为67.28%,与市售1组的APD差异显著(P<0.05)。研究表明,添加海星棘皮可以较好地促进仿刺参的生长和提高饲料的利用,可添加到仿刺参幼参饲料中用作饲料源。     

酵母β-葡聚糖对仔猪生产性能影响的研究

选用72头28日龄断奶,体重均一的健康三元杂交仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每重复6头猪。对照不添加,饲喂基础日粮;添加0.025%β-葡聚糖组;0.05%β-葡聚糖组;0.1%β-葡聚糖组;试验期28d。实验结果表明,与对照组相比:添加0.025%β-葡聚糖可通过提高日采食量提高试验期内的仔猪日增重10.8%(P>0.05),对降低腹泻率的影响差异不显著(P>0.05);添加0.05%β-葡聚糖可显著降低仔猪腹泻率(P<0.05),可提高日增重7.6%(P>0.05);添加0.1%β-葡糖对日增重和腹泻率都无显著影响(P>0.05)。本研究认为添加0.025%和0.05%β-葡聚糖都可在一定程度上提高断奶仔猪的生产性能。     

饲料中添加“健肝散”预防丁桂鱼脂肪肝病变的作用

研究了在饲料中添加"健肝散"预防丁(Tinca tinca)脂肪肝的作用。采用"健肝散"添加量分别为0.1%、0.2%、0.4%的饲料进行丁养殖试验,试验周期为40d,观察"健肝散"对其生长指标、血清主要生理、生化指标的影响。结果表明,当"健肝散"添加量为0.4%时,丁的增重率、相对生长率和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇最高,肝脏脂肪含量最低,与空白对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.05),与氯化胆碱组均无显著差异(P>0.05);血浆中胆固醇、甘油三酯含量最高,与空白对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.05),与氯化胆碱组有显著差异(P<0.05);谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶的活性较低,与空白对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.05),其中乳酸脱氢酶的活性显著低于氯化胆碱组(P<0.05)。当"健肝散"添加量为0.2%和0.4%时,肝体比均较低,与空白对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.05),与氯化胆碱组无显著差异(P>0.05);添加量为0.1%、0.2%和0.4%时,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均较高,与空白对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.05),与氯化胆碱组无显著差异(P>0.05)。在本研究条件下,丁鱼岁饲料中添加0.4%的“健肝散”时,可有效预防其脂肪肝疾病。     

有机铬对热应激蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

目的,研究有机铬对热应激蛋鸡血清中某些生化指标的影响。方法,将处于热应激条件下的192只35周龄新罗曼褐壳蛋鸡随机分为6组,分别饲喂不添加铬的玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮和添加10、20、40及50mg/kg铬的试验饲粮49d结果:试验组中血糖、胆固醇、总蛋白、球蛋白平均含量均低于对照组,并且添加20mg/kg铬组的血糖、胆固醇、白蛋白含量与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。对于AKP活性,添加40mg/kg铬组与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),其它各组间相比均为差异不显著(P>0.05)。对于尿酸含量,添加50mg/kg铬组与对照组相比为差异显著。结论:有机铬具有缓解热应激的作用。     

低聚木糖对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长、体成分和消化酶活力的影响

研究了在(27.0±1)℃条件下,饲料中添加不同水平的低聚木糖(0.015%、0.030%、0.045%、0.060%)对初始体重为(6.29±0.94)g的奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)幼鱼生长、饲料转化率、体成分和消化酶活性的影响。共设5个试验组,每组设3个重复,每个水族箱内随机放幼鱼12尾,投喂率为6%,自然光周期,循环过滤水系统饲养8周。结果显示:添加0.030%低聚木糖组的特定生长率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.030%和0.045%低聚木糖组的饲料转化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),两组之间差异不显著。奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼全鱼的水分、灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量在试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05);各组样本中的肝胰脏蛋白酶和肠蛋白酶活力均呈先上升后下降的趋势,0.030%组的最高,添加低聚木糖组与对照组之间差异显著(P<0.05);肠淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力在分别在0.030%与0.045%组最高,各组之间差异显著(P<0.05);肝胰脏淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力在各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。低聚木糖添加量(x)与特定生长率(y)之间存在关系:y=-256.34x2+16.716x+3.6479(R2=0.9266),低聚木糖添加量在0.033%左右时,可以提高幼鱼的消化酶活力和饲料转化率,从而较好促进奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的生长,对鱼体的营养成分则没有影响。     

Formulation and processing of hatchery diets for channel catfish

Production type diets were developed to support tank reared channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, until they were large enough to accept conventional pelleted feeds. Alternative ingredients to fishmeal were evaluated through a series of feeding trials using diets formulated by computer. Several animal and vegetable protein concentrates partially replaced fishmeal without significant reductions in growth or changes in carcass composition. Ingredients which supported especially good growth of fish included fish, poultry by-product, soybean and cottonseed meals; brewers yeast; wheat grain and beef tallow. Ingredients previously thought to be essential or included in the past for their “unidentified growth factors” were apparently not necessary when balanced diets were manufactured under proper quality control. No diet was found superior to that composed of fishmeal, wheat, tallow and a micronutrient premix preserved with antioxidants and propionic acid.     

壳聚糖对克氏原螯虾存活、血清生化指标和非特异性免疫功能的影响

以基础饲料为对照,在基础饲料中分别添加0.0%(对照)、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、3.0%的壳聚糖,分别投喂平均体重为(21.55±1.62)g的克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)60 d,研究壳聚糖对克氏原螯虾存活、蜕壳、血液生化指标及非特异性免疫功能的影响。结果显示:0.5%添加组存活率为84.44%,与对照组和1.0%添加组无显著性差异;总蜕壳率和相对增重率随壳聚糖含量升高而呈现先升高后降低的趋势,当添加量为1.0%时,总蜕壳率和相对增重率显著高于对照组;各试验组肝胰指数差异不显著。2.0%添加组血清中总蛋白、白蛋白和总胆固醇显著高于对照组,添加组甘油三酯的含量显著高于对照组。1.5%添加组血清和肝胰腺中的溶菌酶(LZM)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性显著高于对照组;与对照组相比,0.5%添加组血清中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性显著升高;0.5%添加组肝胰腺中CAT活性最高,为4.93 U/mL,显著高于对照组。结果说明,壳聚糖可以提高克氏原螯虾的生长性能和非特异性免疫功能,饲料中添加0.5%～1.5%较为适宜。     

Replacing fish meal with vegetable protein sources in feed for juvenile red swamp crayfish,Procambarus clarkii: Effects of amino acids supplementation on growth and feed utilization

An 8‐week growth trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fish meal replacement with a vegetable mixture of soybean meal and rapeseed meal (1:1) on growth of juvenile red swamp crayfish. Nine isonitrogenous diets were designed: V0, V34, V50, V65, V73 and V81 with six levels of vegetable proteins, and VA48, VA63 and VA78 by further adding crystalline lysine and methionine into V50, V65 and V81. Compared with V0, V34 significantly improved the specific growth rate (SGR), while V65, V73, V81 and VA78 depressed the SGR (p < .05). Feeding rate showed a decreasing trend as dietary vegetable protein level increased (p < .05), except that in VA48 group. Significantly lower FCR and higher PER were observed in V34 group, whereas all vegetable protein diets depressed the feed utilization of crayfish (p < .05). Crayfish fed with diets containing vegetable proteins showed significantly lower hepatosomatic indices and higher condition factors than the control (p < .05). Muscle lipid content was significantly (p < .05) lowered in V81 group, but not in VA78 group. The results suggested that 338 g/kg vegetable protein improved growth performance of crayfish. Excessive vegetable protein depressed the growth of crayfish, which could be prevented by lysine and methionine supplementation except for the all vegetable protein diets.     

抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾生长和血清非特异性免疫指标的影响

为考察抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、饲料利用和免疫能力的影响,分别在基础组饲料中添加0 mg/kg(对照组)、300 mg/kg、400 mg/kg和500 mg/kg抗菌肽,投喂平均体重为(0.8±0.1 g)的凡纳滨对虾6周。结果表明,饲料中添加抗菌肽后,凡纳滨对虾的成活率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);300 mg/kg抗菌肽组的增重率和饲料系数分别为509.10%、1.33,较对照组提高增重率8.76%(P<0.05),降低饲料系数12.5%(P<0.05),而添加400 mg/kg、500 mg/kg抗菌肽对增重率、饲料系数无显著影响,但显著提高了肌肉粗脂肪含量,各处理组在肌肉粗蛋白、水分含量上无显著差异;300 mg/kg、400 mg/kg抗菌肽组的血清碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶及400 mg/kg抗菌肽组的溶菌酶均显著高于对照组。上述研究表明,饲料中添加300 mg/kg抗菌肽,可显著提高凡纳滨对虾成活率和增重率,降低饲料系数;添加400 mg/kg抗菌肽,对血清非特异性免疫指标有提高作用,凡纳滨对虾饲料中抗菌肽的添加量建议为300～400 mg/kg。     

Effect of oil source on growth performance,antioxidant capacity,fatty acid composition and fillet quality of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

This study was conducted to evaluate the dietary use of vegetable oil sources in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were fed diets having the same lipid level from fish oil (FO), palm oil (PO), rapeseed oil (RO), soybean oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO). The results showed that dietary vegetable oils significantly decreased the feed utilization and a significantly lower growth was observed in SO group, while palm oil showed no effect on the growth performance. Dietary vegetable oils suppressed intestinal digestion by inhibiting the activities of digestive enzymes. Vegetable oils significantly elevated the activities of lipase, hepatic lipase and total lipase in liver, and a phenomenon of intense lipid accumulation emerged in liver of PO and SO groups. Furthermore, linseed oil significantly decreased plasma antioxidant capacity, whereas no significant difference was found between RO and FO groups. Dietary vegetable oils caused a significantly lower EPA and DHA in muscle, and further influenced fillet quality through an increase in cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and/or springiness, together with a decrease in hardness. Overall, our results indicated that rapeseed oil may be a suitable alternative oil source for grass carp from a point of growth, feed conversion ratio, antioxidative capacity and hepatic histology.     

投加微生物制剂对对虾养殖池总氨氮与亚硝酸氮的影响

监测并分析了单独或组合加入光合细菌、益生菌(酵母与乳杆菌)和芽孢杆菌后,对虾养殖池凌晨水体中氨氮和亚硝酸氮的变化。试验分为6组,即3个单独添加组(益生菌组、芽孢杆菌组、光合细菌组)和3个组合添加组(光合细菌与芽孢杆菌组、益生菌与芽孢杆菌组、光合细菌与益生菌组)。结果表明,添加微生物制剂后,益生菌组、芽孢杆菌组、光合细菌与芽孢杆菌组、益生菌与芽孢杆菌组池塘水体中总氨氮水平提高了41%~99.8%;而光合细菌组、光合细菌与益生菌组无显著性变化,但亚硝酸氮水平有所升高(107%~210%)。单独添加组水体中总氨氮水平的变化强弱顺序为芽孢杆菌>益生菌>光合细菌,组合添加组为芽孢杆菌与益生菌组>芽孢杆菌与光合细菌组>益生菌与光合细菌组。试验期间各组养殖池中总氨氮浓度为0.51~1.94 mg/L、亚硝酸氮水平为0.016~0.096 mg/L,均在安全浓度以下,说明添加微生物制剂未引起池塘氨氮和亚硝酸氮的毒性问题。     

Effect of different feed formulations on feed efficiency, gonad yield and gonad quality in the purple sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma

The nutritive values of three pelleted prepared diets, based on animal (AP), vegetable (VP) and yeast protein (YP) were studied for the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma (Val.). Fresh macroalga Ulva australis was used as a natural control diet. Triplicate groups of five animals were fed one of the four diets ad libitum every second day for 85 days. Sea urchins fed pelleted feeds had significantly higher food consumption rates (dry basis) and significantly lower total and protein absorption efficiencies compared with the algal diet. The gonad yield and gonad production efficiency in sea urchins fed the natural diet were significantly higher compared with initial group (gonad yield only) and urchins fed animal and vegetable diets, but did not differ significantly from those of the animals fed the yeast diet. Percent protein and lipid in the gonads were not affected by the dietary source. The taste and smell of gonads were generally better in sea urchins collected from the wild or fed yeast and natural diets than in sea urchins fed animal and vegetable diets. The animal protein diet was the most stable in seawater while the yeast protein diet had the poorest water stability. The results of this study suggest that development of a more stable, single‐cell, protein‐based diet has a potential to promote gonad production of H. erythrogramma.     

Growth, digestive enzyme activities and hepatic glycogen levels in juvenile Colossoma macropomum Cuvier from South America during feeding, starvation and refeeding

Abstract. Feeding trials with juvenile Colossoma macropomum Cuvier (approximately 40g) were carried out to study their protein requirements and their efficiency in metabolizing vegetable protein. Two groups of diets were used. In one group, the crude protein consisted exclusively of fish protein concentrate. In the second group the protein consisted of a mixture (55:45) of vegetable and animal protein without fish meal. In each group 30 and 50% protein levels were used. The highest weight increase (1·64%/day) and the lowest feeding rate were obtained with the 50% protein fish meal free diet. During the trial all fish accumulated visceral fat while body protein content decreased and dry matter increased. There was a high correlation between liver weight and liver glycogen. The highest amounts of liver glycogen were induced by diets containing fish meal and/or low protein content. In contrast lo visceral fat deposits, accumulated liver glycogen was of less significance for surviving starvation periods. The activity of digestive enzymes depends on both stomach and gut fullness. Trypsin activity, contrary to pepsin, was correlated with diet protein content, a-amylase activity was not correlated with diet composition.     

添加氯化钾和蛋黄对虹鳟精液冷冻保存的效果

为筛选出更有效的虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)精液冷冻保存液,在以10％ 甲醇和0.3 M葡萄糖作为主要成分的基础上,分别或同时添加0.9 g/L氯化钾和10％ 蛋黄形成四种冷冻保存液,用于虹鳟精液冷冻保存试验,分别形成4个处理组:Ⅰ#(不添加氯化钾和蛋黄)、Ⅱ#(添加氯化钾)、Ⅲ#(添加蛋黄)和Ⅳ#(...