钴基磁性纳米线(阵列)的制备与表征

采用电化学沉积方法,在多孔型阳极氧化铝模板中成功制备出Co基磁性纳米线,包括Co纳米线、Cu纳米线和Co/Cu一维纳米多层膜,并对其微观形貌、成分结构和磁学性质进行了研究;讨论了Co~(2+)和Cu~(2+)分别沉积和共同沉积对其晶体结构的影响,提出Co与Cu~(2+)的交换反应导致形成Co/Cu原子混合层,从而影响Co/Cu一维纳米多层膜的结晶情况和Co/Cu一维纳米多层膜的磁各向异性.     

磁性纳米Fe3O4对水中磷的吸附去除研究

建立了一种基于磁性Fe3O4纳米材料吸附除磷的方法,研究了Fe3O4纳米微粒浓度、溶液pH值、反应时间及温度等因素对磷去除的影响,并进一步探讨了吸附动力学及吸附等温线.结果表明,纳米Fe3O4对溶液中磷的去除率随时间的增加而增加,在5h可达到吸附平衡.在优化条件下对磷的去除可达90％,可用于处理含磷废水.由于纳米Fe3O4有很好的磁性,在外磁场作用下容易实现快速的固液分离,在磷废水处理中有潜在应用价值.     

磁性斜发沸石对溶液中Pb2+的吸附性能

利用磁性斜发沸石作吸附剂,考察了含背景电解质溶液初始pH、吸附剂投加量、Pb2+初始浓度、吸附时间等对其吸附Pb2+的影响,通过动力学模型和等温吸附模型探讨了磁性斜发沸石吸附Pb2+可能的作用机制.结果表明,磁性斜发沸石能够有效去除水体中的Pb2+,最大吸容附量达136.1 mg/g.磁性斜发沸石对Pb2+的吸附平衡时间为48h,溶液pH =6.0左右时,吸附剂投加量增大有利于Pb2+的去除;随着溶液中NaNO3背景电解质浓度增大,磁性斜发沸石对Pb2+的吸附量显著降低;吸附行为符合准二级动力学模型及Langmuir等温吸附模型.推测磁性斜发沸石对Pb2+的吸附既有物理吸附又有化学吸附.     

磁性纳米颗粒在DNA分离纯化中的应用

为了解磁性纳米颗粒在DNA分离纯化中的应用,采用文献综述和归纳总结的方法,阐述了1997—2021年以铁氧化物为核心的磁性纳米材料的研究进展,同时比较了材料结构和表面相关活性官能团的修饰对DNA提取效率的影响。结果表明：1）应用磁性纳米颗粒的固相萃取有着安全无毒、操作简单、可重复使用、能够实现自动化与高通量操作等多种优势,提取DNA效率相比于商业化试剂盒也有优势。2）目前磁性纳米材料已有比较全面的研究。磁性纳米颗粒的尺寸、孔径大小、磁化强度及引入的活性官能团不同等性质均对DNA的提取效率有影响,改变这些性质研发新型且高效的功能化磁性纳米颗粒或改变磁性纳米材料的制备方法、所提取DNA的形态性质、溶液的pH或盐浓度等试验条件,以提高DNA与材料的解吸率,不断优化磁性分离过程,提高DNA分离效率和质量。3）发展高通量商业化的核酸提取程序,是磁性固相萃取可观的发展前景。4）磁性纳米颗粒除了在核酸提取中的应用,在其他生物医学应用中也有着广泛的研究。以上结果均表明磁性纳米材料有着极强的研究发展前景。     

模板法制备磁性纳米材料

介绍了磁性纳米结构的模板合成方法。主要内容包括：模板法的基本原理,模板的制备,利用电沉积法、溶胶凝胶沉积法和化学还原法在模板上制备磁性纳米线及纳米多层结构的技术。     

两性修饰磁性膨润土的表征及其对苯酚的吸附

采用共沉淀负载Fe_3O_4法制备了磁性膨润土,并以两性修饰剂十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)对其进行两性有机修饰,在对样品进行分析表征的基础上,采用批处理法研究了BS-12修饰磁性膨润土对苯酚的吸附特征。结果表明,磁性膨润土及两性修饰磁性膨润土磁性良好并利于回收;膨润土负载Fe_3O_4后比表面积增加,两性修饰磁性膨润土的比表面积和孔容随BS-12修饰比例的增大而减小,粒径随修饰比例的增大而增大;BS-12修饰增大了磁性膨润土的C、N含量,在磁性膨润土上形成有机相。两性修饰磁性膨润土对苯酚的吸附量,随BS-12修饰比例和离子强度的增大而增加,随pH和温度的升高而减少。Henry模型适用于描述两性修饰磁性膨润土对苯酚的吸附,吸附以分配机制为主。     

Fe-Co-P非晶态与晶态纳米线的磁性研究

[目的]研究双过渡金属-类金属的三元合金纳米线各成分的改变对磁学性质的影响。[方法]在氧化铝模板中用电化学沉积法制备2种体系的Fe-Co-P三元合金纳米线。[结果]用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观测氧化铝模板和纳米线的形貌。选区电子衍射和X射线衍射结果表明,(Fe1-xCox)0.88P0.12纳米线为非晶结构,而(Fe1-xCox)0.92P0.08纳米线近似为晶态结构。用振动样品磁强计和穆斯堡尔谱仪研究了非晶态体系和晶态体系在室温下的宏观和微观磁性。随Co含量x的变化,每个体系磁参量的变化趋势基本相似,而当x相同时两体系的磁学性质又有所不同。[结论]纳米线中非晶体系的形状各向异性比晶态更明显,更适宜用于垂直磁记录中。     

聚乙烯亚胺交联法修饰磁性壳聚糖去除水中六价铬

利用一锅热溶剂法合成磁性壳聚糖纳米颗粒(MCTS),再用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)修饰,成功合成了一种新型磁性生物吸附材料PEI-MCTS,并将其用于吸附去除Cr(VI),系统研究了溶液初始pH值、 PEI负载量、吸附剂用量、离子强度及吸附时间等对Cr(VI)吸附去除的影响.结果表明,酸性条件有利于Cr(VI)的吸附, PEI-MCTS吸附Cr(VI)符合Langmuir模型和准二级动力学模型,最大吸附量为193.57 mg/g. PEI-MCTS纳米复合材料稳定、重复使用性好,可用于Cr(VI)的吸附去除.     

磁性碳纳米管对酸性品红的吸附性能研究

研究了磁性碳纳米管对酸性品红的吸附特性,考察了吸附剂用量、吸附时间、酸性品红浓度、温度、pH值等因素对脱色效果的影响,探究了其吸附动力学和吸附热力学。结果表明:磁性碳纳米管对酸性品红的吸附符合准二级动力学模型。不同温度下磁性碳纳米管对酸性品红的吸附等温线可以用Langmuir方程及D-R模型进行描述。     

磁性碳纳米管吸附去除水中蒽的研究

利用化学共沉淀方法制备了磁性多壁碳纳米管,研究了磁性多壁碳纳米管对水中蒽的吸附行为及pH值、离子强度、腐殖酸等因素的影响.结果表明,在弱酸性条件下其吸附效率最高,离子强度对吸附的影响较小,腐殖酸在低浓度时抑制蒽的吸附,高浓度腐殖酸则可以促进吸附;蒽的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程;磁性多壁碳纳米管对蒽的吸附率超过98%,最大吸附量可达到95.2mg/g,能有效地去除水中的蒽.     

Ultrahigh-density nanowire lattices and circuits

We describe a general method for producing ultrahigh-density arrays of aligned metal and semiconductor nanowires and nanowire circuits. The technique is based on translating thin film growth thickness control into planar wire arrays. Nanowires were fabricated with diameters and pitches (center-to-center distances) as small as 8 nanometers and 16 nanometers, respectively. The nanowires have high aspect ratios (up to 10(6)), and the process can be carried out multiple times to produce simple circuits of crossed nanowires with a nanowire junction density in excess of 10(11) per square centimeter. The nanowires can also be used in nanomechanical devices; a high-frequency nanomechanical resonator is demonstrated.     

Directed assembly of one-dimensional nanostructures into functional networks

One-dimensional nanostructures, such as nanowires and nanotubes, represent the smallest dimension for efficient transport of electrons and excitons and thus are ideal building blocks for hierarchical assembly of functional nanoscale electronic and photonic structures. We report an approach for the hierarchical assembly of one-dimensional nanostructures into well-defined functional networks. We show that nanowires can be assembled into parallel arrays with control of the average separation and, by combining fluidic alignment with surface-patterning techniques, that it is also possible to control periodicity. In addition, complex crossed nanowire arrays can be prepared with layer-by-layer assembly with different flow directions for sequential steps. Transport studies show that the crossed nanowire arrays form electrically conducting networks, with individually addressable device function at each cross point.     

Room-temperature ultraviolet nanowire nanolasers

Room-temperature ultraviolet lasing in semiconductor nanowire arrays has been demonstrated. The self-organized, <0001> oriented zinc oxide nanowires grown on sapphire substrates were synthesized with a simple vapor transport and condensation process. These wide band-gap semiconductor nanowires form natural laser cavities with diameters varying from 20 to 150 nanometers and lengths up to 10 micrometers. Under optical excitation, surface-emitting lasing action was observed at 385 nanometers, with an emission linewidth less than 0.3 nanometer. The chemical flexibility and the one-dimensionality of the nanowires make them ideal miniaturized laser light sources. These short-wavelength nanolasers could have myriad applications, including optical computing, information storage, and microanalysis.     

Direct-current nanogenerator driven by ultrasonic waves

We have developed a nanowire nanogenerator that is driven by an ultrasonic wave to produce continuous direct-current output. The nanogenerator was fabricated with vertically aligned zinc oxide nanowire arrays that were placed beneath a zigzag metal electrode with a small gap. The wave drives the electrode up and down to bend and/or vibrate the nanowires. A piezoelectric-semiconducting coupling process converts mechanical energy into electricity. The zigzag electrode acts as an array of parallel integrated metal tips that simultaneously and continuously create, collect, and output electricity from all of the nanowires. The approach presents an adaptable, mobile, and cost-effective technology for harvesting energy from the environment, and it offers a potential solution for powering nanodevices and nanosystems.     

Germanium nanowire growth below the eutectic temperature

Nanowires are conventionally assumed to grow via the vapor-liquid-solid process, in which material from the vapor is incorporated into the growing nanowire via a liquid catalyst, commonly a low-melting point eutectic alloy. However, nanowires have been observed to grow below the eutectic temperature, and the state of the catalyst remains controversial. Using in situ microscopy, we showed that, for the classic Ge/Au system, nanowire growth can occur below the eutectic temperature with either liquid or solid catalysts at the same temperature. We found, unexpectedly, that the catalyst state depends on the growth pressure and thermal history. We suggest that these phenomena may be due to kinetic enrichment of the eutectic alloy composition and expect these results to be relevant for other nanowire systems.     

Dislocation-driven nanowire growth and Eshelby twist

Hierarchical nanostructures of lead sulfide nanowires resembling pine trees were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. Structural characterization revealed a screwlike dislocation in the nanowire trunks with helically rotating epitaxial branch nanowires. It is suggested that the screw component of an axial dislocation provides the self-perpetuating steps to enable one-dimensional crystal growth, in contrast to mechanisms that require metal catalysts. The rotating trunks and branches are the consequence of the Eshelby twist of screw dislocations with a dislocation Burgers vector along the 110 directions having an estimated magnitude of 6 +/- 2 angstroms for the screw component. The results confirm the Eshelby theory of dislocations, and the proposed nanowire growth mechanism could be general to many materials.     

On-wire lithography

We report a high-throughput procedure for lithographically processing one-dimensional nanowires. This procedure, termed on-wire lithography, combines advances in template-directed synthesis of nanowires with electrochemical deposition and wet-chemical etching and allows routine fabrication of face-to-face disk arrays and gap structures in the range of five to several hundred nanometers. We studied the transport properties of 13-nanometer gaps with and without nanoscopic amounts of conducting polymers deposited within by dip-pen nanolithography.     

Virus-based toolkit for the directed synthesis of magnetic and semiconducting nanowires

We report a virus-based scaffold for the synthesis of single-crystal ZnS, CdS, and freestanding chemically ordered CoPt and FePt nanowires, with the means of modifying substrate specificity through standard biological methods. Peptides (selected through an evolutionary screening process) that exhibit control of composition, size, and phase during nanoparticle nucleation have been expressed on the highly ordered filamentous capsid of the M13 bacteriophage. The incorporation of specific, nucleating peptides into the generic scaffold of the M13 coat structure provides a viable template for the directed synthesis of semiconducting and magnetic materials. Removal of the viral template by means of annealing promoted oriented aggregation-based crystal growth, forming individual crystalline nanowires. The unique ability to interchange substrate-specific peptides into the linear self-assembled filamentous construct of the M13 virus introduces a material tunability that has not been seen in previous synthetic routes. Therefore, this system provides a genetic toolkit for growing and organizing nanowires from semiconducting and magnetic materials.