潮白河流域气象水文干旱特征及其响应关系

利用潮白河流域7个气象站1960-2011年逐月降水以及密云水库同时期入库流量数据,分别以SPI和SDI两个干旱指标表征气象、水文干旱,采用游程理论、M-K检验、滑动t-检验、Spearman秩相关检验等方法研究了该流域气象水文干旱特征,并探求水文、气象干旱的响应关系。结果表明：研究期内潮白河流域气象干旱多以短历时干旱事件为主,历时1-2个月的干旱事件达研究期内气象干旱事件总次数的67.18%;但是气象干旱的年干旱烈度及其历时未通过MK趋势显著性检验,其线性斜率值仅为-0.025和-0.005,变化趋势不明显。而水文干旱存在极长历时重烈度干旱事件,历时达4个月以上的干旱事件达研究期内水文干旱事件总次数的46.54%,最长干旱历时达45个月;且研究期内水文干旱的年干旱烈度及其历时均通过显著性检验,线性斜率值达-0.419和0.228,变化显著;二者均在1980年和1998年出现突变现象。自20世纪90年代末以来,潮白河流域水文干旱频繁发生,且多为长历时连续干旱。研究期内水文干旱滞后气象干旱约1个月。     

基于SPI指数的宁夏中部干旱带1960—2012年干旱特征研究

研究宁夏中部干旱带的干旱特征可为区域农牧业发展和防灾减灾提供科学决策依据.利用1960-2012年的各站点气象观测资料,计算标准化降水指数(SPI),并借助集合经验模态分解、功率谱分析和重新标度极差分析等方法,对近50年来的干旱特征和变化趋势进行了研究.研究结果表明,宁夏中部干旱带在1960-2012年间发生中旱以上的干旱事件达到了总干旱次数的30％以上;干旱波动周期的多尺度分解显示,该区域存在着0.5a尺度的轻旱,1 a尺度的中旱,3a尺度的重旱和10 a尺度的特旱;平均干旱强度的年际波动周期特征中,有平均超过65％的贡献来自于3.25-4 a左右的干旱周期波动,而平均超过14％的贡献来自于5.78-6.5 a左右的干旱周期波动;总体来看,宁夏中部干旱带的干旱趋势处于增强态势,且具有长程依赖性,即未来还将持续干旱,但不同季节的干旱趋势特征又表现出一定的差异.     

基于降水距平的黄淮平原夏玉米干旱评估指标研究

以降水和产量资料为基础,研究确定了夏玉米干旱评估指标。首先对历史产量序列进行处理,利用三次多项式拟合趋势产量,分离相对气象产量;分析不同生育阶段降水距平和相对气象产量的相关关系,结果表明,玉米出苗~抽雄期降水距平与相对气象产量呈显著的正相关;通过统计分析,建立了它们之间的回归方程,并结合农业干旱划分标准,确定了夏玉米生长季不同等级的农业气象干旱指标,即降水负距平<20%、20%~50%、50%~80%、>80%时,分别出现轻旱、中旱、重旱和严重干旱,产量分别减少<10%、10%~20%、20%~30%、>30%。     

基于EMD的洮河年径流量变化多时间尺度分析

在分析小波变换不足之处的基础上,提出了水文时间序列多分辨率分析的EMD方法,并将其应用于洮河天然年径流量时序波动特征的多时间尺度研究。结果表明其年径流量变化存在准2~6年、准8~10年、准26年的波动周期,并分析了各分量的趋势变化。EMD方法作为一种全新的非线性、非平稳信号处理理论,可以更精确地提取水文时序中不同波动周期的分量,在水文水资源系统变量的分析及预测中具有广阔的应用前景。     

黄土高原地区干旱长期变化趋势及预测

根据黄土高原地区21个分布较为均匀的气象站1957~2001年的降水资料,应用Mann-Kendall趋势检验方法对其年、季气象旱涝指标的变化趋势进行分析,同时分析该区水文干旱和农业干旱变化趋势,结果表明:黄土高原地区年、夏、秋和冬季有向干旱化发展趋势,春季有向湿润化发展趋势;夏、秋季的干旱化趋势造成了年干旱化趋势。以渭河流域为例,黄土高原地区地表水资源呈显著性减少趋势,气象干旱可能是造成水文干旱的主要原因。黄土高原各省份旱情呈逐年代加重态势,尤其是进入20世纪90年代后趋势更加明显。用灰色-Markov链模型对该区旱涝指标进行预测,模型平均精度为88.26%。     

天津市近50a来降水变化分析

根据天津市13个气象站近50年的实测月降水资料,运用回归分析、趋势分析和5年滑动平均等方法,分析了天津市近50年来降水变化特征。结果表明:天津市降水量年内分配不均,主要集中在7~8月份,占全年降水量的53.98%~60.64%;天津市年降水波动较大,极差在470.00~944.80之间;20世纪70年代是近50年来天津市年降水量最多的十年,80年代以来,年降水量持续减少,尤其是二十一世纪以来,年降水量显著减少;天津市年降水量总体上呈减少趋势,各站平均下降率为22.97mm/10 a。     

渭河流域多尺度干旱时空特征分析

基于渭河流域23个气象站1959—2014年的实测资料,对比分析了标准化降水指数(SPI)和标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)在渭河流域的适用性,得出SPEI的稳定性更佳。继而采用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)研究该流域干旱发生频率与干旱强度,分析了近55年渭河流域不同时间尺度干旱的时空变化特征。结果表明:尺度越大,SPEI波动的幅度越小。渭河流域SPEI在1991年发生突变,1991年后干旱加剧,干旱的发生存在14 a和7 a左右周期变化。年尺度干旱的发生频率呈东高西低的分布,中度以上干旱频率最高的地区为西吉、武功和天水周边,频率分别为14.28%、14.28%、12.5%;季尺度上整体的秋旱相比其它季节的干旱发生频率高,中度以上春、秋、冬三季干旱发生的频率天水盆地均最高,频率分别为21.4%、19.6%和8.9%,中度以上夏季干旱发生频率最高的是平凉,其频率为16.1%;月尺度上干旱强度的分布总体上是由东向西减小,其中干旱强度最大的是南部佛坪地区,干旱强度为30%,天水和海源地区近55年发生连续干旱过程的次数最多,可达22 a,该过程中连续干旱的月数大多为3~4个月,而吴旗站存在一次长达9个月的持续干旱过程。     

渭北旱塬近40年降水波动特征及作物干旱指标分析计算

利用陕西渭北地区24个气象台站1968~2007年40 a的逐日降水资料,分析了该区域近40 a降水波动特征。结果表明:渭北地区降雨量多年平均值在空间分布上呈"两高一低"型,由东向西逐渐增多;季节分布极不均匀,降水主要集中在夏秋两季,占全年降水的75%~80%;年际变化较为复杂,在24个测站中,呈上升趋势的有9个,呈下降趋势的3个,12个测站变化不明显,总体降水变化呈上升趋势。根据土壤水分平衡原理,提出了渭北旱塬农田土壤水分简易计算公式,计算分析了渭北旱塬主要农作物干旱指标。     

基于土壤相对凋萎湿度构建的干旱监测指标在云南的应用分析

在分析云南土壤水文参数的基础上,构建基于土壤相对凋萎湿度的干旱监测指标I_RWM,并分析其在云南地区的适用性。结果表明：云南0~20 cm土层土壤水文参数空间分布较为一致,土壤水分利用率总体呈现东高西低,南高北低的特点;从I_RWM指标来看,云南轻旱、中旱、重旱和特旱上限对应的土壤相对湿度分别为45.6%、36.5%、27.5%和18.4%;当大部地区土壤相对湿度低于60%时,云南发生中等干旱灾害的可能极大;云南的西部边缘地区对土壤水分更为敏感,有旱情发展波动大的特点;在干旱监测中,I_RWM指标能够降低极端降水对旱情监测的干扰,且对干旱灾害的描述与实际更接近。综合来看,I_RWM指标在云南的适用性优于MCI指数。     

冬小麦综合干旱评估指标建立及应用

为提高冬小麦干旱监测和定量灾损评估的准确性,以半干旱黄土高原陇东地区为例,利用15个冬小麦种植县1965—2020年逐日降水资料、MCI指数,1978—2020年冬小麦产量资料、干旱灾情资料,以及1981—2014年生育期观测资料,探索建立冬小麦干旱灾损评估新指标WDI,以因旱减产率和干旱指标之间的关系参考历史灾情确定等级阈值,基于WDI分析陇东地区冬小麦干旱时空分布特征。结果表明：WDI在评估干旱对冬小麦产量影响方面优于气象干旱指数;从3个代表站WDI年际变化看,环县波动幅度最大且数值最小,其次是西峰,处于阴湿地区的华亭波动幅度最小且数值最大。20世纪90年代初至21世纪初波动最剧烈。从年代变化看,20世纪90年代全生育期、拔节~开花期WDI平均值分别为-10.6、-5.4,为各年代最低,处于干旱期;21世纪10年代WDI平均值则分别为4.4、2.6,为各年代最高,处于相对湿润期。在空间分布上,干旱频率由东南向西北增大,重度以上干旱主要发生在陇东西部和中北部。冬小麦全生育期、拔节~开花期轻中旱发生频率分别为34%~52%、41%~57%,重度以上干旱频率均为4%~18%,评估结果与历史实况基本一致。WDI兼顾气象学与生物学意义,能较好表征冬小麦产量损失、干旱时空特征分析,可用于冬小麦干旱监测和评估业务。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.