不同耐旱性玉米初生根和次生根中铁、锰、铜、锌、钠含量分析

以生长于田间的玉米掖单13(耐旱性玉米)和丹玉13(不耐旱性玉米)为试验材料,应用ICP对供试玉米的初生根和第一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八和第九层次生根的铁、锰、铜、锌和钠元素含量等项指标进行了测定和比较分析。结果表明:除个别根外,耐旱性玉米不同类型根中的铜含量极显著高于不耐旱性玉米根系(P0.01);根中的锰元素含量和锌元素含量极显著高于不耐旱性玉米根系(P0.05);根系中铁元素含量和根系中的钠元素含量在两品种玉米根系之间差异未达显著水平(P0.05)。     

金叶莸组培快繁技术研究

金叶莸是一种良好的园林绿化树种.通过容器基质配制、插穗剪取、激素处理、苗期管理等方面,介绍了金叶莸快速繁殖的主要技术方法--嫩枝扦插育苗法.本研究利用乌鲁木齐县种苗繁育基地1年生金叶莸实生苗当年萌发的嫩枝作为试验材料,研究了不同取材部位、不同浓度的6-BA 和NAA 组合对金叶莸组培快繁的影响,通过生根处理及驯化移栽成苗.结果表明:同一新梢不同部位的外植体在相同的培养条件下其芽的分化率明显不同,新梢中部的茎芽启动效果最好,诱导率为85%以上;中部5～10节腋芽分化率高,能形成完整健壮的植株.MS 6-BA 0.5 mg/L NAA 0.5 mg/L为最佳继代增殖培养基,增殖率和有效芽苗率均高于其它处理.在生根过程中茎尖苗的生根效果较好,生根率在较短的时间内达到85%.PP333能促使瓶苗植株矮化健壮,从而提高苗木的移栽成活率.     

水、氮调控对夏玉米根系特性的影响

采用土柱模拟试验研究了水、氮调控措施对夏玉米根系生长状况及其与籽粒产量之间的关系.结果表明:水分对根系干重、根系活力、根系表面积的影响较氮肥大;根系干重随土层深度增加而减小,0～ 10 cm土层尤为明显;0～20 cm根系密度较高,根系密度随土层深度增加先减小后上升;根干重和根系密度随施氮量增加而降低,根冠比基本呈减小趋势;氮肥能提高玉米根系活力.根干重、根系密度、根表面积和根系活力与籽粒产量和玉米地上部分干物质量均呈极显著相关关系;根冠比只与地上部分相关;根表面积和根系活力之间呈极显著相关关系;根系活力和根系吸氮能力对玉米生长和籽粒的形成有很重要的作用,存在显著正相关性.     

组培条件下空心莲子草匍匐茎段根系发育的研究

[目的]空心莲子草是一种世界范围的恶性入侵杂草,其贮藏根的形成在其入侵中具有重要作用,对其不定根的发生及其膨大情况进行研究有助于人们有针对性的进行防控.[方法]利用组织培养体系,对空心莲子草匍匐茎段进行无菌培养,培养条件主要考虑培养基凝固剂的类型、外植体是否带节、外植体节下茎段长度、外植体扦插方式和扦插深度.[结果]空心莲子草茎段比较理想的组培条件为:带1节长度为4 cm的去叶空心莲子草茎段,使用体积分数75％酒精浸泡1 min,0.1％升汞浸泡6 min消毒,在MS培养基中连续继代培养,采用第3代无菌苗的茎段作为外植体,在含有普通琼脂的MS培养基(钾离子浓度降至标准培养基60％)条件下,节下部长度为1.5 cm带节外植体正向扦插深度为1.4 cm的时候,可以获得生长良好的空心莲子草植株.实验发现外植体的下部截口上方的茎段能够不经过愈伤组织诱导直接生长出不定根,即出现节间生根现象.外植体培养70 d时,发现有部分不定根出现膨大趋势.继续培养80 d后,笔者观察到空心莲子草不定根出现明显膨大.[结论]研究成功构建了空心莲子草茎段不定根膨大的组织培养体系,为进一步在组培条件下开展空心莲子草贮藏根的形成机理研究提供依据.     

不同耐旱基因型玉米根系大量元素含量分析

以生长于田间的玉米掖单13(耐旱基因型玉米)和丹玉13(不耐旱基因型玉米)为试验材料,应用ICP对供试玉米的初生根和第一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八和第九层次生根的大量元素氮、磷、钾、钙和镁等项指标进行了测定和比较分析.结果表明:除个别根外,耐旱基因型玉米不同类型根中的全氮含量和速效氮含量极显著低于不耐旱基因型玉米根系(P<0.01);根中的钙元素含量和镁元素含量极显著高于不耐旱基因型玉米根系(P<0.01);根系中磷元素含量和根系中的钾元素含量在两基因型玉米根系之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

水分胁迫对线辣椒根系生长及产量的影响

以陕西省关中线辣椒产区普遍种植的两个线辣椒品种多娇和辛香8号为试材,研究水分胁迫对其根系形态发育及产量的影响。试验采用盆栽方法,设置5个水分梯度：40%～50%（T1）,50%～60%(T2),60%～70%(T3),70%～80%(T4),80%～90%（CK）,测定其单株总根长、根体积、根表面积、根尖数、根交叉数、根分叉数、根平均直径、根冠比、 单株结果数和单株产量等。结果表明,各处理的单株总根长、根体积、根表面积、根尖数、根交叉数、根分叉数在水分胁迫的第20～40天期间,增加速率明显减小,甚至出现负增长,说明此时期是线辣椒根系对水分胁迫最敏感的时期;不同处理之间单株总根长、根体积、根表面积、根尖数、根分叉数、根交叉数表现为CK＞T4＞T3＞T2＞T1,T1、T2在整个水分胁迫期间均显著地抑制了根系的生长,T3、T4主要在第20～40天期间显著抑制了根系生长;在整个胁迫期间,各处理的根冠比和根平均直径均大于对照,说明线辣椒在水分胁迫下,其根系吸收的水分会首先用于保证根系自身生长,且胁迫处理不利于细根的生长及侧根的发生;单株结果数和单株产量随着土壤水分含量的降低而减少;辛香8号在各胁迫处理下的根系生长受抑制程度及单株减产程度均大于多娇,说明辛香8号的耐旱性弱于多娇。     

利用蚕豆根尖微核试验研究入侵植物胜红蓟的化感作用潜力

[目的]研究入侵植物胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides Linn.)的化感作用潜力。[方法]运用蚕豆(Vicia fabaL.)根尖细胞微核试验研究入侵植物胜红蓟叶、茎、花以及地上部分(除去根以外的植物体,下同)水浸提液的化感效应。[结果]胜红蓟水浸提液具有较强的遗传毒性。在叶、茎、花和地上部分水浸提液作用下,蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,微核率升高,细胞中出现了微核、染色体桥、染色体环等多种染色体畸变,胜红蓟水浸提液对蚕豆根尖的影响存在显著的浓度效应。胜红蓟叶、茎、花和地上部分的整体效应为叶>茎>花>地上部分,与地上部分相比三部位之间的化感作用潜力不存在简单加和作用,但仍以叶片效应最强。[结论]叶片具有最高的化感作用潜力。     

黑果枸杞茎叶生长及其生态化学计量特征对灌水施肥的响应

在石羊河中游田间条件下,通过灌水和施肥调节黑果枸杞生长。测定不同时期黑果枸杞茎、叶生长量及其化学计量学特征变化,分析器官水平生长速率与化学计量学特征的关系,验证生态化学计量学理论"生长速率假说"。灌水施肥显著促进了茎长、基径和叶片长、宽及叶干重的生长(P<0.05),而茎长、基径、叶面积和叶干重的相对生长速率与对照之间无显著差异。各处理下黑果枸杞新梢C含量及C∶N、C∶P随生育期进程呈增加趋势,而N、P及N∶P呈降低趋势;灌水和施肥处理后茎C含量及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P低于对照,茎N、P含量高于对照。各处理叶片C、N、P含量在生育期内呈降低趋势,而C∶N、C∶P及N∶P呈增加趋势;灌水和施肥后叶片C含量及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P低于对照,叶片N、P含量高于对照。茎C含量及C∶N、C∶P显著高于叶片(P<0.05),而N、P含量及N∶P显著低于叶片(P<0.05)。生长速率假说认为,生物个体的生长速率与体内的N∶P、C∶P具有负相关关系,与N、P含量呈显著的正相关关系。各处理黑果枸杞茎、叶的生长速率与其N、P含量及C∶P、N∶P总体相关性不显著。表明施肥灌水调节下黑果枸杞茎叶生长及化学计量学特征不支持生长速率假说。     

不同强度放牧对贝加尔针茅草原群落和土壤理化性质的影响

在一个生长季内,比较分析了贝加尔针茅草甸草原不同放牧强度地段(非牧段,轻牧段,中牧段和重牧段,以放牛为主)植物群落的总地上现存量、总投影盖度、平均高度和土壤理化性质的变异。结果表明,不同强度放牧条件下各项指标均呈规律性变化,表现为植被的生长状况和土壤状况随着放牧强度的增加而劣化,且群落总地上现存量、总投影盖度、群落高度之间具有显著的相关性。土壤的pH值和电导率与地面凋落物的量之间存在显著负相关。考虑各项指标对放牧反应的敏感性、变化的稳定性和测定的方便性,可以把群落盖度、土壤化学性质的变化作为草地健康评价的关键指标。     

大麦发芽期耐盐性种质鉴定及其生理响应特征分析

为了解大麦发芽期耐盐性差异和生理响应特征,对126份大麦材料进行200 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl胁迫下的种子发芽及生长实验,并对极端耐盐性材料和盐敏感性材料进行盐胁迫处理水培实验。结果表明:盐胁迫下大麦发芽期各指标测量值较对照相比均下降,且处理与对照相比变异系数增大,发芽势、发芽率、株高、根长和根数的变异系数值分别为73.81%、58.00%、47.22%、39.39%和31.79%,说明不同材料盐胁迫处理具有较大差异;并且除株高和发芽率、根长之间无相关性之外,其它各指标之间均存在显著或极显著正相关。采用聚类分析将材料分为4个耐盐等级,其中ZDM655等33个品种为高度耐盐性,MAVRIIP等28个品种为中度耐盐性,GN241等16个品种为中度盐敏感性,莆田17号等49个品种为盐敏感性。在盐胁迫水培条件下,大麦主要通过调节根表面积和根体积表型特征来适应盐胁迫,高度耐盐性材料ZDM655地上部和根系中Na~+含量分别为对照的3.63倍和2.55倍,而盐敏感性材料ZDM222地上部和根系中Na~+含量分别为对照的8.95倍和2.92倍;同时,ZDM655较对照相比地上部K~+含量显著提高,地下部K~+含量显著下降,而ZDM222地上部K~+含量显著下降,地下部较对照无显著差异,表明高度耐盐性材料具有更好适应盐胁迫的表型特征和生理响应功能。种子发芽期耐盐性强弱是在盐渍地生长的关键,发芽势、发芽率、株高、根长、根数可以作为大麦发芽期耐盐性评价的合理指标。     

Root system architecture and its relationship to the vegetative reproduction function in horsenettle (Solanum carolinense)

Horsenettle ( Solanum carolinense L.) is a weed species that can spread via the root system and root fragments. This study investigated the developmental pattern of the subterranean system of horsenettle in an experimental plot containing plastic plates that limited the radial growth of the individual plants in each section of the plot. The vertical architecture of the root system in the 10 month old and 16 month old plants was elucidated by excavating the plants from the experimental plot. The root system consisted of a reiterative arrangement of branching root units, which grew horizontally and then bent vertically. The relationship between the morphology of the branching roots and the vegetative reproduction in a 17 month old plant was investigated. Different sections of the rooting system had different functions: the bending part forms new shoots; the horizontal part extends into the surrounding area; and the vertical part is used for storage. Consequently, the subterranean system of horsenettle develops through a reiterative arrangement of the branching root unit, which has functionally differentiated parts.     

切断深层根对黍子根系及地上部营养生长的影响

采用根管土柱栽培的方法,研究了拔节期和抽穗期切断不同深度(20 cm和40 cm)根系对黍子根系整体及地上部营养生长的影响。结果表明,与不断根相比,在抽穗期和拔节期断掉20 cm或40 cm以下根系,均能导致黍子株高、旗叶叶绿素含量、旗叶SOD与POD活性、单株绿叶面积、总根活力、总根长、总根重及产量明显降低,旗叶M DA含量明显增高。抽穗期断深层根对黍子的影响大于拔节期。但同一生育时期不同深度断根处理间黍子产量差异未达显著水平,表明深层根系(40 cm以下根系)对产量的贡献更大。     

甲嘧磺隆等3种除草剂对云南黄馨、金钟扦插苗成苗及生长的影响

阔叶杂草是苗圃中重要的危害性杂草,然而控制苗圃阔叶杂草的有效化学方法却很少,主要原因是能防除阔叶草的除草剂往往对苗木不安全或缺少对其安全性研究。选择甲嘧磺隆、乙氧氟草醚和扑草净3种杀草谱较广的除草剂,通过2015年田间小区试验,研究不同用量下这3种除草剂对苗圃常见苗木云南黄馨、金钟扦插苗成苗、发芽、生根、株高等因素的影响。结果显示:用药时雨水、土壤湿度可严重影响植物生长状况,雨水多、湿度大,则发根、出叶少;用药时间影响药剂效应,扦插前用药,药剂影响大于扦插后用药,这可能是扦插前、扦插后苗在遇药时的叶芽状态及水分不同所造成的。研究还发现,药剂对苗木成苗无不良影响,7.5 g a.i./hm~275%甲嘧磺隆WDG处理对苗木出叶、株高无影响;而在生根方面,在药后30 d,只有对照的71.1%,用药后100 d,与对照相当,乙氧氟草醚144、288 g a.i./hm~2,扑草净450、900 g a.i./hm~24个处理的结果与甲嘧磺隆7.5 g a.i./hm~2处理相同;对于甲嘧磺隆15 g a.i./hm~2处理,在前期对苗木出叶、生根都有较大影响,3个月后影响逐渐减少甚至消失;甲嘧磺隆22.5 g a.i./hm~2处理对苗木出叶、生根、株高的抑制可持续3个月以上。     

黄花刺茄浸提液对番茄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为明确入侵植物黄花刺茄对当地主栽经济作物番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,本文采用培养皿滤纸法,在智能光照培养箱的变温控制条件下,分别研究了黄花刺茄根、茎、叶浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数及幼苗根长和苗高的影响。结果表明:(1)黄花刺茄不同器官的浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗根长和苗高的影响不同,其茎、叶浸提液的化感作用较为显著(P<0.01)。(2)黄花刺茄同部位浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗根长和苗高不同指标的影响也不同。根浸提液对种子发芽率、幼苗根长影响不显著(P>0.05),但对种子发芽指数的影响极显著(P<0.01)。茎和叶浸提液各浓度对种子发芽指数的影响比种子发芽率、幼苗根长和苗高的影响显著(P<0.01)。     

大葱水提物对辣椒疫病的控制作用及其活性成分分析

为明确大葱水提物对辣椒疫病的控制效果及其主要活性成分,通过室内毒力、田间防效以及GC-MS联用测定发现,大葱茎叶与根水提物均对辣椒疫病菌有一定抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越强。在含300 mg/mL根水提物的平板上培养2 d,辣椒疫病菌菌丝生长的抑制率高达81.50%;但随着时间的推移,抑制作用减弱,5 d后,200 mg/mL根和茎叶水提物对病菌的抑制率仅为34.18%和25.62%。用300 mg/mL大葱水提物灌根,对辣椒疫病的防效可达50%左右。将大葱与辣椒轮作或混栽可有效降低田间辣椒疫病的病情,防病效果分别为40.67%和41.21%。GC-MS测定结果表明,大葱根和茎叶水提物中分别含有14种和28种挥发性物质,且均以有机硫化物为主,分别占总挥发性物质的82.17%和99.40%,这些硫化物对辣椒疫病菌的生长均有较强的抑制作用。这些结果表明,大葱产生的挥发性物质在辣椒疫病的绿色防控上有很好的应用前景。     

不同土层深度苜蓿断根后对其株高生长的影响

对苜蓿进行不同土层深度断根处理,以阻断其不同深层根系对土壤水分的吸收,研究苜蓿地上部分株高生长的反馈特征。结果表明:苜蓿在不同土层断根当年,各深度的断根处理均使苜蓿株高生长受到一定抑制,与对照相比有所降低。不同层次断根的苜蓿在断根当年浅层次断根(20、406、0 cm)受到的水分胁迫较其它处理严重。在断根初期(半个月)与对照呈极显著差异;在收获期株高与对照(26.70 cm)相比,株高分别降低了13.10、12.851、1.30 cm,表现为断根越浅,影响越大。各处理在断根的次年,苜蓿返青期的株高变化曲线十分平缓。收获期断根处理20、402、30 cm的苜蓿株高比对照(37.96 cm)分别降低了5.08、5.34、5.30 cm,较对照差异性极显著(P0.01),各断根处理较断根当年株高的生长量均有显著提高。两年的数据表明浅层次断根处理的株高生长受到水分胁迫较深层断根处理严重。不同土层断根处理的株高生长受抑制程度为:浅层次处理中层次处理深层次处理。     

Untersuchungen zur Vermehrbarkeit der neuen Zierpflanze Clitoria ternatea L. var. pleniflora Fantz

Nowadays, only little information regarding the climber Clitoria ternatea L. var. pleniflora Fantz as “new ornamental plant” does exist in the German-speaking area. This plant is from interest because of its characteristic attractive, bright blue flowers. The vegetative propagation of Clitoria ternatea was investigated at the Institute for Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin. The objective was to study how different types of cuttings could influence the rooting, proliferation and growth behaviour of greenhouse plants cultivated in two different seasons (summer and autumn). It was found that either stem or tip cuttings from the lower and middle zones of the mother plants with a fully developed leaf are suitable for summer or autumn propagation. Also, it was shown that the cutting variants affected the branching behaviour and further plant growth. Nearly 90% of the trial plants remained with a single shoot. However, in the vegetation period 11% of the plants originating from tip cutting and 14% of the plants originating from stem cuttings could be found with two branches. In autumn, the formation of lateral shoots was strongly declining. Here, the shoot length was particularly influenced by using different types of cutting treatments during propagation. The stem cuttings of the first batch planted clearly developed plants with longer shoots compared to those growing from tip cuttings. In the second batch planted, a lower shoot length growth was generally recorded (means of 5 to 6?cm for the internodes after three-month cultivation). In conclusion, the results regarding the propagation show that C.?ternatea can be recommended as a new ornamental container plant. However, further studies should follow in order to investigate possible photoperiod effects as well as suitable cultivation measures.     

Some compatible Rhizobium leguminosarum strains in peas decrease infections when parasitised by Orobanche crenata

Orobanche crenata (crenate broomrape) produces serious damage to many legume crops and particularly becomes a limiting factor for pea production in the Mediterranean basin. Nodulation effects on pea–broomrape relationships were studied using the commercial pea cultivar Douce de Provence and different Rhizobium strains using pot and Petri dish experiments. First, the benefit of bacterial inoculation on plant growth and efficiency of N incorporation were demonstrated for two isolates, P.SOM and P.1236. These isolates did not influence parasite germination induced by the artificial stimulant, GR24. In contrast, pea root inoculation with P.SOM and P.1236 isolates led to a reduced root infection by O. crenata , resulting from a lower Orobanche germination rate close to pea roots and a limited capacity of the parasitic seedlings to develop tubercles. Broomrape necrosis was observed both before and after parasite attachment to inoculated pea roots. Concomitantly, reduction in infection was accompanied by enhanced peroxidase activity and constantly high phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in pea roots. These data suggest the involvement of these enzymes in pea resistance to crenate broomrape induced by the compatible rhizobia. Management of Orobanche via crop selection based on these enzyme systems is a viable option.     

Genetic diversity of the pea root pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches in Europe

The oomycete pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches causes root rot in various legume species. In this study we focused on A. euteiches causing root rot in pea (Pisum sativum), thereby being responsible for severe yield losses in pea production. We aimed to understand the genetic diversity of A. euteiches in Europe, covering a north-to-south gradient spanning from Sweden, Norway and Finland to the UK, France and Italy. A collection of 85 European A. euteiches strains was obtained, all isolated from infected pea roots from commercial vining pea cultivation fields. The strains were genotyped using 22 simple-sequence repeat markers. Multilocus genotypes were compiled and the genetic diversity between individual strains and population structure between countries was analysed. The population comprising strains from Italy was genetically different and did not share ancestry with any other population. Also, strains originating from Finland and the eastern parts of Sweden were found to be significantly different from the other populations, while strains from the rest of Europe were more closely related. A subset of 10 A. euteiches strains from four countries was further phenotyped on two susceptible pea genotypes, as well as on one genotype with partial resistance towards A. euteiches. All strains were pathogenic on all pea genotypes, but with varying levels of disease severity. No correlation between the genetic relatedness of strains and virulence levels was found. In summary, our study identified three genetically distinct groups of A. euteiches in Europe along a north-to-south gradient, indicating local pathogen differentiation.