小麦与野燕麦杂交后代品系光合特性的研究

为了研究小麦与野燕麦杂交后代高产的原因,用LI-6400光合作用测定系统测定了小麦与野燕麦杂交后代及其亲本的开花期旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cd)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr),并计算了水分利用效率,用方差分析和相关性分析方法对11个参试材料的光合特性进行了综合评价。结果表明,小麦与野燕麦杂交后代的净光合速率显著高于普通小麦和野燕麦;各品种(系)的气孔导度变化趋势与蒸腾速率变化趋势一致,气孔导度大的一般蒸腾速率也较高;光合速率与气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著相关,与产量正相关,但相关不显著;小麦与野燕麦杂交后代的光合能力高于亲本和普通小麦。     

碳同位素分辨率与小麦光合生理指标的关系

为了解碳同位素分辨率(Δ)与小麦光合生理指标的关系,以洛旱6号和西农389的154个F4代株系中的24个高Δ株系和24个低Δ株系及亲本为供试材料,分析了陕西杨凌和永寿两种不同雨养环境条件下小麦籽粒Δ与灌浆期叶片光合生理指标的相关性,并对高、低Δ材料间光合生理指标和产量进行了比较分析。结果表明,在降雨较多的杨凌地区,高Δ株系表现出高的籽粒产量;在降雨较少、相对干旱的永寿地区,高、低Δ株系间籽粒产量差异不显著,但低Δ株系表现出低的气孔导度。在杨凌生态条件下,灌浆中期籽粒Δ与叶片蒸腾速率、光合速率、气孔导度和Ci/Ca生理指标的相关性在小麦整个灌浆期最为显著;在永寿生态条件下,灌浆中期籽粒Δ与蒸腾速率和Ci/Ca均相关显著。说环境条件影响小麦籽粒Δ与光合生理指标的关系。     

不同旱地小麦品种(系)光合特性与产量差异研究

以小偃15为对照,选用商麦5226等3个旱地小麦品种(系)为材料,大田条件下测定旗叶光合参数、农艺性状、产量及其构成要素,分析旱地条件下小麦净光合速率与产量及其构成要素的相关性。结果表明：(1)参试品种的开花期净光合速率高于灌浆期、气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度低于灌浆期,蒸腾速率因品种而异;商麦5226、商麦1619和10-16的净光合速率、气孔导度、细胞间隙CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率不同程度地高于对照。(2)商麦5226和商麦1619产量显著高于对照7.63%和5.13%;小偃15穗数最多,显著高于10-16和商麦1619,而穗粒数和千粒质量显著低于其余3个品种。(3)旱地小麦千粒质量与开花期旗叶Pn呈极显著正相关,与产量显著正相关。     

迟播对冬小麦灌浆后期高温胁迫下旗叶光合能力和产量的影响

为了解迟播对冬小麦灌浆后期高温胁迫下旗叶光合的调控效应,在大田条件下设置2个播期(常规播期10月8日、推迟播期10月22日)和2种灌浆期温度(开放式增温、自然温度),分析了迟播小麦旗叶光合能力的变化及其对灌浆后期高温胁迫的响应。结果表明,灌浆期高温降低了小麦旗叶光合速率、花后干物质生产量、粒重和产量。与常规播期相比,迟播提高了高温胁迫下小麦旗叶叶绿体类囊体膜不饱和脂肪酸指数,保持类囊体膜相对稳定,减轻高温对旗叶光合机构的损伤;增强了旗叶活性氧清除能力,保障能量传输,减少热耗散,提高光化学反应中可利用能量的分配比例,保持较高的光合系统同化力;提高了气孔导度和胞间CO_2浓度,增加光合作用底物供应。总之,迟播小麦的旗叶可在灌浆期高温胁迫下保持较高的光合能力,有利于提高粒重和产量。     

冬小麦品种叶表皮导度的变异及其与叶片形态生理特性的相关性

为给小麦抗旱和高水分利用效率育种提供理论根据,选用陕西关中不同年代生产上主要推广种植的8个品种,研究了叶表皮导度的变异及其与叶片形态生理特性之间的关系。结果表明,小麦拔节期的叶表皮导度为21.2～30.8 mmol·m^-2·s^-1,灌浆期为11.9~23.2 mmol·m^-2·s^-1,灌浆期的叶表皮导度低于拔节期。抗旱品种长武134的叶表皮导度显著低于其他品种。拔节期8个品种的叶表皮导度并无显著差异,灌浆期则存在极显著差异。拔节期叶表皮导度与叶面积和叶下表面气孔宽度呈显著正相关,与蜡质含量呈显著负相关;灌浆期叶表皮导度与叶形态特性、蜡质含量和气孔特性无相关性。说明拔节期和灌浆期影响小麦叶表皮导度变异的机制不同。     

氮磷配施对济麦22花后光合特性及产量的影响

为给小麦高产高效栽培技术提供依据,在大田超高产条件下研究了氮磷配施对超高产小麦济麦22花后光合特性及产量的影响.利用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪,采用开放式气路测定了超高产麦田旗叶的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)及蒸腾速率(Tr)等相关指标.结果表明,氮磷配施对超高产小麦花后的光合特性及产量有显著的调节作用,花后各处理小麦旗叶的Pn、Gs、Tr、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量(SPAD值)等指标呈下降趋势,但与CK处理比较,施肥处理前期下降缓慢,差异达显著水平,N1P2、N2P2及N2P3处理与对照差异极显著.随着施氮和施磷量的增加,旗叶的Pn、Gs及Tr增强, SPAD值升高, LAI增大.但过高的施肥量(P2O5 225 kg/ha)导致小麦生育后期旗叶衰老加快,光合生理指标衰退迅速,穗粒数和千粒重下降显著,最终导致小麦减产.经统计分析得出,氮肥和磷肥间对Pn、LAI及SPAD值有极显著的互作效应.本试验条件下,超高产麦田的适宜施肥量为N 300 kg/ha和P2O5 150 kg/ha.     

春小麦碳同位素分辨率与冠层温度的相关性研究

为寻找碳同位素分辨率(△13C)的替代指标,以宁春4号×宁春27号的F7代品系为供试材料,研究了有限灌溉和雨养2种生态条件下春小麦△13C、冠层温度、籽粒产量之间的关联性.结果表明,有限灌溉条件下,灌浆期冠层温度与成熟期籽粒△13C呈极显著负相关(r=-0.400 4**);雨养条件下,灌浆期冠层温度与成熟期籽粒及成熟期基部秸秆△13C均呈极显著负相关(r=-0.540 2**和-0.425 5**).有限灌溉条件下灌浆期冠层温度及△13C与产量相关均不显著,雨养条件下灌浆期冠层温度与产量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.566 9**),成熟期籽粒△13C与产量呈显著正相关(r=0.311 7*).说明灌浆期的冠层温度作为碳同位素分辨率的替代指标具有较强的可靠性.     

小麦高效吸收利用氮素的生理生化特性研究进展

氮素供应直接影响小麦的产量和品质。本文探讨了影响小麦氮素吸收刺用效率的生态因子，并分析了氮与小麦叶绿素含量、叶片气孔导度、光舍产物及硝酸还原酶等一些重要酶类的关系，适量增施氮肥可显著提高小麦旗叶叶绿素含量和光舍效率，提高叶片气孔导度，在灌浆后期使可溶性糖和淀粉含量增加，并能提高贮藏器官中蛋白质含量。施氮还可调节小麦硝酸还原酶、SOD、POD等的活性，协调碳氮代谢水平，延缓叶片衰老，使籽粒产量和蛋白质含量均提高，从而实现了高产与优质的统一。     

施氮量对开花期超高产小麦旗叶CO2响应曲线的影响

为给未来大气CO2浓度升高条件下超高产小麦的氮肥管理提供技术支撑,在大田条件下利用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定仪,采用开放式气路测定了不同CO2浓度下小麦旗叶的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞问CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)等相关指标,分析了施氮量对开花期起高产小麦旗叶CO2响应曲线的影响.结果表明,氮素对开花期超高产小麦旗叶的CO2响应有较大的调节作用,随着外界CO2农度的升高,小麦旗叶的先合参数Pn、WUE,逐渐上升并在800 μmol CO2·mol-1左右趋于稳定.但施氮量在375kg/ha条件下Pn、WUE反而较施氮量为300 kg/ha的降低.说明在合理的施氮范围内,施氮和提高外界CO2浓度能通过增强小麦旗叶对胞间CO2的利用能力来提高光舍速率、降低蒸腾速率、提高水分利用效率,从而改善旗叶的光合性能.     

麦棉套作冬小麦灌浆期叶片光合生理特性研究

在大田土壤水肥条件下,于灌浆期对麦棉套作冬小麦不同叶位叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、叶肉细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)以及叶绿素含量做了连续测定,并对不同叶位叶片的籽粒贡献率做了分析,以研究麦棉套作条件下冬小麦的叶片光合生理特性。结果表明,小麦叶片的Pn和Tr在花后的变化趋势表现一致,且其大小顺序为旗叶(FL)、倒2叶(Cd2L)、倒3叶(Cd3L)、倒4叶(Cd4L)。随着叶片的衰老进程,叶绿素含量迅速下降,倒3叶和倒4叶主要为非气孔限制造成了光合衰退,旗叶和倒2叶前期为气孔限制,后期为非气孔限制,但旗叶非气孔限制引起光合衰退在时间上晚于倒2叶。旗叶对籽粒的贡献率为18.8%,倒2叶、倒3叶和倒4叶分别为14.2%、5.3%和-1.2%。研究认为,叶绿素含量的衰减程度直接影响了小麦叶片光合非气孔限制出现的时间,而与其变化的趋势和数值的大小没有直接关系。小麦下位提前衰老的叶片消耗大于积累,因此对籽粒的充实表现为负效应。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.